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by
Dr. William J. Frey
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Safety and Risk
Educational Laptops
Bus and Nat Env
Therac-25
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Row 1, Col 1
A thing’s risks are fully known and judged acceptable in light of accepted value principals.
What is safety?
1,2
These laptops are designed for use by children in developing nations.
What are the MIT latops?
1,3
The study of how living things—plants and animals—interact
with one another in the Earth’s unified natural system, or ecosystem.
What is ecology?
1,4
The Therac-25 machine at thisinstitution was put back into
operation on April 7, 1986. Four days later, another patient com-
plained of burns.
What is ETCC or the East Texas Cancer Center?
2,1
The scientific and exact process ofdetermining the degree of risk.
What is a risk assessment?
2,2
Physical surroundings (like a classroom) enable or
instrument certain kinds of actionswhile they block or constrain
other kinds.
What is one way Socio-Technical Systems embody values?
2,3
Development that “meets the needs of the present [generation] without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
What is sustainable development?
2,4
A race condition produced demands which exceeded the
memory and processing capacitiesof the computer controls.
What was the central flaw in the design of the software controls developed for the Therac-25 machine?
3,1
How people view risk dependson its voluntariness, the controlthey have over it, certain dread,
and unknown factors, and thebenefits they expect from it.
What is the Risk Perception?
3,2
This court decision found thestate of Texas guilty of
inequitable education funding.
What is Edgewood Decision of 1967?
3,3
In this view, the world’s resource base, the air, soil,minerals, and so forth, is
essentially finite, or bounded.
What is set forth by the notion of limited carrying capacity?
3,4
Double pass electron accelerator, dual mode, and more computer
control.
What are three new features offered by the Therac-25 units over the previous 20 and 6 models?
4,1
The potential that something unwanted and harmful may
occur.
What is risk?
4,2
Laptops allow for digitalizing textbooks, graduating
computer-literate students, and solving the digital-divide.
What is were advantages cited for the Texas Laptop project?
4,3
This term refers to the amount of land and water a human
population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb
its wastes, given prevailing technology.
What is the ecological footprint?
4,4
This presented a serious obstacleto identifying and solving the
central problem in the Therac-25 Case.
What is the lack of communication between stakeholders on the operational history of the Therac-25 unit?
5,1
“Subjects, to the degree that they are capable, [should] be given the
opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them.”
What, according to the Belmont Report, is informed consent?
5,2
Instead of properly disposing of spent laptop and desktop computers, many so-called re-
cycling companies send these parts to developing nations where valuable metals
are mined and the other parts carelessly cast into dumps, irrigation canals, and rivers.
What is exporting harm?
5,3
Three hundred million of thesebecome obsolete every year, making
this the fastest-growing part ofthe waste stream.
What is electronic waste?
5,4
New responsibilities delegated tothe software controls in the
Therac-25 model.
What are monitoring machine status, accepting treatment input, and setting up machine for treatment?