How Technology Changed the How Technology Changed the Face of the WarFace of the War

Spodek, pp. 649-655, 661-663, Spodek, pp. 649-655, 661-663, 663-672663-672

WHY GLOBAL WAR IN 1914?WHY GLOBAL WAR IN 1914?

Break of Multi-national Break of Multi-national EmpiresEmpires

Intense NationalismIntense Nationalism– Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism– Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

Arms Race and Rise of Arms Race and Rise of Armaments IndustryArmaments Industry

New WeaponsNew Weapons

New Weapons (continued)New Weapons (continued)

New Weapons (continued)New Weapons (continued)

Assassination of Archduke Franz Assassination of Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand

Serbian nationalism is a Serbian nationalism is a big problem then and big problem then and nownow

Who Fought?Who Fought? England, France, England, France,

Belgium (neutral but Belgium (neutral but attacked), Russia, attacked), Russia, Serbia, Italy, and BrazilSerbia, Italy, and Brazil

Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Germany, and the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

BattlefrontsBattlefronts

Western front and TrenchesWestern front and Trenches

Lusitania Lusitania

Lusitania and ZeppelinsLusitania and Zeppelins

How World War I ends:How World War I ends:

All European powers All European powers worn down—millions worn down—millions of casualties, millions of casualties, millions of mutilated menof mutilated men

British blockage British blockage leads to famine leads to famine conditions in conditions in Germany and Germany and Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

US Enters the War:US Enters the War:

Germans feel they have to Germans feel they have to renew unrestricted submarine renew unrestricted submarine warfare to end British blockade warfare to end British blockade or morale will be totally ruinedor morale will be totally ruined

Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram April 1917, Woodrow Wilson April 1917, Woodrow Wilson

asked Congress to declare war.asked Congress to declare war. Ludendoff Offensive in March Ludendoff Offensive in March

19181918

Germans defeated 11 of Germans defeated 11 of November 1918November 1918

Casualties of World War ICasualties of World War I

Great Britain: 947, 000 dead; 2,122,000 woundedGreat Britain: 947, 000 dead; 2,122,000 wounded France: 1,385,000 dead; 3,044,000 woundedFrance: 1,385,000 dead; 3,044,000 wounded Russia: 1,700,000 dead; 4,950,000 woundedRussia: 1,700,000 dead; 4,950,000 wounded Italy: 460,000 dead; 947,000 woundedItaly: 460,000 dead; 947,000 wounded US: 115,000 dead; 206,000 woundedUS: 115,000 dead; 206,000 wounded Germany: 1,808,000 dead; 4,247,000 woundedGermany: 1,808,000 dead; 4,247,000 wounded Austrio-Hungarian Empire: 1,200,000 dead; Austrio-Hungarian Empire: 1,200,000 dead;

3,620,000 wounded3,620,000 wounded Ottoman Empire: 325,000 dead; 400,000 woundedOttoman Empire: 325,000 dead; 400,000 wounded

Versailles TreatyVersailles Treaty

Really five separate Really five separate treaties but can think treaties but can think of them as Versailles of them as Versailles TreatyTreaty

Two approaches: Two approaches: – Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson– Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau

(French Premier)(French Premier)

Woodrow Wilson’s ApproachWoodrow Wilson’s Approach

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points– Guide to future peaceGuide to future peace– Open covenants of Open covenants of

peace; openly arrived atpeace; openly arrived at– National Self-National Self-

DeterminationDetermination– League of NationsLeague of Nations

Georges Clemenceau’s Georges Clemenceau’s ApproachApproach

Punish GermanyPunish Germany– Blamed Germany for Blamed Germany for

the warthe war– Disarm GermanyDisarm Germany– Demilitarize the Demilitarize the

RhinelandRhineland– Create buffer states in Create buffer states in

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe– Make Germany pay for Make Germany pay for

the war (“war the war (“war reparations”)reparations”)

Results of the Versailles ConferenceResults of the Versailles Conference

Wilson got the League of Wilson got the League of Nations (but neither Nations (but neither Germany nor USSR were Germany nor USSR were in it)—US Senate vetoed in it)—US Senate vetoed entire Versailles Treaty.entire Versailles Treaty.

Punish Germany:Punish Germany:– Germany blamed for warGermany blamed for war– No ArmyNo Army– Alsace-Lorraine to FranceAlsace-Lorraine to France– Rhineland demilitarizedRhineland demilitarized– No Armaments IndustryNo Armaments Industry– Germany pays for War and Germany pays for War and

Reparations (5 billion +)Reparations (5 billion +)

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

National Self-DeterminationNational Self-Determination

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe– Austria-Hungary is Austria-Hungary is

dismantleddismantled Austria becomes small Austria becomes small

countrycountry CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia YugoslaviaYugoslavia PolandPoland

Treaty of TrianonTreaty of Trianon– Hungary becomes a Hungary becomes a

very small state, losing very small state, losing much territory and a much territory and a majority of the majority of the HungariansHungarians

– Romania (including Romania (including large populations of large populations of Hungarians)Hungarians)

Middle East After SettlementsMiddle East After Settlements

British Role:British Role:– Arab Revolts Arab Revolts

(Lawrence of Arabia)(Lawrence of Arabia)– Balfour Declaration Balfour Declaration

French Role:French Role:– Got Involved in Got Involved in

Palestinian struggles to Palestinian struggles to prevent British from prevent British from getting all Middle East getting all Middle East as new coloniesas new colonies

Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920

Mandates (another Mandates (another name for colonies to name for colonies to please President please President Wilson)Wilson)

Jordon—mandate to Jordon—mandate to BritishBritish

Palestine—to BritishPalestine—to British Syria and Lebanon—Syria and Lebanon—

FrenchFrench Hijaz (Arab) Hijaz (Arab)

independentindependent

Consequences of Consequences of “Peace to End All War”“Peace to End All War”

World War IIWorld War II Arab-Israeli Arab-Israeli

ConflictConflict Iraq-Iran WarIraq-Iran War

Persian Gulf Persian Gulf WarWar

Bosnia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbian crisisSerbian crisis

Al Queda – 9/11Al Queda – 9/11 Iraq War - 2003Iraq War - 2003

Other ConsequencesOther Consequences

Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam Ho Chi Minh – Vietnam WarWar

May 4May 4thth Movement – Movement – Chinese CommunismChinese Communism