Household Strategies of Villagers Living in the Upper Nan Watershed Area Vipak Jintana 1 , Rachanee Maneekul 2 , Nittaya Mianmit 3 , Catherine Helen Traynor 4 & Carsten Smith Olsen 5 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 2 Ph.D. candidate, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 3 M.S. candidate, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 4 VSO at the Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 5 Associate Professor, KVL Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Transcript
Household Strategies of Villagers Livingin the Upper Nan Watershed Area
Vipak Jintana1, Rachanee Maneekul2, Nittaya Mianmit3,Catherine Helen Traynor4 & Carsten Smith Olsen 5
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 109002 Ph.D. candidate, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 109003 M.S. candidate, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 109004 VSO at the Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 109005 Associate Professor, KVL
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Objectives
To obtain an overview of NTFP sector inThailandTo investigate how NTFP’s can contribute toimprove rural livelihoods on a sustainable basis
The study focused primarily on investigating subsistence andcommercial uses of NTFP’s in the context of rural livelihood strategies
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Study AreasTwo villages in the Upper Nan Watershed Management Project(UNWMP) were selected for investigating the household strategieswith a focus upon the harvesting and utilisation of NTFP’s
San Charoen, a Mien village with 76 households, highincomes were generated from the trade of Arengapinnata Merr. fruits
Huay Klaeb was Khamu village and had 78 households,the village that harvested the highest quantities of themajor NTFP’s in the UNWMP
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
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H u a y K l a e b
S a n C h a r o e n
S o n g K w e a r
T h a W a n g P h a
STUDY SITE
Nan
Upper Nan Watershed Area
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
&V&V&V&V&V &&V&V&V&V&V
&V &&&V80 0
1000
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6 0 0
13 0 0
B a n S a n C h a r o e n
.70 0
60 0
C o n t o u r l i n e
C o f f e e a r a b i c a p l a n t a t i o n
5 0 5 K m5 0 5 K m
Tracking way to cultivated area in San Charoen
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
VV
a
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&V&V &
%
500
B a n H u a y K l a e b.
C o n t o u r l i n e
} P a s t o r a l a r e a s
5 0 5 K m
4 0 0
Tracking way to pastoral area in Huay Klaeb
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
MethodologiesStructured interview survey
Group discussions
Participatory and direct observation, and
Participatory mappingThe study was carried out between April 2000 to April 2001General household demography, socio-economics, land tenureand NTFP’s harvesting and utilisation were investigated
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (1)The two villages displayed similar trends in the typesof NTFP’s and the percentage of households thatcollected them
A slightly greater variety and higher quantity ofNTFP’s were collected in Huay Klaaeb
The only NTFP collected in substantially higheramounts in San Charoen was Arenga pinnata Merr.
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
0
20
40
60
80
100
Fuelw
ood
Bambo
o sho
otsAren
ga sp
.
Wild
vege
tables
Bambo
o culm
sMush
rooms
Rattan
shoo
tsW
ildlife
Insect
s
Thysan
olaen
a sp.
Medici
nal p
lants
Wild
fruits
Livisto
a sp.
Rattan
stem
Impe
rata s
p.Ratt
an le
aves
Hou
seho
lds (
%)
San Charoen Huay Klaeb
Percentage of households that collected NTFPs
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (2)In both villages most of the types/species of NTFP’s werecollected for household consumption and theycontributed to subsistence at the household level
Some products such as bamboo shoots and Thysanolaenamaxima Ktze were harvested for both householdconsumption and trade
The only species collected entirely for trading in bothvillages were the fruits of Arenga pinnata Merr.
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Objectives of harvesting NTFP’s
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
FuelwoBamboo s
ArengaWild vegBamboo
MushroRattan WildlInse
ThysanolMedicinaWild fLivistRattanImperaRattan
NTFPs
subsistence subsistence and trade trade
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
FuelwoBamboo s
ArengaWild vegBamboo
MushroRattan WildlInse
ThysanolMedicinaWild fLivistRattanImperaRattan
NTFPs
subsistence subsistence and trade trade
San Charoen Huay Klaeb
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (3)Trading NTFP’s was an important income generating activity andNTFP’s contributed on average 29% or 36% of the total incomeof households in San Charoen and Huay Klaeb respectively
The strategies of harvesting NTFP’s were closely related to thelivelihoods and other occupations of the collectors
There were some specific products that collectors intended toharvest, however many NTFP’s were harvested indirectly whilstthe collectors were doing other activities e.g. cultivating theirfields and travelling to and from their plots of land
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
A griculture
50%
N TFPs
29%
Tem porary w ork
13%
O thers
8%A griculture
22%
N TFPs
36%
Tem porary w ork
25%
O thers
17%
Income sources of the respondents’ households
San Charoen Huay Klaeb
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (4)The main species harvested for consumption includedbamboo shoots, rattan shoots, wild vegetables,mushrooms, insects and their products and wildlife
Some wild fruits and medical plants were alsoharvested
The villagers in Huay Klaeb tended to collect a widervariety of bamboo shoots, mushrooms, insects andmedicinal plant species
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Bamboo shoots for subsistence and commercial uses
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Rattan stems and utilization
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Wild vegetable that collecting in the two villages
Momordica charantia Linn(Mara Pha)
Amaranthus sp. (Phak Kom)
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
NTFPs for (mainly) households consumption
28 41
764
0
20
40
60
80
100
T rade Subsistence Subsistence T rade
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
52 60
300
0
20
40
60
80
100
Trade Subsistence Subsistence Trade0
50
100
150
200
250
300
24
35 36
0
20
40
60
80
100
Trade Subsistence Subsistence Trade0
20
40
60
80
Bamboo shoots Rattan shoots
Wild vegetables
San Charoen Huay Klaeb
San Charoen Huay Klaeb
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
1 2
8
2 7
2 1
1 5
1 1 1 2
0
20
40
60
80
100
G igantochloa
albociliata
D endrocalam us
strictus
D endrocalam us
ham iltonii
Bam busa
nutans
B a m b o o sp e c ie s
H h
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
A
San C haroen H uay K laeb
Percentage of hh and quantities of various bamboo species harvested
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Various mushroom species that collecting in the two villages
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Medicinal plants
“La Krai” Piper ribesiooides wall.
Sphenodesme pantandra Jack Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Insects and their productsOmphisa sp.
Oecophylla smaragdina Apis dorsata
Mang Man
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Aquatic animals
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Wildlife
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Wildlife
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
1 1
184
10 1 6 5
146194
300
123
619
10
240
11 1549
11
379
16 9
786
125
1172
0
20
40
60
80
100
Aquatic aniAsian golde
Bears Birds
Chameleon tree
Civet
Common barkingCommon wild
Mole ra
monitor l
Northern tre
Paddy rPorcupiSnakes
SquirreWild fow
W ild life
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
San Charoen H uay K laeb
Percentage of hh and quantities of various wildlife species hunted
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (5)NTFP’s were also collected for use as raw materials for e.g.construction purposes, tool handles, poles and fencing
Bamboo culms were harvested, households in Huay Klaebcollected four species and six times as many culms ashouseholds in San Chraoen which tended to collect a singlebamboo species
Less than ten percent of households in both the villagescollected rattan stems for household consumption and nohouseholds traded rattan stems
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Aquatic animals
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Bamboo forest at Huay Klaeb
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Utilization of bamboo culms
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Utilization of bamboo culms
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Rattan, Imperata, Livistoa leaves for roofing
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
21
151
0
20
40
60
80
100
Trade Subsistence Subsistence Trade
Hou
seho
lds (
%)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Ave
rage
qua
ntity
(cul
ms/
hh/y
r)
Percentage of hh and quantities of bamboo culms harvested
San Charoen Huay KlaebJintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (6)Certain palm leaves and grass species were collectedto make roofing materials, they were Livistoaspeciosa Kurtz., rattan leaves and Imperata cylindrica(Linn.) P. Beauv.A greater percentage of households in Huay Klaebcollected these three species and in higher quantitiesthan households in San CharoenAll households in both the villages collected fuelwood
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
24
84
0
20
40
60
80
100
Trade Subsistence Subsistence Trade
Hou
seho
lds (
%)
0
40
80
120
160
Ave
rage
qua
ntity
(bun
dles
/hh/
yr)
60
107
0
20
40
60
80
100
Trade Subsistence Subsistence Trade
Hou
seho
lds (
%)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Ave
rage
qua
ntity
(bun
dles
/hh/
yr)
75
226
0
20
40
60
80
100
Trade Subsistence Subsistence TradeH
ouse
hold
s (%
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Ave
rage
qua
ntity
(bun
dles
/hh/
yr)
Percentage of hh and quantities of roofing materials NTFPs harvested
San Charoen Huay KlaebSan Charoen Huay Klaeb
Rattan Leaves
Imperata sp.Livistoa sp.
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (7)The main species collected for trading was Arenga pinnata Merr.
In San Charoen a greater percentage of households collectedArenga fruits this is because every household had responsibilityfor a ‘household forest’ where it has the right to collect fruits
The quantities collected in San Charoen were higher because thecommunity has devised a management system that eliminatescompetition from outsiders and between village members, alsothey have a rule to ensure the regeneration capacity of the palmtrees is sustained
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
758
611
0
20
40
60
80
100
Trade Subsistence Subsistence Trade
Hou
seho
lds (
%)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Ave
rage
qua
ntity
(kg/
hh/y
r)
Percentage of hh and quantities of Arenga pinnata fruits harvested
San Charoen Huay KlaebJintana, V. et al. 2001
Harvesting of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata)
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Boiling the sugar palms’ fruits
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Remove the jelly seed from the boiled fruits
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Fresh jelly seeds of sugar palms
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Soak in the water and sorting
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (8)In both villages there was a high relationship between incomeand the quantity of Arenga fruits harvested
The relationship is hardly unexpected as NTFP’s composeapproximately one third of income in both villages and Arengacontributes approximately ten times the income of other NTFP’sin San Charoen and double the income of other NTFP’s in HuayKlaeb
In San Charoen there was also a moderate relationship betweenland area, number of plots of land, number of householdmembers and the quantity of Arenga fruits harvested
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Total quantity harvested (kg/hh/yr)
R=0.610**
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Total quantity harvested (kg/hh/yr)
R=0.603**
San Charoen
Huay Klaeb
Relationship between the quantities of Arenga pinnata fruitsharvested and the annual household’s income
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Children 0.153 -0.291* 0.161 0.165 -0.200 -0.048 -0.034 0.086
Household members 0.465** 0.163 0.354** 0.398** 0.242 0.044 -0.110 0.106
Income 0.216 -0.141 -0.050 -0.012 0.256 0.306* 0.610** 0.092
Land plot 0.094 0.012 -0.050 -0.023 -0.006 -0.038 0.382** 0.082
Land area 0.167 0.169 0.150 -0.279* 0.009 0.040 0.398** 0.016
Hua
y K
laeb
San
Cha
roen
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (9)More households in Huay Klaeb than in San Charoen collectedThysanolaena maxima Ktze. a grass used for making brooms
The households that collected in Huay Klaeb also generatedabout three times the income from trading the products.
Households with alternative ways to generate income e.g.agriculture, handicrafts and temporary work sometimes ceased totrade the lower value NTFP’s as other income generatingactivities became available
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
98
2 3
109
0
20
40
60
80
100
Trade Subsistence Subsistence Trade
Hou
seho
lds (
%)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Ave
rage
qua
ntity
(kg/
hh/y
r)
San Charoen Huay Klaeb
Percentage of hh and quantities of Thysanolaena maxima grass harvested
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Thysanolaena maxima grass and processing for sale
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Main results (10)In San Charoen, the villagers had established an innovativemanagement system for rattan and Arenga pinnata Merr.
The management system had resulted in direct benefits to thevillagers, reduced competition lead to fruits being harvested at theoptimum time and some fruits were left on the tree to ensureregeneration
Within this village the community rules were enforced andadditional regulations relating to NTFP’s such as a restriction ontrading bamboo shoots and rattan stems were generally adheredto
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Map of San Charoen by participatory mapping
Household Forest
Household Forest
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Map of Huay Klaeb by participatory mapping
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Discussion (1)Methodologies:The quantities of NTFP’s harvested have been described in a variety oflocal units e.g. bundles of leaves or grass, kg fresh weight of fruits orwild vegetables, individual animals caught. As many of these productsare used directly within the household and not traded it is difficult tocompare the value of these products to the households.
Monetary values could be estimated however, often the true value ofNTFP’s lies in their seasonality. This value has two important factors,first the NTFP may only be available at a particular time of year, and itmay make up shortfalls in the diet e.g. bamboo caterpillars. Secondly,NTFP’s may be seasonal because fluctuations in labour availabilitymeans collectors are only free to collect NTFP’s at a certain time of theyear e.g. Thysanolaena maxima Ktze. mainly collected by women andchildren. Factors such as these make accurately comparing the truevalue of different types of NTFP’s very problematic
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Discussion (2)
NTFP’s that are traded such as Arenga pinnata Merr. fruitsand Thysanolaena maxima Ktze. have only been comparedin terms of the income they generate. The different costsinvolved in bringing the product to market has not beendetermined.
The costs between products will vary and costs for the sameproduct may vary between the villages. For example, thecosts of obtaining Arenga pinnata Merr. fruits is higher inHauy Klaeb because the resource is more difficult and moretime consuming to access
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
Discussion (3)
The level of data collection and data analysis has been doneat the household level, however, the average household sizeis different, in San Charoen it is 7 persons per householdand in Hauy Klaeb it is 5 persons per household. Thisshould be noted when comparing households between thetwo villages.
Jintana, V. et al. 2001
ConclusionThe harvesting and use of NTFP’s is influenced by avariety of factors such as available natural resources,land use and cropping systems, cultural preferences,market values for NTFP’s, alternatives to NTFP’scollection, seasonality and labour availability
The strategies adopted by communities to utilise NTFP’sare dynamic and they respond to changes in theavailable resource base and changes in the villagerslivelihoods
