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How a Computer Processes Data
Computer Fundamentals
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Outline
Computer Fundamentals Facebook You Can Be a Millionaire Who Do You Marry? Final Thoughts
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Computer System
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First Computer
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First Computer
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First Computer Vacuum Tubes Transistor Silicon Chip
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The Central Processing Unit
Only perform three tasks. The CPU is the brains of a computer system. The CPU is housed on a silicon chip that contains millions of
switches and circuits. The CPU has two primary sections:
Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) This section performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Control Unit This section is the boss of the CPU and coordinates all activity
within the CPU. It uses programming instructions to control what actions the CPU performs and when it performs them.
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CPU
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CPU Closeup
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CPU Evolution
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Data Representation
Decimal – 10 Fingers Binary – 00001010 Hexadecimal – A Roman Numeral – X
Decimal Binary
1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
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System Motherboard Inside the case of a modern PC is the motherboard, which
contains the electronic circuitry of the computer. Components found on the motherboard include
The primary processing chip (CPU). The memory chips. Expansion slots for system interface cards. Ports for connecting external devices. BIOS chips that control system start-up. The circuitry that enables all of these components to
communicate.
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Example of a Motherboard
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Computer Memory Data being processed by a CPU is stored in system
memory. Memory consists of addressable locations within the
machine that the computer can access directly. Data stored in memory is not permanent. If the power
fails, everything in memory is lost. Data must be stored on a disk or some other device
when not being processed so it is not lost each time the computer shuts down.
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Types of Memory RAM – Random Access Memory
This is short-term memory where data is processed while a program is running.
Data stored here can be accessed and modified as needed. This type of memory loses any data it holds if the computer is shut
down. ROM – Read-Only Memory
ROM is memory placed on the motherboard by the manufacturer and contains instructions that tell the computer how to start itself.
This data cannot be accessed or modified by application programs. The contents of this memory are not lost when the computer is shut
down.
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Auxiliary Storage Floppy Disk
No longer standard Hard (fixed) disk
30 Gb and higher 5400rpm, 7200 rpm
Removable storage CD-ROM CD-R/CD-RW DVD/DVD-R/DVD-RW
(Digital Video Disk HD) Zip disks Tape
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Disk Storage
Based on bytes per track per sector
1 track on 1 Sector contains 512 bytes
Track-sector on each surface (top & bottom)
Storage = 1,024 bytes per track-sector (top & bottom) = 1K
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Disk Storage
Cylinder Same track on each
surface make up a cylinder
All data in one cylinder can be read without moving read/write arm
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The Instruction and Execution Cycles
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Input Devices
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The Monitor Resolution is expressed in
picture elements or pixels; (800 x 600 or 1024 x 768)
The higher the resolution, the more you can see at one time.
Larger monitors enable you to you run at higher resolutions; e.g., 19” to run 1024 x 768 comfortably
A graphics card speeds processing
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Lower Resolution (800 x 600)
Displays 20 rows and 8 columns
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Higher Resolution (1024 x 768)
Displays 28 rows and 12 columns
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The Printer Ink Jet
Today’s entry level Laser
Top-of-the line Four-in-one functionality
Printer, scanner, fax, copier
Network printer
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Ports and Expansion Slots Serial and parallel ports are used to connect peripheral devices
to the computer circuitry. Serial devices (mice/monitors) transmit data one bit at a time. Parallel devices (printers) transmit data several bits at time.
USB is a newer, high-speed method of connecting devices and is beginning to replace serial and parallel ports.
Expansion slots are electrical connections in the motherboard that can accept circuit cards to perform specific functions. These are commonly used to plug in sound cards, video cards,
scanners, and other devices.
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A Typical Expansion Card
It has electrical prongs along the bottom to plug into the expansion slot and make an electrical connection to the main board.
This port sticks out of the back of the PC case and is used to attach the device that this card controls.
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Summary Just about all computers perform the same
general options: input, processing, output, and storage.
Input, output, and processing devices grouped together represent a computer system.
The motherboard is the center of all processing. The motherboard contains the CPU, memory, and
basic controllers for the system.
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Summary (continued) The motherboard also contains ports and expansion
slots. The central processing unit is the brains of the
computer. The computer is given instructions through computer
programs. The CPU has two main sections—the arithmetic logic
unit and the control unit.
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Summary (continued) All calculations and comparisons take place in the
ALU. The control unit coordinates the CPU activities. The motherboard contains different types of
memory. Random access memory is volatile and is used to
store instructions, data, and information temporarily.
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Summary (continued) Read-only memory is nonvolatile and is used to
store instructions, data, and information temporarily.
The machine cycle is made up of the instruction cycle and the execution cycle.
A controller is used to control the transfer of data between the computer and peripheral devices.
Peripheral devices are connected to the computer through serial and parallel ports.
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Summary (continued) The Universal Serial Bus is a new standard expected
to replace serial and parallel ports. Expansion boards are used to connect specialized
peripheral devices or to add more memory to the computer.
The ASCII code is a standard code used to represent the alphabet, numbers, symbols, and punctuation marks.
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Facebook Security
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Investing
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Millionaire – Sports?
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Millionaire – More Reliable RouteDegree Amount Added Total
No High School 0 0
High School 1.1 Million 1.1 Million
Associate Degree 800,000 1.9 Million
Undergraduate Degree 1.6 Million 3.5 Million
Masters Degree 1.5 Million 5.0 Million
Doctorate Degree 4.8 Million 9.8 Million
U.S. – 20,000 Engineers
Japan – 80,000 Engineers
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Final Thoughts Stuff doesn’t make you happy
High School Degree College Career Marriage Children
Who Do You Marry? Thanks for inviting me.