Hot Topics on the Lakes,Val Klump, PhD, 9/2010

8/8/2019 Hot Topics on the Lakes,Val Klump, PhD, 9/2010

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Clean Rivers, Clean Lakes15 September 2010

Dr. J. Val Klump, Director


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Figure 1. Location of WATER Institute, inner harbor, Milwaukee

UWMsHarbor Campus


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water quality& pollution ?

Global Water Resource Issues:

how much is there& how do we use it?

population growth climate change


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Only 0.7% is accessible Freshwater.In 2000 the World already was using 54% of it.

~14,000 km

3

annual renewable supply


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People 6.4 billion today 800M currently undernourished

world wide Predicted population growth

8 billion (1 generation, 2025) 9.5 billion (2 generations)

2.6 billion more people to feed w/in ~ 40 yrs

Q: How much water?

Ans: more than is available,caveat: given the way we use water

the basic economics of water

79 M moreto feed each year


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1.2 B lack adequate safe drinking water (1 in 5) 25-50% >50%


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Disease Morbidity (episodes or people infected/yr) Mortality (deaths/year)Diarrheal Diseases 1,000,000,000 3,300,000Intestinal Helminths 1,500,000,000 (people infected) 100,000Schistosomiasis 200,000,000 (people infected) 200,000Dracunculiasis 150,000 -Trachoma 150,000,000 (active cases) -Malaria 400,000,000 1,500,000Dengue Fever 1,750,000 20,000Poliomyelitis 114,000 -Trypanosomiasis 275,000 130,000Bancroftian Filariasis 72,800,000 (people infected) -Onchocerciasis 17,700,000 (people infected; 270,000 blind) 40,000 (mortalitycaused by blindness)

Water Related Diseases (early 1990s, WHO)

Water borne disease ~ 2-3 M deaths annually leading cause of infant mortality


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Milwaukee learned its water lesson,

but many other cities haven't

The Year That Made Milwaukee Infamous - 1993

Cryptosporidium oocysts


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The planet is changing

temp.

sea level

snow cover


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projected mean change in annual runoff 1980-99 to 2090-99


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Water: the nextoil- but no substitute at any price

not a free good costs include treatment & distribution but alsoinclude ecological costs almost completely ignored > $1 trillion invested in US infrastructure EPA est. $350B over next 20 years in US to rehabiliate more public works $$ than any other single item

The most essential, yet cheapest commodity we use pay more for cable than water ~ $1/day < 1% of the water that enters your home is ingested

little incentive to conserve, or use water at its true value, e.g.

the 2 fastest growing state in the U.S., Arizona and Nevada are also the driest

water bill is a misnomer b/c the water itself is treated as free

Source: Jud Hill, Summit Global, Milwaukee Water Summit III


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Water = Energy

Electric power industry uses 39% of water in U.S.

First-generation biofuels = 50 gal H2O per gal ethanol

~ 20% of Californias electricity & 33% of its natural gasis used to move water!

In many older urban systems up to 30% is lost thru exfiltration leaks

Need to reconsider our activities in light of water


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Water Footprint

Source: UNESCO IHE Nov. 2006

water impact index: quantity, quality, energy, and stress[L. Auguste, Veolia NA]


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LaurentianGreat Lakes


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What do we know?

Given their size and importance we know

surprisingly little about what is going on.

Why?


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1. Our ability to detect effects is limited to major,unsubtle changes

2. Our ability to determine cause is even less wellquantified for many issues - complex

3. Our ability to forecast the future state of thesystem is confounded by both 1 & 2.

Cause and effect?


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The Great Lakes:

~ 20% of the worlds surface freshwater

would cover the US to a depth of 9.5 ft.

> 28 million people drink it !

Would seem inexhaustible, with assimilation capacity thatcould not be exceeded

Unfortunately despite their size they are surprisingly fragile

systems

Stresses on the system are many and real


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these are ~ closed systems

water residence time L.M. ~ 100 years

i.e. what goes in, stays in

dump it today drink it tomorrow


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Major issues, tipping points

these are not unique = global challenges

Ecological costs

Pollution & water quality historic & emerging

Ecological integrity

Hydrologic alterations land use, urbanization

Climate change


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#1 Pollution historical & contemporary problems

1500 fish consumption advisories related to the GL 20% of shoreline contains polluted sediments 1473 beach closings in 2003 on Lake Michigan alone

43 AOC within the GL - cost of remediation = $Bs

targeted by the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative


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Emerging classes of contaminants:pharmaceuticals, caffeine, personal careproducts, pesticides, fire retardants,

endocrine disrupters,nanomaterials

impacts? genomics medicine collection day

Dr. Rebecca Klaper

Fluoxetine (Prozac)> 2 ng/g in nearshoreL. Michigan sediments


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Exotic species

#2 a perturbed ecology


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1995

Base of food chaindisappeared in ~10 years

Invasive mussels on shallowreef bottom

1 of ~180 invasive spp

cost GL states ~$30M/yr

Fish - nothing to eat(T.Nalepa, 2006)


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beach

Photic zone

Deeper

Photic zone

Lake level

mussels

Zone of Cladophora growth

Expanded Zone of Clad. growth

nutrients

Increased water clarity

Avian botulism

Quagga mussel colonization of deep water


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Spread of zebra mussel invasion

2 ports of call away

from 99% of the world


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Dan Egan, Milwaukee JS series Dec. 04

Asian carp how big a problem?


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St. Lawrence Seaway:

Copyright Harpor House Publishers, Inc.Photo: Milwaukee JS

A 2005 study funded by Chicagos JoyceFoundation valued transportation savings ofoverseas shipping in the Great Lakes at $55million per year (Taylor and Roach)

Total loss estimate from exotic species ~ $2 B

Contaminated ballastwater from overseasshipping is the mainsource of Great Lakesinvaders

Economics & Policy


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3. What about climate change?

lake effect snow

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DATE IN 1998 - 2000

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PHYTOPLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS ( ugC / L / DAY )

98 El Nino


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downscaled climate

projections for Wisconsin WICCI

2090 A2 scenario shown

Annual temp + 4-9 F

Annual ppt + 1-3

Frequency of large ppt

events + 10-12 d/decade

increase in growing season

~ 6-7 weeks

D. Vimont, D. LorenzCenter for Climatic Research

(UW-Madison)


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Climate Change:A potentially dramatically altered Wisconsin

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2003


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1992 1998

Surface water temperatures

1998 ~ 25% increase PP

(data: R. Cuhel, GLWI)


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What changes are we seeing?

Winters warming by almost 4oF since 1980

Decreases in winter ice coverage A longer growing season,

Several major heat waves

Shifts in the water cycle

A doubling in the frequency of heavy rainfall events

How do we see it?


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Regional teleconnections

change in summer wind field

Waples & Klump 2002

e.g. southerly migration of storm track

Alberta storm track

Colorado stormtrack


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hypoxia in Green Bay: climate impacts

warming = prolonged thermal stratification wind field shifts = enhanced nutrient trapping ppt. increases & extremes = increased nutrient watershed loading

Sep 2009 Jul 2010 Aug 2010

July & August 2010:

74% < 5 mg/L EPA std

55% < 2 mg/L hypoxic

Lower Green Bay

bottom water dissolved oxygen

Julian day 2010

170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

DO,mg/L

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30 Jun 23 Aug 2010


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GREAT LAKES URBAN COASTOBSERVING SYSTEM (GLUCOS)

Detecting change

Improve ecological forecasting


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data: Harvey Bootsma

CO2 uptake CO2 released CO2 uptake

photosynthesis

respiration

MILWAUKEE MUSKEGON

OffshoreNearshore Nearshore

photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide concentrations in Lake Michigan surface waters

Improve ecological forecasting

High-speed ferry equippedwith GPS and automated

monitoring system for CO2,O2, temperature, algalfluorescence.

Nearshore buoy equippedwith meteorological

station, surface sonde,and CO2 monitoringsystem.
http://www.lake-express.com/default.aspx


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The Milwaukee/Chicago cone of depression is one of the largest areas of groundwater

drawdown in North America -- By 2020 Chicago estimates that 11 suburbancommunities will face water supply shortages

Abundant water

are we exempt from water supply problems?

The answer is NO


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Urgent need for new technologies:

monitoring & sensor technologies waste treatment technologies 0discharge

conservation technologies industrial,

agricultural, domestic use

water purification & disease elimination

regeneration technologies

redesign industrial systems to mimic biological

systems & progressively eliminate waste

food production technologies aquaponics

decentralized, residential scale systems more efficient cooling technologies

low energy desalinization - $5B $70B (2020)


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Global Economic Sectorannual value:

IT $600 B

Cell phones $500 B Pharmaceuticals $450B Telecomm $300B Semiconductors $250B Biotech $40 B

Response to Triple threat ~$23T by 2030, 84% outside U.S.

Scarcity Climate change

decaying infrastructure

In the US over the next 20 years CBO est.

~$65-100B/yr in investment and O&M costs for water infrastructure

Water $400B

Milwaukee:


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Food from Freshwater:

Growing PowerSweetwater Organics

Recycle/reuse technologiesMilwaukee:Americas Urban Aquaculture City


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Milwaukee United Nations Global Compact Cityone of 14 cities world-wide focus is on Freshwater

Environmental Principles: Businesses should:

support a precautionary approach to environmental challenge undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility encourage development & diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies

AQUACULTURE recirculating closed loop systems

PHOSPHORUS Reduction/Elimination/Removal

STORMWATER Abatement Detection of contamination Disinfection salt removal

SEWAGE TREATMENT Eliminating Inflow & Infiltration Increasing Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment

NEW TECHNOLOGIES Speeding the Adoption of New Technology by Municipalities

CONTAMINANTS / WATER QUALITY Real-Time Sensors Develop Grey Water System for Homes

INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS FOR MULTIPLE WATER PROBLEMS


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how freshwater systems work,

strategies to assure freshwater sustainability,

the links between human and environmental health infreshwater systems

technology that can be developed and applied to improve our

use, management and stewardship of freshwater, and

how science can inform policy and policy direct science for the

sustainable, equitable use of freshwaters globally

Graduate School of Freshwater Sciences

= the True cost of water


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New technologies, new tools,new platforms, new opportunities


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Water for Free !! . . . not!

How do we financea regional watermanagement effort?

One suggestion:

1 per 100 gal. for the water< 1 per person per day

3 per day < $12/yr ave. household

$3-4M per year


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our future depends uponfreshwater

$50-80B return


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the major challenge of the 21st century:

to reconcile the inherent conflict between humanactivity and environmental sustainability and to

preserve this asset for future generations

our challenge & a major opportunity for us to demonstratehow it is done

Science Policy


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At present we are stealing from the future, selling it to thepresent, and calling it gross domestic product

We can either create assets for the future ortake the assets of the future.

One is called restoration, and the other exploitation.Paul Hawken

Current water use = the opposite of sustainability

Rethink demand. . . Peter Gleick


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www.glwi.uwm.edu

www.water.uwm.edu

Thank you
http://www.glwi.uwm.edu/http://www.water.uwm.edu/http://www.water.uwm.edu/http://www.glwi.uwm.edu/


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MERCURY CONTAMINATION

& HUMAN HEALTH

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS

LEAD NEUROBEHAVIORAL

TOXICOLOGY

DEVELOPMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY

BIOREMEDIATION

FISH GENOMICS

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY

HEAVY METAL TOXICOLOGY ETHANOL TOXICITY

National Institutes of Environmental Health

Sciences

Investigators:

Ava Udvadia, Dave Petering, Michael Carvan,

Henry Tomasiewicz, Daniel Weber, Sandra

McLellan, et al.

Childrens Environmental Health SciencesCore Center


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Hot Topics on the Lakes,Val Klump, PhD, 9/2010

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