How achievable is Universal Primary Education in Rural Ghana? Lessons from the Kintampo DSS.

Abubakari SulemanaAbubakari SulemanaAlexander ManuAlexander ManuCharles ZandohCharles Zandoh

Robert AddaRobert AddaSeth Owusu-AgyeiSeth Owusu-Agyei

Kintampo Health Research Centre, P. O. Box 200, Kintampo, GhanaKintampo Health Research Centre, P. O. Box 200, Kintampo, Ghana

Background

Background I

Education is of paramount importance to the individual and society. It affects all aspects of human life, including health and general wellbeing (Barbara Bruns et al, 2003)

The 1989 Convention of the Rights of the Child: Free primary education is a fundamental right (OHCHR, 1990)

Specifically, MDG 2 is to ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling (World Education Forum Dakar,2000)

Education is necessary in eradicating poverty and hunger, combating disease, ensuring environmental sustainability and reducing deaths, thus MDG2 can be seen as the bedrock for all the other MDG goals in the long run.

Background II

Accessibility and affordability to education is still a problem despite governments’ efforts

Globally about 15% of children of primary school age are not enrolled in primary schools

Only about 29% of countries in the world have achieved the MDG-2 (Universal Primary Education) as at 2002 whilst 23 countries are at risk of not achieving this target by 2015 (Global Monitoring, 2003)

The picture is even more bleak in sub-Saharan Africa where over 4 out of every 10 children of school going age are still not or have never been to school at all!

Background III

In rural Ghana 54% of school-age children, just over 5 out of 10, are enrolled in primary school (World Bank, 1996)

Even when they are enrolled, the Ghanaian child also faces the phenomenon of early school drop-out

In the Kintampo North and South Districts where our DSS operates the situation may not different.

THE LOCATION OF KINTAMPO DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE

SYSTEM (KDSS) The Kintampo DSS is located

in the Kintampo North & South Districts of the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana.

It occupies an area of 7,162 km2 and lies within the Forest Transitional Zone (middle belt).

Total population covered by the DSS is about 125,309 with 23,306 households in 16,370 compounds

The population is young with about 41% < 15 years old; Dependency ratio is 89.4%

Average members of a household is 6

Legend

# nursery and primary schools

& junior sec

Map of Kintampo

kintampo road network

0 5 10 15 202.5 Kilometers

MAP OF KINTAMPO BASIC SCHOOLS

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AJ NUR SCH

PU PRIM SCH

AP PREP SCH

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SC PRIM SCH

PR PRIM SCH

PF PRIM SCH

NA PRIM SCH

MN PRIM SCH

MK PRIM SCH

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KU PRIM SCH

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KB PRIM SCH

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DM PRIM SCH

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DD PRIM SCH

BM PRIM SCH

BB PRIM SCH

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HN PRIM SCH2

NC PRIM SCH 2NC PRIM SCH 1

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Objectives of study

Objectives

To compare primary school enrolment among girls and boys

To compare school drop out rates among girls and boys in primary school

To examine for the factors that predict school enrolment and possibly those accounting for any disparities by gender

Methodology

Methods I

This study uses data from the Kintampo Demographic Surveillance System (KDSS)

Longitudinal annual educational data collected/updated on all subjects 6 years and above.

Current/highest level of education reached is updated once every year for all the eligible population

Data is also collected on household characteristics, which includes wealth/assets housing and other socio-economic and cultural characteristics

A field worker interviewing a A field worker interviewing a household in a communityhousehold in a community

Methods II Data from the DSS was complemented with national

data from the Ghana Education Service (GES) annual school census

Data analyses were limited to children between 6 and 10 years of age or primary school children

Analysis was done using STATA 9.0

Comparison was made between girls and boys enrolment and drop out “rates” from primary one to six

Logistic regression analysis was done using enrolment as the outcome and household head (hh) characteristics that significantly predicted school enrolment were assessed using Likelihood ratio tests. All test significance were at the 5% level.

Results

Results I

Over 90% of the rural communites have facilities for primary education

24.8% (35) of primary schools are located in urban communities and 75.2% (106) in rural communities

There are about 24,580 children of school going age (6 – 10 years) of which 50.3% are females and 49.7% are males.

30.4% (7,466) of the children are located in urban communities

Out of the 24,580 children only 48% (11,799) have started primary one, of which 47.4% are females and 52.6% are males

Results II Primary school enrolment

for girls is low compared to boys at all levels.

Enrolment at primary one for girls and boys are 47.4% and 52.6% respectively

52% of children between 6 to 10 years have either not started or are yet to start primary one

Primary School dropout is about 19% for female and 17% for males in 2005/2006 academic year.

PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT BY SEX FOR 2005/2006 ACDEMIC YEAR

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.0

P 1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 P 6

LEVELS

ENRO

LMEN

T (%)

GIRLS

BOYS

Results cont’d Univariable analysis showed that factors significantly

associated (p<0.001) with enrolment are educational attainment, location (rural or urban), religion, ethnicity and marital status.

Also, all five factors were found to be predictors in the multivariable model suggesting they were factors significantly associated with a child’s enrolment

Model equation for the adjusted ORs is given by

Odds (Enrolmentij) =

1.03tribei + 1.13towni + 0.88marry2i+ 0.55marry3i + 1.17educ2i + 1.17educ3i + 1.03religion2i + 0.82religion3i + 0.73religion4i + 0.86religion4i

Results cont’dModel Likelihood ratio = -38438This model predicts that,

irrespective of the tribe, religion, marital status and education, the odds of having a child enrolled is increased by 13% if the hh is located in an urban compared to rural area; Also,

irrespective of the tribe, religion, marital status and location, the odds of having a child enrolled is increased by 17% if the hh is educated above the primary level (ie either to JSS level and similarly to the secondary level and above)

Discussions

Discussions I

A larger proportion of children of school-going age (52%) were not in school.

Need for intervention to put the 52% children of school-going age into classrooms to ensure the success of MDG 2.

Female children who are in school (47.4%) are less than their males counterpart even though females are in majority (50.3%)

The MDG aims at equal proportions of boys and girls completing basic education.

Educating the girl has a “multiplier effect”

Discussions II

The Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) was introduced in Oct. 1996 to help increase enrolment and sustained it.

Only some aspects of the programme (e.g. Capitation grant, free textbook, etc) is currently being run

The compulsory aspect of the FCUBE has not been enforced since its inception.

Inadequate schools (141 primary schools serving a population of over 24,000) and other resources may be a hindrance to absorbing all children of school going age if the government is to enforce the compulsory aspect of the FCUBE programme.

Discussions II

Significant predictors of school enrolment such as educational attainment of the head of household are expected but suggest that interventions to improve enrolment and reduce dropouts should have targeted packages for these populations and hence the relevance of the DSS for their characteristics

Universal access to education will not be attainable if rural dwelling puts people at a disadvantage. In a population where over 60% dwell in rural areas, this would be worrying.

Trends in the ORs suggested that married people or people in concubinage tend to have children enrolled better than those separated, divorced or widowed. Single parenthood is almost “detrimental” to the child’s prospect of enrolment (associated with a 45% reduction in the odds compared to the married). Support for single parents is called for.

Conclusion

Conclusion

From the evidence, the millennium development goal of achieving universal primary education by 2015 may be elusive in rural Ghana considering the current militating factors.

This analysis made possible due to the existence of the KDSS

Many of the factors elucidated in this analyses suggest that not educating our children today is virtually setting up a vicious cycle where they will also in the future be unlikely to send their children to school which wili further exacerbate the effects of poverty on the child.

THE TIME TO ACT IS NOW! THE CHILD CAN’T WAIT

Acknowledgement

• Community members, Kintampo North and South Districts

• Kintampo DSS Team

• Staff of KHRC

• INDEPTH Network

THANKS