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The Need For Psychological Science
Common Sense and Intuition What is common sense? How does it effect intuition?
Can we trust our intuition?
The Need For Psychological Science
Hindsight Bias I-Knew-It-All–Along Phenomenon Happens when one learns a fact and it immediately
sounds like common sense In your notes, write down an example of a time when
hindsight bias happened to you. (school appropriate) Can psychology overturn common sense ideas?
The Need For Psychological Science
Overconfidence Unscramble these words
rvocnodefceeni= rmaacei= arnbi=
How does overconfidence relate to hindsight bias? How can we avoid overconfidence? Is it avoidable?
Attitude is everything
The scientific attitude: Requires types of attitude
1. Curiosity Why is curiosity important?
2. Skepticism What do you mean? How do you know?
3. Humility Why is humility important?
A1+A2+A3= Critical Thinking
The Scientific Method
A self-correcting method process for asking questions and observing nature answer
Steps:1. Ask a question2. Research the question3. Refine your question4. Develop a hypothesis (theory)5. Choose a method6. Test the hypothesis7. Analyzes the results8. Communicate your results
Good Science
Theories Hypotheses Research and Observations Refine and Generate Theory
What is a Theory? An explanation using an integrated set of
principles that organizes and predicts observations
Good Theories Consist of:1. Organizing and linking observed facts2. Implying hypotheses that offer testable
predictions and, sometimes, practical applications.
Good Science
In your notes, 1. Develop and original theory2. Develop a hypothesis
A testable prediction
Methods
Qualitative .VS. Quantitative• Qualitative: data gathered by
statements, experiences, impressions. • Think Words
• Quantitative: Data gathered and translated into numbers • Think Numbers
• Hybrid Studies: combine quantitative and qualitative data
Methods
The Case Study One of the oldest forms of psychological research In depth studies of people in the hope of
revealing universal principles
What are some case studies you are aware of?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of this type of study?
Example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfOlPK2P_G8
Methods
The survey A technique used to gather self-reported
attitudes and behaviors Used in descriptive and correlational
studies
Methods
• Steps to constructing a survey• Develop a Question• Select a population• Choose a sample type• Construct the survey• Send it to population
Methods
Asking the right questions• Ask Neutral Questions
• Neutral questions allow respondents to express their opinion, without bias
• Wording Effects:• The words you use can change the outcome
of the question• Ex: 27% of people disapprove of “government
censorship” of sex and violence. However, 66% approve of more restrictions
Methods
Sampling Key is a survey is randomization
False Consensus: The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other share our beliefs and behaviors
Population: Every one in a particular group
Random Sample: a sample that represents the population. Everyone in the target population has the same
chance to be surveyed