English Phonetics and Phonology
Lecture 3: Consonants (introduction)(continued)
KAMIYAMA, [email protected]
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 2
3. MANNER of articulation
• How and to what extent the airstream isblocked (completely, incompletely).
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 3
Manners of articulation
Kelly (2000)
Completeclosure
Incompleteclosure 4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 4
Manners of articulation
Kelly (2000)
Completeclosure
Incompleteclosure Wells & House (1995)
pp bb tt dd kk gg
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 5
Plosives (or stops):the case of the bilabial plosives
• 4 phases
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 6
Plosives (or stops):the case of the bilabial plosives
• 1. Closure phase: one articulator movestoward another, or two articulators movetoward each other, so as to form a stricture thatallows no air to escape from the vocal tract.
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 7
Plosives (or stops):the case of the bilabial plosives
• 2. Hold phase: a total stricture is formed. Noair escapes from the vocal tract. Air iscompressed behind the stricture and the airpressure rises.
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 8
Plosives (or stops):the case of the bilabial plosives
• 3. Release phase: as the articulators (theupper and lower lips) move apart, the airstreamis released in a small burst (called plosion).
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 9
Plosives (or stops):the case of the bilabial plosives
• 4. Post-release phase : the articulators (theupper and lower lips) move further away.
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 10
Plosives (or stops):the case of the bilabial plosives
• Phases 1-3
Clark & Yallop (1995)
or ‘hold’
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 11
Manners of articulation
Kelly (2000)
Completeclosure
Incompleteclosure Wells & House (1995)
ff vv θθ ðð ss zz ʃʃ ʒʒ hh
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 12
Fricatives:the case of the alveolar fricatives
• Phase 1: one articulator moves towardanother, or two articulators move toward eachother, so as to form a stricture with a verynarrow passage.
articulators
t
Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge
Tongue tip Tongue tip ororbladeblade
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 13
Fricatives:the case of the alveolar fricatives
• Phase 2: the airstream passes through thenarrow passage between the articulators,creating a continuous hissing sound (heard asfriction) caused by turbulent airflow.
articulators
t
Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge
Tongue tip Tongue tip ororbladeblade
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 14
Fricatives:the case of the alveolar fricatives
• Phase 3: the articulators (the tongue bladeand the alveolar ridge) move away.
articulators
t
Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge
Tongue tip Tongue tip ororbladeblade
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 15
Fricatives:the case of the alveolar fricatives
Clark & Yallop (1995)4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 16
Manners of articulation
Kelly (2000)
Completeclosure
Incompleteclosure
ttʃʃ ddʒʒ
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 17
Affricates:the case of the palato-alveolar
affricates
articulators
t
Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge- hard- hard palate palate
• Affricate: plosive (stop) + fricative.
Tongue bladeTongue blade
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 18
Affricates:the case of the palato-alveolar
affricates
articulators
t
Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge- hard- hard palate palate
• 1. Closure phase: one articulator movestoward another, or two articulators movetoward each other, so as to form a stricture thatallows no air to escape from the vocal tract.
Tongue bladeTongue blade
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 19
Affricates:the case of the palato-alveolar
affricates
articulators
t
Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge- hard- hard palate palate
• 2. Hold phase: a total stricture is formed. Noair escapes from the vocal tract. Air iscompressed behind the stricture and the airpressure rises.
Tongue bladeTongue blade tt
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 20
Affricates:the case of the palato-alveolar
affricates
articulators
t
Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge- hard- hard palate palate
• 3. Friction phase: the articulators move apart,but not as rapidly as in plosives. They stayclose enough to create a turbulent airflow,causing a hissing sound as in a fricative.
ʃʃTongue bladeTongue blade
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 21
Affricates:the case of the palato-alveolar
affricates
articulators
t
Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge- hard- hard palate palate
Tongue bladeTongue blade
• Phase 4: the articulators (the tongue blade andthe alveolar ridge) move away.
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 22
Manners of articulation
Kelly (2000)
Completeclosure
Incompleteclosure Wells & House (1995)
mm nn ŋŋ
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 23
Nasals
• The soft palate(velum) is loweredso that the airsteamwill pass throughthe nasal cavity.
Nasal vowels
P. Ashby (1995) 4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 24
Nasals
• The soft palate (velum) islowered so that the airsteamwill pass through the nasalcavity, but not throughthe oral cavity becauseof a complete strictureat some point in theoral cavity.
Nasal consonants
P. Ashby (1995)
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 25
Nasals:the case of the bilabial nasal
• phases
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
Pharyngeal wallPharyngeal wall
VelumVelum
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 26
Nasals:the case of the bilabial nasal
• Phase 1: the velum is lowered as thearticulators (lips) approach each other.
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
Pharyngeal wallPharyngeal wall
VelumVelum
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 27
Nasals:the case of the bilabial nasal
• Phase 2: air flows out through the nose, butnot from the mouth.
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
Pharyngeal wallPharyngeal wall
VelumVelumAirflow throughthe nasal cavity
No airflow throughthe oral cavity
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 28
Nasals:the case of the bilabial nasal
• Phase 3: the velum is raised again (if the followingsound is oral) as the articulators (lips) come apart.
articulators
t
Upper lipUpper lip
Lower lipLower lip
Pharyngeal wallPharyngeal wall
VelumVelum
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 29
Manners of articulation
Kelly (2000)
Completeclosure
Incompleteclosure Wells & House (1995)
rr wwjj
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 30
Approximants:the case of the palato-alveolar (post-
alveolar) approximant
• The articulators come close, but not enough tocreate turbulence: there is no hissing sound.
articulators
t
Back of Back of thethealveolar ridgealveolar ridge
Tongue tipTongue tip
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 31
Fricatives• Compare:
tt
Approximants
narrow enough togenerate turbulence
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 32
Manners of articulation
Kelly (2000)
Completeclosure
Incompleteclosure Wells & House (1995)
approximant ll
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 33
Lateral approximants:the case of the alveolar lateral
approximant
• The articulators come close and make acomplete closure in the centre of the vocal tract,but air escapes through one or both sides: thereis no hissing sound.
articulators
t
Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge
Tongue bladeTongue blade
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 34
• Compare:
rr llCatford (1988)
4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 35
Manners of articulation: summary
Kelly (2000)folds
(or stop)
(lateralapproximant)
Consonants on the IPA chart