housing scenario

8/7/2019 housing scenario

1/18

Housing Scenario & policy in

India

N R Mandal


2/18

Role of Housing

Housing is a very basic requirement for all. It also holds the key to accelerate

the pace of development. Investments in housing like any other industry, has

a multiplier effect on income and employment. It is estimated that overall

employment generation in the economy due to additional investment in the

housing/construction is eight times the direct employment (IIM-Ahmedabad

Study, 2000). The construction sector provides employment to 16% of the

work force (absolute number 146 lakh-1997). It is growing at the rate of 7%.

Out of this, the housing sector alone accounts for 85.5lakh workers. However

nearly 55% of them are in the unskilled category. Housing provides

employment to a cross-section of people which importantly include poor.

Housing also provide opportunities for home-based economic activities. At

the same time, adequate housing also decides the health status of occupants.

Therefore, on account of health and income considerations, housing is a very

important tool to alleviate poverty and generate employment.


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Population Projections for India by

Government of India & the UN

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Year

PopulationinBillion

Govt. ofIndia

UN

Note:

Projections by Govt. of

India assumes 0% rate of

growth by 2051.

UN projections also

indicate stabilization by

2050


4/18

Comparative Growth Projections of Rural & Urban

Populations in India [by UN]

0.00100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

800.00

900.00

1000.00

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

PopulationinMillio

Rural

Population

Urban

Population

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

2010 2050

Year

%ageofTotalPop

Rural Population

Urban Population


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Observed Trend in Growth of Residential Buildings in

Rural India

=

x

x +

3

R =

3

3

3

Y e a r

R

ural

u

ses/100R

ural

P

p

ulation

S eries

P ol

S eries

Decadal census data [1971, 81, 91, 2001] reveal that number ofrural houses per 100 rural population is increasing

The observed trend has been used to forecast the future growth ofresidential buildings in rural India using trend line and futurepopulation projections [UN]


6/18

Observed Trend in Growth of Residential Buildings in

Urban India

! "

#

$

% &

' '

"

$

(

) 0 # 1 0

R %

" " # 2

1

!

! 1

2

2 1

#

# 1

1 !

! 1

Yea r

U

rbanpopulation/U

rban

residentialbuilding

3

eries !

4 ol

5

3

eries ! 6

Decadal census data [1971, 81, 91, 2001] reveal that number of persons

per building is increasing [apartments / slums]

The observed trend has been used to forecast the future growth of

residential buildings in urban India using trend line and future population

projections [UN]


7/18

Projected Growth of

Housing Sector in India [based on present trends]

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

2001 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Year

NumberfResidential

uildingsinM

illins

RuralResidential

BuildingsUrbanResidential

Buildings

Total


8/18

Housing Scenario

Growth of slums in India has been at least times higher than thegrowth of urban population, leading to sizeable number of urbanpopulation living in slums.

As per TCPO estimate 2001, 21.7 percent urban population lives inslums.

As per Planning Commission estimates, the total requirement ofurban housing during the 10th Plan period (2002-2007) worked outto 22.44 million D.U.s in urban areas consisting of urban housingbacklog of 8.89 million D.U.s at the beginning of 10th Plan (2002)and additions of new housing of 1 .55 million D.U.s.

As per Census 2001, the period of 1991 to 2001 witnessed a netaddition of 19.52 million D.U.s in the urban housing stock,amounting to average annual construction of 1.95 million houses.


9/18

Housing Scenario

The share of ownership housing in urban areas hasincreased from 6 % in 1991 to 67% in 2001 (Census,2001).

Households having one room accommodation declinedsignificantly in urban areas from 9.55 per cent to 5.1per cent during the period 1991 to 2001 (Census,2001). This is a result of upward shift ofaccommodation and accelerated supply of housingstock.


10/18

NSS 58th Round

Housing Condition in India -2002

The average number of household members was 5.15 in ruralareas and 4.47 in urban areas.

Out of every 100 households in rural areas, 6 lived in pucca,4 in semi-pucca and 21in katcha houses. On the other hand,

out of every 100 households in urban areas, 77 lived in pucca,20 in semi-pucca and only in katcha structures. In urbanslums, 67% of the dwelling units were pucca.

On an average, a rural household occupied 8 sq.m. of floorarea and an urban household occupied 7 sq.m.

Per capita floor area available was lowest in the urban slums(4.6 sq.m.) followed by the rural areas (7.5 sq.m.) and 8.4sq.m. in other urban areas.


11/18

NSS 58th Round

Housing Condition in India -2002

Out of every 100 structures, 19 in the rural areas and 11 in theurban areas were in bad condition and required immediatemajor repair.

With respect to the availability of drinking water, electricity

and latrine, about 15% dwelling units in urban slums and 11%in rural areas had all the facilities within their premises. Atthe other e treme, none of these facilities were available inabout 0% of the DUs in the rural areas, 11% ofDUs in theslums & squatter settlements and 4% of units in other urban

areas. Around 76% of rural and 18% of urban households ( 2% in

urban slums) did not have access to any latrine facility.


12/18

NATIONAL URBAN HOUSING AND HABITAT POLICY- 2005

[Ministry of Urban Employment & Poverty Alleviation]

The Need for olicy

Shelter is one of the basic human needs just ne t to food and

clothing. Need for a National Housing and Habitat Policy emerges from the

growing requirements of shelter and related infrastructure. Theserequirements are growing in the conte t of rapid pace of urbanization,

increasing migration from rural to urban centres in search of livelihood, mis-

match between demand and supply of sites & services at affordable cost and

inability of most new and poorer urban settlers to access formal land markets

in urban areas due to high costs and their own lower incomes, leading to a

non-sustainable situation. This policy intends to promote sustainable

development of habitat in the country, with a view to ensure equitable supply

of land, shelter and services at affordable prices.


13/18

Goal of NUHHP-2005:

The ultimate goal of this Policy is to ensure sustainable

and inclusive development of human settlements

including shelter for all and a better quality of life to

all citizens using potential of all the stakeholders.


14/18

NUHHP- 2005 : Contents

Preamble[Discussions on: The Need for Policy, Rural to Urban Shift of Labour Force,Regional Balance, In-situ Urbanization, Role of Housing, HousingRequirements, Magnitude ofPoverty, Sustainable Habitat, Policies /Programmes and results, Focus Areas]

Aims

Role of Government and other Agencies[Of: Central Govt, State Govt, Urban Local Govts/ DevelopmentAuthorities, Housing Finance Institutions, Public agencies / para-statals,Private and Cooperative Agencies, R & D Organisations

Specific Action areas

[P

olicies for: Land, Finance, Legal & regulatory reforms, Technologysupport & its transfer, Infrastructure, Sustainability concerns,Employment issues in the housing sector, Slum improvement and up-gradation]

Action Plan / Follow Up


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[Aims]

The Housing & Habitat Policy aims at :(i) Creation of adequate housing stock both on rental and

ownership basis.

(ii) Facilitating accelerated supply of serviced land and housingwith particular focus to EWS and LIG categories and taking

into account the need for development of supportinginfrastructure and basic services to all categories.

(iii) Facilitate Up-gradation of infrastructure of towns and citiesand to make these comparable to the needs of the times.

(iv) Ensuring that all dwelling units have easy accessibility tobasic sanitation facilities and drinking water.

(v) Promotion of larger flow of funds to meet the revenuerequirements of housing and infrastructure using innovativetools.


16/18


[Aims]

(vi) Providing quality and cost effective housing and shelter options to

the citizens, especially the vulnerable group and the poor.

(vii) Using technology for modernizing the housing sector to increase

efficiency, productivity, energy efficiency and quality. Technology

would be particularly harnessed to meet the housing needs of thepoor and also specific requirements of `green housing.

(viii) Guiding urban and rural settlements so that a planned and

balanced growth is achieved with the help of innovative methods

such as Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) leading

to in-situ urbanisation.(i ) Development of cities and towns in a manner which provide for a

healthy environment, increased use of renewable energy sources

and pollution free atmosphere with a concern for solid waste

disposal, drainage, etc.


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[Aims]

( ) Using the housing sector to generate more employment andachieve skill up-gradation in housing and building activity,which continue to depend on unskilled and low wageemployment to a large e tent.

( i) Removing legal, financial and administrative barriers forfacilitating access to tenure, land, finance and technology.

( ii) Progressive shift to a demand driven approach and from asubsidy based housing scheme to cost recovery-cum-subsidyschemes for housing through a pro-active financing policy

including micro-financing, self-help group programmes.

( iii) Facilitating, restructuring and empowering the institutionsat state and local governments to mobilize land and planningand financing for housing and basic amenities.


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[Aims]

( iv) Forging strong partnerships between private, public andcooperative sectors to enhance the capacity of theconstruction industry to participate in every sphere of housingand urban infrastructure.

( v) Meeting the special needs of SC/ST/disabled/freed bonded

labourers/ slum dwellers, elderly, women, street vendors andother weaker and vulnerable sections of the society.

( vi) Involving disabled, vulnerable sections of society, womenand weaker sections in formulation, design andimplementation of the housing schemes.

( vii) Protecting and promoting our cultural heritage,architecture, and traditional skills.

( viii) Establishing a Management Information System in thehousing sector to strengthen monitoring of building activity inthe country.

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