How did the struggle between How did the struggle between King and Parliament End King and Parliament End Divine Right in England?Divine Right in England?

A look at the English Civil WarA look at the English Civil War

By Mr. StankusBy Mr. Stankus

VocabularyVocabulary

• CommonwealthCommonwealth

• Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

• CavaliersCavaliers

• RoundheadsRoundheads

•Charles ICharles I•ConstitutionConstitution•Rump ParliamentRump Parliament•Long ParliamentLong Parliament•Petition of RightPetition of Right

Constitutionalism in EnglandConstitutionalism in England

• James IJames I: belief in : belief in “divine right of “divine right of kings”kings”

– King of Scotland; King of Scotland; son of Mary “Queen son of Mary “Queen of Scots”of Scots”

Charles ICharles I (1625-1649): (1625-1649):

• sought to rule sought to rule without Parliament without Parliament and to control the and to control the Anglican ChurchAnglican Church

Petition of Right, 1628Petition of Right, 1628: : • Parliament attempt to bribe king (taxes) in return for Parliament attempt to bribe king (taxes) in return for

accepting Parliament’s right to tax, accepting Parliament’s right to tax, habeas corpushabeas corpus, no , no

quartering, and no martial law in peacetimequartering, and no martial law in peacetime

– Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629; did not reconvene until Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629; did not reconvene until 16401640

– Religious persecution most important reason for civil war: led Religious persecution most important reason for civil war: led by Archbishop Laudby Archbishop Laud

– Long Parliament – summoned in 1640 (after failure of 2-month Long Parliament – summoned in 1640 (after failure of 2-month “Short Parliament”)“Short Parliament”)

– In return for granting taxation, Parliament made demands:In return for granting taxation, Parliament made demands:

– certain high leaders be tried: (Laud eventually executed)certain high leaders be tried: (Laud eventually executed)– Star Chamber abolishedStar Chamber abolished– Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its consentParliament could not be dissolved w/o its consent

The English Civil WarThe English Civil War

• (Puritan Revolution; (Puritan Revolution; Great Rebellion) – Great Rebellion) – 1642-16491642-1649

– CavaliersCavaliers: supported : supported the kingthe king

– RoundheadsRoundheads, , Puritans opposed Puritans opposed king; Oliver king; Oliver Cromwell led Cromwell led “New “New Model Army”Model Army”

Causes of Civil War

• Long Term Causes:

– James I vs. Parliament

• Short Term Causes:

– Charles I personality

– Money and Religious differences

Charles I beheaded in 1649Charles I beheaded in 1649• Interregnum:Interregnum: 1649-1660 rule without king 1649-1660 rule without king

The Commonwealth The Commonwealth (1649-1653)(1649-1653)

• a republic – abolished monarch and a republic – abolished monarch and House of LordsHouse of Lords

• House of Commons runs the entire House of Commons runs the entire governmentgovernment

The Protectorate (1653-1659), The Protectorate (1653-1659),

• Oliver Cromwell Lord Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector (Dictatorship)Protector (Dictatorship)

• Leviathan- written by Leviathan- written by Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

The RestorationThe Restoration (1660-1688) (1660-1688)

• Parliament in 1660 reelected according to old Parliament in 1660 reelected according to old franchise: Anglicans back in powerfranchise: Anglicans back in power

• Charles IICharles II “The Merry Monarch” (1660-1685): “The Merry Monarch” (1660-1685): Stuarts restored to the throneStuarts restored to the throne

• Declaration of Breda: Charles agreed to Declaration of Breda: Charles agreed to abide by Parliament’s demandsabide by Parliament’s demands

• Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus Act (1679): Act (1679):A person accused of a crime is entitled to be brought before a A person accused of a crime is entitled to be brought before a

judge and informed in writing of the charges against him. (Writ of judge and informed in writing of the charges against him. (Writ of habeas corpus).habeas corpus).

Prisoners are entitled to be released on bail and a speedy jury Prisoners are entitled to be released on bail and a speedy jury trial.trial.

Parliament was split- two Parliament was split- two political partiespolitical parties

• Tories:Tories: king’s supporters, nobles king’s supporters, nobles

• WhigsWhigs: middle-class and merchants; : middle-class and merchants; also high aristocracyalso high aristocracy

– Scotland gained its independence in 1660 Scotland gained its independence in 1660 as result of Restorationas result of Restoration

– Charles attempted to impose Anglicanism Charles attempted to impose Anglicanism in Scotland; war resultedin Scotland; war resulted

Review Review

• Was the execution of Charles I Was the execution of Charles I justified?justified?

• What if Charles I and Parliament What if Charles I and Parliament reached an agreement on control of the reached an agreement on control of the government and the army, would the government and the army, would the civil war have happened anyway?civil war have happened anyway?

• Why was the throne restored after Why was the throne restored after Cromwell’s commonwealth?Cromwell’s commonwealth?

VocabularyVocabulary

• Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus

• Prime MinisterPrime Minister

• RestorationRestoration

• James IIJames II

• Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

• John LockeJohn Locke

• Constitutional Constitutional MonarchyMonarchy

• Toleration ActToleration Act

• English Bill of English Bill of RightsRights

• William and MaryWilliam and Mary

• ToriesTories

• WhigsWhigs

• Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution

James IIJames II (1685-1688): (1685-1688):

sought to Catholicize England; forced to sought to Catholicize England; forced to abdicateabdicate

Glorious Revolution (1688)Glorious Revolution (1688)

William III (William of Orange) and MaryWilliam III (William of Orange) and Mary: :

Protestantism secured in England Protestantism secured in England

Toleration act 1689 Toleration act 1689

Freedom of worship for non-Anglican Freedom of worship for non-Anglican Protestants.Protestants.

Bill of Rights 1689

English bill of Rights - signed by William and Mary

• The Monarch may not do the following unless Parliament approves:

– A. Suspend or make laws

– B. Levy taxes

– C. Maintain an army

• Monarch may not interfere with Parliamentary elections or debates.

• Parliament may meet frequently

• King or Queen must be Anglican in religion.

• People are guaranteed:

– A. Right to petition the government

– B. Impartial and speedy trial

– C. Protection against excessive bail and fine.

– D. Protection from cruel and unusual punishment.

• The English Bill of Rights (1689) served as a model for the American Bill of Rights (1789).

Hanover Kings: George I,Hanover Kings: George I,George II,George IIIGeorge II,George III

•George I did not speak English; he came from Germany. George I did not speak English; he came from Germany. He delegated his power to his chief minister.He delegated his power to his chief minister.

•George II allowed Parliament to choose his advisors. The George II allowed Parliament to choose his advisors. The chief minister became known as Prime Minister. The chief minister became known as Prime Minister. The advisors became known as the Cabinetadvisors became known as the Cabinet

•By the reign of George III, the Prime Minister and Cabinet By the reign of George III, the Prime Minister and Cabinet were coming from the Parliament exercising both were coming from the Parliament exercising both legislative and executive power.legislative and executive power.

•Under the Hanover Kings, the monarch was becoming a Under the Hanover Kings, the monarch was becoming a figurehead.figurehead.

How did the growth of suffrage influence British politics?

• Suffrage - right to vote

• evolution — slow, gradual change

Undemocratic Features of English Government in 1750

• Property qualifications for voting

• Only male adults could vote

• Voting by show of hands; not secret ballot

• Unfair representation — seats in House of Commons did not change as population shifted to the cities.

• Only property owners and Protestants could hold public office

• Hereditary House of Lords had the same power as an elected House of Commons

Reform Bill of 1832

• Reduced property qualifications thereby extending suffrage to the middle class

• Cities received more representatives in House of Commons

• House of Commons shifted from representing landed aristocracy to industrial middle class

Other Reform Bills

• 1867 — Further reduced property qualifications for voting

• 1884 - Extended vote to farm workers

• 1918 - Universal manhood suffrage. Women over 30 could vote

• 1928 — Universal suffrage for all people over 21