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How Does Finland Compare? Challenges and opportunities for Finland
Per Mickwitz,
Research Director,
Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)
Member of the Scientific Committee of
the European Environment Agency
The State of the European Environment – How does Finland compare?
Thursday 25.6.2015 at 8.30-11.30
Ministry of the Environment
2
● Comparative studies provide good opportunities for learning, ○ one should approach the SOER country comparisons
as a learning possibility instead of trying to argue why there are some problems with the indicators
● Finland is part of Europe ○ the main message of the SOER is as true for Finland as
for Europe in large ○ in other words similarities are more important than
differences, especially when we look ahead to 2050.● Finland has many strengths with respect to the main
challenge and there are some promising policy approaches
Main points
3
Population density in Finland is low and Finland is less urbanised than most European countries
Impacts&Opportunities
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Finland has a large share of Europe's forests: economic significance and responsibility SOER figure: Conservation status of forest habitat types by region
COUNTRY COMPARISON
S
GLOBALMEGATRENDS
EUROPEANBRIEFINGS
COUNTRIES & REGIONS
SYNTHESISREPORT
Related content
SOER2015 / Cross-country comparisons/
Material resource use (DMC) per capita in 32 European countries (2000, 2007 and 2012)
Resource efficiency – material resource efficient and productivity
Data sources: Eurostat. Material Flow Accounts Note: A time series was available for 32 countries, but for four countries the full time series was not available: 2000 not available for Serbia so 2001 data are shown;
latest data year for Norway was 2008; 2012 data not available for Switzerland and Turkey so 2011 data shown.
EU-2
7
Roads&Mines
COUNTRY COMPARISON
S
GLOBALMEGATRENDS
EUROPEANBRIEFINGS
COUNTRIES & REGIONS
SYNTHESISREPORT
Related content
SOER2015 / Cross-country comparisons/
Percentage share of renewable energies in gross inland energy consumption in 34 European countries
Energy - energy consumption and share of renewable energy
Data sources: Eurostat. Gross inland energy consumption, by fuel; EEA – Indicator ENER029
the
Form
er Y
ugos
lav
Repu
blic
of M
aced
onia
The share of renewable energy in Finland is high
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Change in the total demand for energy in Finland
Energy consumption in Finland2000-2010: + 11 % (1,0 %/year)Energy consumption in Finland2010-2014: - 8,4 % (-1,7 %/year)
Energy consumption in Finland1970-2000: + 184 % (6,1 %/year)
Updated from Statistics Finland based on an original slide by Raimo Lovio
8
Total energy consumption by energy source (%)
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
2014
*0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Fossil fuels
Peat
Renewable energy
Nuclear
Others
%
Source: Statistics Finland
9
Two new energy sources
19701973
19761979
19821985
19881991
19941997
20002003
20062009
20120
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Wind powerHeat pumpsT
J
Source: Statistics Finland
Towards adistributed energy systembased on multiple renewable sources
1,2 %
0,2 %
10
Finland is part of Europe:the main message of the SOER is as true for Finland as for Europe in large
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● The policies in place are delivering results, many of the 2020 targets will be achieved
● The long-term aim “to ensure that ‘Living well, within the limits of our planet’” will not be achieved with just current policies
Finland is part of Europe:the main message of the SOER is as true for Finland as for Europe in large
12
● Neither environmental policies, nor economic and technology-driven efficiency gains are likely to be sufficient.
● “living well within ecological limits will require fundamental transitions in the systems of production and consumption that are the root cause of environmental and climate pressures." (page 14)
Finland is part of Europe:the main message of the SOER is as true for Finland as for Europe in large
Fundamental transitions of production and consumption
The use of naturalresources isincreasing
Greenhouse gas emissions are
increasingThe amount of waste
and emissions are increasing
Little
Little
Safeguarding
Little
Fundamental transitions of production and consumption
A transition to a carbon neutral circular economy: an environmental necessity & an economic opportunity
COUNTRY COMPARISON
S
GLOBALMEGATRENDS
EUROPEANBRIEFINGS
COUNTRIES & REGIONS
SYNTHESISREPORT
Source: EEA.
Reducing environmental pressures or offsetting harmful effects
Enabling factor: joined-up policy and knowledge responses
Vision: HINKU municipalities
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In the beginning20085 municipalities35 000 inhabitants
Currently201526 municipalities395 900 inhabitants
HINKU municipalities act as forerunners
by working to tackle their greenhouse gas emissions ahead of EU schedule
(-80% by 2030)
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● Finland has a fantastic opportunity to be a leader in this development because of:○ the cooperation we have, and ○ the easiness of making contacts, of communicating and
of collaborating across sectors, between researchers and the administration and between researchers and business.
● Interesting emphasis on co-production: ○ The Forum for Environmental Information ○ Future Earth Finland○ The Strategic Research Council ○ The Government’s analysis, assessment and research
activities
Knowledge: Co-production of knowledge in practice
Innovation: the mechanisms of path creation
Lovio, Mickwitz & Heiskanen 2011, 284
ST1Piggybaggy
Neste,UPM,Stora-Enso
Open homes Minimum share of biofuels
20
‘Part of the problem is that “the problem” has been framed so often as a global issue that local politicians and citizens sometimes cannot see that there are things that can be done at a local level that are important steps in the right direction’. Elinor Ostrom
“A polycentric approach”
‘Governments should make markets, not just fix them.’
Mariana Mazzucato
“The entripreneurial state”
Governance: 2 final quotes