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How membrane bioreactor technology can help to solve both, German and Russian wastewater problems F. RÖGENER, - TH KÖLN
S. THEUS, DAR - DEUTSCHE ABWASSER-REINIGUNGS-GMBH
A. CHUSOV, J. LEDNOVA - PETER THE GREAT ST.
PETERSBURG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
W A T E R S U P P L Y A N D S A N I T A T I O N
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Today, you will learn about the application ofmembrane bioreactors (MBR)
Climate change in Germany and Russia have a strong impact on existing water problems
MBR can be an approach to solve currentwater related problems in many countries
You ought to know some basics of MBR technology before we proceed
Results and conclusions
[00]
[01]
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[2]
G. P
. Brasseur, D
. Jacob, S. S
chuck-Zöller (Hrsg.): K
limaw
andel in Deutschland: E
ntwicklung,
Folgen, Risiken und P
erspektiven. Springer/S
pektrum 2017
Between 1881–2014, the temperature increase was about 1.3 °C Basically, Germany is a country rich in water resources. Per capita, approximately 2,300 m3/a of water are available; regional, but
significant differences exist.
Water saving is widely practiced In 2016, the average per-capita consumption of water was 123 l
Changes of rainfall patterns can be observed In total, the average annual precipitation decreased Especially, the runoff during summer decreased In many regions, heavy winter precipitation has increased; however,
precipitation is the form of rain rather than snow A high runoff is observed earlier in the year and the lowest runoff later in
the year There is an increased potential for extreme weather events with high
importance for agricultural and urban hydrological issues. Between 1970 and 2014, economic losses caused by climate-related
natural hazards amount to 90 billion Euros
.
It is expected that all economic sectors in Germany will be affected by climate change
[2]
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These are some of the resulting questions for the German water sector
[2]
Changes of rainfall during the year/ heavy winter precipitation Adopting sewage disposal systems to the varying input flows
Decreasing runoff during summer Securing the industrial water supply
Increased number of visitors in seaside resorts Retrofit of existing plants in densely populated areas
New wastewater treatment plants will not be constructed Retrofitting and enlargement
.
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Climate change is expected to have a significant influenceon the environment and socio-economic activity of different Russian regions
https://comm
ons.wikim
edia.org/wiki/File:M
ap_of_federal_cities_of_Russia_(2014).svg
Between 1907–2006, the temperature increase was about 1.3 °CClimate change manifests strong regional non-uniformityWater saving is not commonly practiced In 2013, the average per-capita consumption of water was about 270 l
Water sources and drinking water are highly contaminated by chemical and biological agents
In total, an increase of water resources is observed
Alterations in the river flow due to expected climate change
Changes in the water inflow to reservoirs
Modification of the thermal regime of permafrost regions(=permanent ground freezing; permafrost regions comprise 60 % of the Russian area) Increase of methane emissions to the atmosphere Negative effects of frosting and thawing on buildings
https://ww
w.clim
atechangepost.com/russia/clim
ate-change/
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These are some of the resulting questions for the Russian water sector
Water sources and drinking water are highly contaminated by chemical and biological agents Optimization of regional water use is essential Change of the mindset required to save the environment
Currently in Russia, about one-third of the water-supply and sewerage networks have deterioration levels of more than 60 % New construction required
Changes in the water inflow to reservoirs expected Influence on hydro-power industry Revision of their operating mode required
In regions with decreasing water resources Alternative and additional sources of water especially for economic
needs have to be found (in particular, irrigation and hydropower production)
https://ww
w.clim
atechangepost.com/russia/clim
ate-change/
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Coarse particles
Sand
CP
N
Fat and oil Salt Dissolvedorganic
substances
VirusesDiscolorations
Temperature pH value
(multi resistant)Bacteria
Radioactivity Microplastics Micro pollutants
[01]
[05] [06] [07]
[08] [09]
[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
?
Municipal wastewater contains a multitude of organic and inorganic components; 60-70 % of them are dissolved
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All over the world, 34 MBR plants for the treatment of > 100.000 m³/d municipal wastewater are operated or are in construction (2015)
https://www.aufkleberdealer.de/images/www.aufkleberdealer.de/product/ai-5150-wandtattoo-weltkarte-2.jpg
1797
1
18 GE Power WTP[4]
The world‘s largest MBR plant is situated in Stockholm/ Sweden. It has a capacity of about 864,000 m³/d
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The world‘s largest MBR plant is situated in Stockholm/ Sweden. It has a capacity of 864,000 m³/d (2015)
1
3
4
3
1
1
11 GE Power WTP[3]
Krzem
inskia, P., Leverette, L., M
alamis, S
., Katsou, E
.: Mem
brane bioreactors–
a reviewon
recentdevelopments
in energy, reduction, fouling control, novel configurations, LCA
and market
prospects. Journal of Mem
brane Science, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.m
emsci.2016.12.010
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About 400 MBR plants are installed all over Europe
285 industrial units
B. Lesjean, E
.H. H
uisjes/ D
esalination231 (2008) 71–81
105 municipal plants.
Num
bero
fins
talla
tions
Num
bero
fins
talla
tions
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21 municipal effluent treatment plants (ETP) based on membranebioreactor technology (MBR) have been constructed or retrofitted in Germany since 1999
[2]
[based on Statistisches Bundesamt]
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Krzem
inskia, P., Leverette, L., M
alamis, S
., Katsou, E
.: Mem
brane bioreactors–
a reviewon
recentdevelopments
in energy, reduction, fouling control, novel configurations, LCA
and market
prospects. Journal of Mem
brane Science, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.m
emsci.2016.12.010
These are the market drivers for increased MBR application in wastewater treatment
Stricter legislative demands for discharge/ reuse of the secondary effluent
Discharge of secondary effluent toincreasingly sensitive water bodies
Removal of specific pollutants, such asresistant bacteria, microplastics, andmicropollutants
Space limitations of new or retrofittedwastewater treatment plants
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Membrane bioreactors combine activated sludge treatmentand membrane separation
Aerobic biological cleaning oforganically polluted wastewater by
activated sludge
Rejection of particles Filtered effluent
Improved rejection of microrganisms, some micro pollutants, and microplasticsLow space reqirement
[16][13]
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The different steps of conventional wastewater treatmentplants can be integrated within one membrane bioreactor
source: DWA-M 227 - Membran-Bioreaktor-Verfahren
PermeateFeed
FeedActivatedsludge
DischargeFiltra-tion
Dis-infection
MBR
Final clarification
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Substrate
Bio gas
DigestateFermentation
(discontinuous bio reactor)
This is the prototype of a bioreactor
Bio filter(liver, kidney)
Bio gas
Design of the biological treatment accoding to e.g. ATV-DVWK A131 (German), EPA 625/4-73-003a (US)
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Only membrane filtration technologies allow the rejection of particles and microorganisms
DWA-M 227 - Membran-Bioreaktor-Verfahren
Reverse osmosis
colloids
bacteria
viruses
Ions
pesticides
cryptosporidium
particles (≥0,45 µm); German standard
Granular filtermediaSieves
Membrane filtration
Microfiltration
Particle size,cut-off [µm]
Molecular weight (kDa)
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Membrane pore structure works like a sieve:
Particles > pore diameter are rejected
Typical pore size (cut-off): 0.02 (UF) – 0.4 µm (MF)
Hydrophilic membranes
Crossflow required
Pore diameter about 0.2 µm
E. coli bacterium ca. 0.5-1 µm
Small particlesca. 0.025 µm
Better effluent quality in terms of Particle load COD Microbial quality (bathing water
quality according to EU directive76/160/EWG)
Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) combine high filtrate flux and high rejection of particles / microorganisms
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Crossflow filtration can minimize membrane foulingAc
cord
ingg
to: w
ww
.inno
chem
-onl
ine.
de/d
ownl
oads
Feed side Permeate side
Pore blocking
Adsorption
Water moleculessaltMacro molecules/biomass
Surface layerformation=transportresistance
Membraneresistance
concentrationpolarisation
Fouling = Interaction between feedcomponents and themembranes
Feed flow
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Process conditions influencing the growth and productivity of the used microorganisms at simultaneous minimized formation of byproducts Temperature: Cooling or heating (external/internal)
Substrates: Continuous feeding or feeding at the beginning of the reaction
pH: Control according to the reaction progress
Reaction gases:
aerobic reactions: continuous supply of oxygen required, which promotes an effective agitation of the reactor solution and the stripping of reaction products, such as CO2, at the same time. To promote the solubility of gases in the liquid solution, often overpressure is applied. Gas transfer can be the rate-determining step.
Agitation
Fouling (undesired biological growth in certain parts of the plant, such as membranes or heat exchangers)
The design of MBRs is a complex task
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Different designs of membrane bioreactors are available
Externalmembranefiltration
Submergedmembranefiltration
Semi-crossflow, external orsubmerged
Crossflow providedby pumps
Crossflow providedby air injection(required for microbialpollutantdecomposition)
Crossflow providedby both, air injectionand pumps
Source: DWA-M 277, 2014
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These are important membrane suppliers in municipal MBR application
Capillary membrane
Plate and framemembranes
Rotating Membranes
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Largest available module type
ZeeWeed® 500D 1,651 m² / module
ZeeWeed® 500D 1,651 m² / module
BIO-CEL® XL 1,920 m² / module
VRM® 50 9,200 m² / module
U70-003 70 m² / module
LMF 20103 600 m² / module
Puron PSH 1800 1,800 m² / module
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The MBR is a key technology for wastewater treatment andwater reclamation
solids 0 mg/LCOD < 30 mg/LMicrobiology: bathing
water quality*
Solids 10 - 15 mg/LCOD 40 - 50 mg/L
solids 3 - 8 mg/LCOD 30 - 40 mg/L
solids 0 mg/LCOD < 30 mg/LMicrobiology: bathing
water quality*
Source: D
WA
-M 277, 2014
Feed
Feed
Feed
Biological treatment
Biological treatment
MBR
Secondaryclarification
Run-off
Run-off
Run-off
Filtration
Membrane tank
* (according to EU directive 76/160/EWG)
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The addition of a 4th treatment step is feasible
Mechanische Abwasser-
behandlung
Belebungs-becken
Membran-anlage
Nachklär-becken 4
GAK(Filtrations-
becken)
MechanicalTreatment
Activatedsludgetank
Secondaryclarifier
MBR GAC
Mechanische Abwasser-
behandlung
Belebungs-becken
Membran-anlage
Nachklär-becken 4
Reaktions-becken
(Ozonierung)
GAK(Nach-
behandlung)
MechanicalTreatment
Activatedsludgetank
Secondaryclarifier
MBR Ozonation GAC
GAC granulated activated carbonPAC powdered activated carbon
Mechanische Abwasser-
behandlung
Belebungs-becken
Membran-anlage
Nachklär-becken 4
PAK
MechanicalTreatment
Activatedsludgetank
Secondaryclarifier
MBR
PAC
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CP
N
Salt Dissolvedorganic
substances
VirusesDiscolorations
BacteriaMicroplastics Micro pollutants
[16]
[07]
[11] [12]
[13][14] [15]
MBR technology in wastewater technology is a big step forwardto safe and clean secondary effluents
Micro
pollutants
[15]
MBR
MBR + quaternarytreatment
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[2]
Retrofitting of existing plants Removal of microplastics and micropollutants In connection with quaternary treatment high quality
water can be processed
New construction of wastewater treatment plantsaccording to the state-of the-art
Water reclamation in arid regions of the country
It can be concluded that MBR technology can contribute to overcome both, German and Russian water related problems
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ContactProf. Dr.-Ing. Frank Rögener
office: +49 221 8275 2243Email: [email protected]
I would like to thank my friends and colleagues in Wiesbaden and St. Petersburg for their contribution
Sven Theus Julia Lednova Alexander Chusov
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Literature (1)
[1] Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V. (DWA): Arbeitsblatt DWA-A 131. Bemessung von einstufigen Belebungsanlagen, Hennef, 2016
[2] Bundesstadt Bonn, Tiefbauamt: Abwasserbeseitigungs-konzept 2012-2017, Bonn, 2011
[3] Bundesstadt Bonn, Tiefbauamt: Kläranlagen der Stadt Bonn – Energie 2012, Bonn, 2013
[4] Erftverband: Persönliche Kommunikation mit K. Drensla & A. Janot, Neuss, 28.06.2016
[5] GE Power: Datenblatt ZeeWeed 500D Modul, 2016, URL:https://www.gewater.com/kcpguest/documents/Fact%20Sheets_Cust/Americas/English/FSpw500D-MOD_EN.pdf (accessed 05.09.2016)
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Literature (2)
[6] GE Power: Datenblatt ZeeWeed 500D Kassette, 2016, URL:https://www.ecosia.org/search?q=zeeweed+500+d+kassette+factsheet®ion=&lang=&f=false (accessed 05.09.2016)
[7] S.J. Judd: The status of industrial and municipal effluent treatment with membrane bioreactor technology, Chemical Engineering Journal (305) 37-45, 2016
[8] K. N. Krebber: Optimierung der Energiebilanz von Membranbioreaktoren, Dissertation, RWTH Aachen, 2013
[9] P. Krzeminski; L. Leverette; S. Malamis; E. Katsou: Membrane bioreactors – a review on recent development in energy reduction, fouling control, novel configurations, LCA and market prospects, Journal of Membrane Science, 2016
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Literature (3)[10] Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V.
(DWA): Merkblatt DWA-M 227 Membran-Bioreaktor-Verfahren (MBR-Verfahren), Hennef, 2014
[11] SWECO GmbH: Machbarkeitsstudie zur Mikroschadstoffelimination auf der Kläranlage Bonn Salierweg, Abschlussbericht (unveröffentlicht), Köln, 2016
[12] S. Theus: Studie – Ertüchtigungsmöglichkeiten in der kommunalen Kläranlage Bonn-Salierweg mit getauchten Membranmodulen, Masterprojekt, Bonn, 2016
[13] Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (ROSHYDROMET): Assessment report on climate change and itsconsequences in Russian Federation – General summary. Moscow2008. http://climate2008.igce.ru/v2008/pdf/resume_ob_eng.pdf(accessed 14.09.2017)
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Literature (4)
[14] G. P. Brasseur, D. Jacob, S. Schuck-Zöller (Hrsg.): Klimawandel in Deutschland: Entwicklung, Folgen, Risiken und Perspektiven. Springer/Spektrum 2017
[15] Dudarev, A.A., Dushkina, E.V., Sladkova, Y.N., Alloyarov, P.R., Chupakhin, V.S., Dorofeyev, V.N., Kolesnikova, T.A., Fridman, K.B., Evengard, B., Nilsson, L.M.: Food and water security issues in Russia II: Water security in general population of Russian Arctic, Siberia and Far East, 2000–2011. Int. J. Circumpolar Health 72 (1) (2013)
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Figures (1)
[00] B. Lesjean, E.H. Huisjes / Desalination 231 (2008) 71–81[01] G. Khailu: In the underground. Museum Erarta, St. Petersburg[02] URL: https://www.scherm.com/images/Rubriken/Bilder/arten/SCHERM_
Deutschlandkarte_grau.jpg, zuletzt abgerufen am 07.01.2017[03] URL:https://www.scherm.com/images/Rubriken/Bilder/Karten/SCHERM_
Europakarte_grau.jpg, zuletzt abgerufen am 07.01.2017[04] URL:https://www.scherm.com/images/Rubriken/Bilder/Karten/SCHERM_
Weltkarte_grau.jpg, zuletzt abgerufen am 07.01.2017[05] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toilet_Paper.jpg[06] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FD_2.jpg[07] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RealSalt.jpeg[08] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_Baron_thermometer.jpg
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Figures (2)
[09] https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicateur_de_pH#/media/File:Papier_pH.jpg[10] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISO_7010_W003.svg[11] https://www.vagabondjourney.com/what-can-cause-rivers-to-run-red/[12] https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2044014[13] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Cholera_bacteria_
SEM.jpg[14] https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29710934[15] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Capsules.JPG[16] https://www.mann-hummel.com/de/corp/aktuelles/news/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=549&cHash=740dbe4334781c3519f53cf894ef2d67