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Household Waste
Management and Resource
Recycling in Taiwan
Ying-Ying Lai Deputy Director, Department of Waste
Management, Taiwan EPA
2015
2015 International Conference on Waste Management
Ying Ying Lai Education Background
Institute of Natural Resources Management, National Taipei University
(2004-2007) - Master
Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung
University, (1981-1985) - Bachelor
Working Experience(present) Department of Waste Management, EPA(1992– 2009,2010 – )
• Experience in waste management of Waste Recycling,
Household Waste and Industrial Waste.
• Special policies or programs has participated including
Extended Producer’s Responsibility, Recycling Fund
Management, "Four-in-One" Recycling Program, source
reduction programs, Environmental Science and Technology
Parks, Industrial Waste Report and Tracking System,
construction & demolition waste, Sustainable Materials
Management program.
Department of Supervision Evaluation & Dispute Resolution ,EPA
(2009–2010)
Department of Water Quality Protection ,EPA (1988 –1992)
Current Position: Deputy
Director of
Waste
Management
Department,
EPA Taiwan, ROC
Speaker
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Energy imported > 98%
Mineral imported > 80%
Food imported > 70%
Natural Resources Deficient
(Urbanization: 78%)
(Taipei City:9,956 person/km²)
Population: 23 millions
Area: 36,000 km²
Population density: 624 person/km²
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Strategies:5R
─ reduction
─ reuse
─ recycling
─ recovery
─ reclamation
Goals in 2016:
– Garbage reduction, 70% (based on the largest amount in 1998)
– Recycling rate, over 60 %
Strategies and Goals
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From Past to Present
Riverside Landfill
Garbage War Incinerator
Landfill
Garbage Truck Open Truck Garbage Box
Main
Auxiliary
Past Present
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Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) Disposal Plan MSW Disposal Plan
Review and Prospects
of Waste Disposal Programs
1984 1991 2003
Landfill Incineration (Main)
Landfill (Auxiliary)
Resource Recycling &
Resource Circulating
Construction Plan for Solid Waste Resource
Recycling (Incineration) Plant
Measures for Encouraging Publicly or Privately Owned
Organizations (BOO/BOT) to Construct and Operate Incinerators
1991
1996
Four-in-One Recycling Program 1997
Per-Bag Trash Fee in Taipei 2000
Bulky Waste Recycling 2003
Mandatory Garbage Separation 2005
※21 Incineration Plants of Public Owners (Planning 22 plants, finishing 21 plants)
※5 Incineration Plants of Private Owners (Planning 15 plants, finishing 5 plants)
EPR Introduced 1988
Food Waste Recycling 2001
Sustainable Material Management 2010
Revolution of MSW Management
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Extended producer’s Responsibilities
Producers shoulder physical and financial responsibility of
recycling post-consumer products in most EPR programs in
the world.
Producers only need to pay recycling fees to Taiwan EPA.
TEPA then uses the fees to subsidize collection and
recycling.
EPR Principle
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Recycling
system
Responsible
Enterprises
recycling fee Paid Subsidy
Fee
Review
Committee
Supervisory
Committee
Fund
Management
Board
Operation of Recycling Fund
Management
audit and
certification Check
manufacturers
and importers
of recyclable
containers and
articles
Recycling
enterprises
Collection
enterprises
Local Government
School
non-governmental
organization
Sales place
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2002- Fluorescent tubes
2007-Keyboards, circular
fluorescent lamps, etc.
2008-HID lamps
2001- Announcing printers as recycling articles
2013-Tablet computer, external hard
disk, cold cathode lamp, etc.
33 recycling items
Regulated Recyclable Wastes
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Producers designated by EPAT shall mark
articles or the packaging and containers
thereof with recycling labels.
PET HDPE PVC LDPE
PP PS Other
Regulated Recycling Label
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Container or dry batteries
install collection facilities ,display
collection-point marks at stores
and take back waste returned by
consumers.
Home appliance
take back used appliances from
consumers when purchasing new
appliances.
Lamp
sellers must accept used lamps at
no charge from the public.
Vendors Responsibilities
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Four-in-One Recycling Program
To be paid by
responsible enterprises
To subsidize the
recycling and disposal
system
To transport resources
and waste separately
Part of the revenues
feed back to general
public
Recycling
Fund
Local
Government
Community
Residents
Recycling
Industries
(1) Community Residents (2) Recycling Industries
(4) Recycling Fund (3) Local Government
To purchase waste
resources from the public,
communities and local
government
To form Community- based
Recycling organization
To Promote separation of waste
and recyclable
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Waste Minimization Toxicity Minimization
Restriction on Plastic
shopping Bags and
Disposable Tableware
Restriction on mercury
and cadmium content of
batteries
Banned Mercury
Thermometers
Restriction on Excessive
Packaging
Source Reduction
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Bulky items
– 15 used products repaired centers
– Unwanted furniture repaired and sold as second-hand products
– The rest, used as fuel or compost
Second-hand goods exchange platform
– Link to auctions, sales and flea markets
– Goods including books, clothes, furniture,
bicycles, appliances etc.
Reuse
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Recyclable wastes Recycler Product
Food Waste
Incineration Fly ash Landfill
Bottom ash
Repair
Recycling Energy
Recovery Source
Reduction
Bulky Item Product
Framework of Separation, Recycling and Disposal
Trash
Animal Feeds
Biomass energy
Compost
Human
Activity
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Expect regulated recyclable waste, items that Municipal sanitation fleet also recycle are
No Recycling Fee
– Paper
– Iron
– Aluminum
– Glass
– Plastic
– CDs
– Cell Phone & Charger
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Purchase sorted resource waste from scavengers,
communities, schools, organizations
resource waste sorting for various material
scavengers , recyclables
dealers
Local government EPB Recycling truck collects recyclables after garbage truck on recycling day
Community, school,
and NGO
Retail vendors regulate 11 categories of vendors
should Install recycling facility for
collecting containers, dry batteries,
and wasted tube lights.
Treatment plant Sorting
Recycling
industries
Recycling System
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Sorting
Recycling industries
After the sorting, recyclables is sent to various recycling plants
according to the materials of containers or articles for recycling
Treatment plant
Steel plant, Aluminum plant
Plastic recycling plant
Glass plant
Paper plant
Waste
articles
Scrap iron and
aluminum
Waste paper and
paper container
Waste plastics
Waste glass
Shredder plant (wasted cars and household appliances)
Articles treatment plant (wasted tires, and dry batteries)
Recycling plants
of various materials
Recycling System
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5. 處理廠 Recycler
3. 清潔隊 Municipal sanitation fleet
2. 回收點
Community Collection Spot
6. 再生料 Recycled Material
4. 回收商 Collector
1. 資源垃圾 Recyclable Waste
Recyclable wastes recycling
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Source Collection Recycling
Household
Fruits & vegetables
Market
Restaurant
Garbage truck
Collection Point
Self-collected
Compost Plant
Pig Farm
Energy Recovery
Community
Compost
Food Waste Recycling
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Most of the recyclable wastes collected
by MSW sanitation Fleets.
Mandatory Separating garbage into 3
categories
– Keep trash off the ground
– A warning will be issued for the first non-compliance. A penalty of NT$1,200 -6,000 will be imposed on the second violation.
Further Reduction
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Per-Bag Trash Fee in several areas
– Pay as you throw
– Per-Bag trash fee is NT$ 0.36/L ; however, collect
recyclables and food waste for free
– Waste volume 67%down, recycling volume 48%up
Further Reduction
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Meet the requirements of garbage
treatment and provide electricity
Total treatment
volume 6.35Mt
Provide 3.13 billion degrees of electricity
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incineration plants
Energy Recovery
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Analysis of MSW Treatment
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Year
Incineration Recycable Wastes
Landfill Food Waste recycled
Bulk Waste Recycled
%
44.92
43.28
9.78
1.13
0.89
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Mandatory charge from producers
The integration of existing recycling
systems
Economic incentives to citizens and
MSW sanitation fleets
Complementing recycling market
for marginal profitable wastes
Continuing conducting public
environmental education, especially
on campus
Keys for Successful Operation
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Sustainable Materials Management
Main Scheme
Reduce supply risk
Increase the efficiency in production
Create resource-efficient consumption
Improve circular resource management
Build MFA decision making tools
Past: Now:Resource Circulating
Maximizing
resource efficiency
End-of-pipe
treatment
Minimizing
impacts on the
environment
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Final
Disposal Waste
Use & Re-use
Final
Disposal
Recycling
Products Energy
Materials
Recovery
Waste
Resources
Collection
From Waste Management to SMM