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How Informative & Persuasive How Informative & Persuasive Speeches are Similar:Speeches are Similar:
Extemporaneous deliveryExtemporaneous delivery
Time limit (4-6 minutes)Time limit (4-6 minutes)
Outline required Outline required
Same number of sources (four)Same number of sources (four)
How Persuasive & Informative How Persuasive & Informative Speeches Differ:Speeches Differ:
Pattern of organization may change:Pattern of organization may change:– Probably:Probably:
Problem-solution (Need-Plan) – p. 182Problem-solution (Need-Plan) – p. 182Monroe’s motivated sequence – p. 348Monroe’s motivated sequence – p. 348Refutational (Both-Sides Method) - 356Refutational (Both-Sides Method) - 356Topical – p. 183Topical – p. 183
– Possibly:Possibly:Causal (Logical) – p. 181Causal (Logical) – p. 181
Differences continued:Differences continued:
Patterns of organization:Patterns of organization:– Rarely used:Rarely used:
ChronologicalChronological
DifficultyDifficulty
SpatialSpatial
Language of persuasion: Language of persuasion: ““convince,” “encourage,” “change,” “influence,” etc.convince,” “encourage,” “change,” “influence,” etc.
Conclusion/close with appealConclusion/close with appeal
No presentational aid requiredNo presentational aid required
Three Goals of Persuasive Three Goals of Persuasive SpeakingSpeaking
• Accept your interpretation of disputed facts• Align audience’s beliefs, attitudes, and values more closely with you• Motivate audience to action
Need-Plan (Problem-Solution)Need-Plan (Problem-Solution)
Usually either 2 or 3 main points:Usually either 2 or 3 main points:– (1) Problem, (2) Solution(1) Problem, (2) Solution– (1) Problem, (2) Effect, (3) Solution(1) Problem, (2) Effect, (3) Solution– (1) Problem, (2) Cause, (3) Solution(1) Problem, (2) Cause, (3) Solution
Monroe’s Motivated SequenceMonroe’s Motivated Sequence
Attention (Introduction)Attention (Introduction)
Need (probably 1Need (probably 1stst main point) main point)
Satisfaction (probably 2Satisfaction (probably 2ndnd main point) main point)
Visualization (either 3Visualization (either 3rdrd point or point or conclusion)conclusion)
Action (conclusion/closing appeal)Action (conclusion/closing appeal)
Both-Sides (Refutational)Both-Sides (Refutational)
Acknowledge opposing arguments (con)Acknowledge opposing arguments (con)
Refute opposing arguments.Refute opposing arguments.
Support your own claims (pro)Support your own claims (pro)
Three Forms of Persuasive Three Forms of Persuasive ProofProof
Ethos – Speaker’s credibilityEthos – Speaker’s credibility
Pathos – Emotional proofPathos – Emotional proof
Logos – Use of reasoning & logicLogos – Use of reasoning & logic
Three Components of Credibility Three Components of Credibility (Ethos)(Ethos)
Competence – Aristotle’s “good sense”Competence – Aristotle’s “good sense”
Character – Aristotle’s “good character”Character – Aristotle’s “good character”
Charisma – Aristotle’s “goodwill” Charisma – Aristotle’s “goodwill”
Credibility is always determined by the Credibility is always determined by the audience. audience.
A related issue: “impression management”A related issue: “impression management”
(portraying an appropriate front, dramatic (portraying an appropriate front, dramatic realization, & mystification) realization, & mystification)
Appeal to Human Needs & Appeal to Human Needs & Emotions (Pathos): Maslow’s Emotions (Pathos): Maslow’s
Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs
The Use of Emotion (Pathos)The Use of Emotion (Pathos)
Brydon & Scott (2008). From One to Many.
Choosing a TopicChoosing a Topic
Stay away from “tired topics.” Stay away from “tired topics.” Avoid “sales pitch,” i.e., no product Avoid “sales pitch,” i.e., no product advertisements.advertisements.Avoid political advertisements for specific Avoid political advertisements for specific candidates.candidates.What makes you angry? About what do What makes you angry? About what do you feel strongly?you feel strongly?Think Think issuesissues!!