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How The US Could Leverage Myanmar Ties-Nay Yan Oo-English-Burmese Version

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http://asia.nikkei.com/Viewpoints/Nay-Yan-Oo/How-the-US-could-leverage-Myanmar-ties February 3, 2017 12:20 am JST Nay Yan Oo How the US could leverage Myanmar ties SC Naypyitaw seeksINVESTMENT and military relations, but will Trump deliver? Myanmar's military is clearly keen to build a relationship with the U.S. (Photo by Steve Tickner) For those who hailed Washington's recent Myanmar policy a success, the fate of U.S. relations with the former pariah state became a pressing question with the advent of the Trump administration. Some now wonder if the positive aspects of U.S. engagement with Myanmar in recent years -- including the lifting of long- standing economic sanctions in 2015 and 2016, and active support for reforms -- will be replaced by a more unpredictable approach. Judging from remarks by Myanmar's leaders, from State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi down, Naypyitaw clearly hopes for further U.S. support for its democratic reforms and closer engagement with its military.
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http://asia.nikkei.com/Viewpoints/Nay-Yan-Oo/How-the-US-could-leverage-Myanmar-ties

February 3, 2017 12:20 am JST

Nay Yan Oo

How the US could leverage Myanmar ties SC Naypyitaw seeksINVESTMENT and military relations, but will Trump deliver?

Myanmar's military is clearly keen to build a relationship with the U.S. (Photo by Steve Tickner)

For those who hailed Washington's recent Myanmar policy a success, the fate of

U.S. relations with the former pariah state became a pressing question with the

advent of the Trump administration. Some now wonder if the positive aspects of

U.S. engagement with Myanmar in recent years -- including the lifting of long-

standing economic sanctions in 2015 and 2016, and active support for reforms --

will be replaced by a more unpredictable approach. Judging from remarks

by Myanmar's leaders, from State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi down, Naypyitaw

clearly hopes for further U.S. support for its democratic reforms and closer

engagement with its military.

Donald Trump's election as U.S. president has triggered an array of reactions in

the Southeast Asian country, which recently emerged from 50 years of military

rule. "Donald Trump is the American Ma Ba Tha," said U Hla Swe, a former

prominent parliamentarian from Myanmar's military-backed, former ruling

party, the USDP, and an admirer of Trump's nationalistic stance. Ma Ba Tha is a

Buddhist nationalist organization that calls for protection of nationality and

religion and has led the anti-Muslim movement. Ashin Wirathu, the controversial

monk who has whipped up anti-Muslim feeling in the country and was prominent

in Ma Ba Tha, also publicly stated: "We stand with Donald Trump."

The Trump phenomenon appeals to the military-backed former ruling party and

Ma Ba Tha supporters because Trump's nationalist rhetoric -- "America First" --

seems to reflect their own ideology. In making policy, they believe, nationalism

should take priority over democracy and human rights.

Trump's call to "build a wall" along the U.S.-Mexico border also has strong appeal

for some senior Myanmar military officials who envision their own wall along the

border with China and Thailand to block cross-border movements of the ethnic

armed groups that operate there. Several key politicians from western Rakhine

State, scene of deadly communal tensions between Muslim and Buddhist

populations from 2012, also dream of building a wall along the Bangladesh-

Myanmar border. Such a barrier, they assert, will stop border crossings and

illegal immigration. For them, Trump is a champion who protects race and

religion and promotes a unified nation.

In contrast, the business community, democracy activists and some government

officials in Myanmar are skeptical about Trump's populist stances. The new U.S.

president's isolationist pronouncements have caused alarm in such circles,

fuelling worries that U.S. aid and development assistance could decline

drastically, while investment from American companies could shrink. They are

also concerned that the U.S. might ignore Myanmar's efforts at democratic

transition, in contrast to the whole-hearted support under the Obama

administration.

Popular cause

The business community and democracy activists in Myanmar are skeptical of Trump's populist stance. Β© Reuters

From Washington's perspective, there are several reasons why the Trump

administration should accord Myanmar a prominent place in its Asia policy.

Engagement with Myanmar is a rare area of bipartisan consensus in Washington.

Politicians from both the Democratic and the Republican parties have backed

political reforms in Myanmar. Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and

former President Barack Obama, who developed a close friendship with Suu Kyi,

now Myanmar's de facto leader, are gone. But influential Republican senators

Mitch McConnell and John McCain have been strong supporters of Myanmar's

transition.

The country isIMPORTANT geopolitically, given its strategic location between

China and India, and as a link between south Asia and members of the

Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Myanmar can also feel the Chinese

behemoth breathing down its neck. Naypyitaw's recent political reforms and the

reorientation of foreign policy toward the West have helped the U.S. maintain a

power balance with China. The new U.S. administration therefore should not

miss this opportunity to reinforce a counterweight to China's regional influence,

especially one that is reasonably U.S.-friendly.

In addition, Myanmar has the potential to emerge as a key regional player.

Democracy has been badly fraying in Southeast Asia, as seen in the rise of a

populist administration in the Philippines, political scandal in Malaysia and

military rule in Thailand. Myanmar's peaceful transition could become a

powerful example in the region. As its fledgling democracy matures and economy

grows, Myanmar could play a more influential role in regional issues. It would be

wise for the U.S. to maintain its close friendship with a rising power in ASEAN.

Myanmar also offers a promising future for U.S. businesses and investors. With

cheap labor and abundantNATURAL resources, its untapped market of some 53

million people is a great attraction. It shares a border with two of the world's

largest markets, China and India, reinforcing its attractiveness to U.S. companies.

How the US could leverage Myanmar ties SC Naypyitaw seeksINVESTMENT and military relations, but will Trump deliver?

To continue its remarkable journey toward liberal democracy, Myanmar needs

help from the U.S. to strengthen democratic institutions, promote the rule of law,

and nurture a functional market economy. The U.S. Agency for International

Development (USAID) mission in Yangon was re-established in 2012 after a 23-

year hiatus, and a number of American non-governmental organizations have

been supporting the country's reforms.

The U.S. government should continue to encourageINVESTMENT

in Myanmar that would create job opportunities for locals, namely in the

garment industry, infrastructure and tourism.

Bilateral trade

Trump says his administration is more interested in making bilateral trade deals

than multilateral ones. Myanmar should propose a bilateral trade agreement to

institutionalize economic relations between the two countries. Inviting U.S.

corporations and financial institutions to set up business would be much easier

under bilateral trade negotiations, and U.S business would have more confidence

to invest.

In addition, the new secretary of defense should re-examine relations with

the Myanmar military. Congress still bars the U.S. military from fully engaging

with its Myanmar counterpart. The Tatmadaw (Myanmar's armed forces) still

occupies an influential role in politics with an automatic allocation of 25% of the

seats in parliament and controlling three ministries related to security. The

soldier class has no plans to return to barracks in the near future either. Still, the

generals are clearly keen to establish closer ties with the U.S. military because

they want to reduce their reliance on Beijing and have a deep desire to reconnect

with the international community. The military waits to be modernized, and the

generals look forward to assistance from the U.S.

Some diplomats and congressional leaders in Washington believe that limited

engagement with the Tatmadaw gives the U.S. the ability to influence the

military's behavior. But a recent report from the Center for Strategic and

International Studies insisted that "advancing military-to-military engagement is

a better way to enhance, promote, and deepen the professionalism and

democratic outlook of Myanmar's officer corps and accelerate their withdrawal

from politics."

The new U.S. administration should also give Myanmar's armed forces an

opportunity to get involved in international peacekeeping operations and security

affairs. Washington could invite Myanmar military officers to join the U.S.-

run International Military Education and Training program. It can offer training

in civil-military relations and counter-terrorism, as well as disaster response

management and human rights. The U.S. should encourage track 1.5 and track 2

diplomacy with non-governmental and civil society organizations.

Such moves could convince the generals to exit the political stage and

put Myanmar on the road to a truly civilian government. In return, the

Tatmadaw's leaders need to ease U.S. concerns by ensuring some involvement of

the elected civilian government in security matters, improving its human rights

record in troubled areas such as northeast Myanmar and in Rakhine State,

working closely with ethnic leaders in the peace process to end the civil war, and

terminating relations with North Korea.

The U.S. shares credit for helping end Myanmar's half-century of international

isolation. The seeds of democracy have been planted. To keep the plant alive and

help it blossom, sustenance from the international community is needed, now

more than ever. Fostering the emergence of democracy and modernization of the

military are critical to the success of Myanmar's democratic transition, and it is to

be hoped that the new U.S. administration will continue its full support for this

astonishing journey.

Nay Yan Oo is a resident fellow at the Pacific Forum, Center for Strategic and

International Studies (CSIS), and was previously at the Center for Burma

Studies at Northern Illinois University.

http://burma.irrawaddy.com/opinion/viewpoint/2017/02/06/129898.html

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α€šα€”α€›α€‘α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» ထန α€™β€œα€‘ ကာ α€” α€™α€α€šβ€ α€”αŽα€α€€α€žα€‘ α€α€Όα€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€±α€¬α€€α€šα€„α€”α€α€α€” α€”α€α€šα€„α€”α‚”α€¬ α€™ ႔ာမငနရထထနတခန ာမ α€šα€™α€¬α€” မမာန ကျခ ၚ α€„α€”α€‘α€™αš α€„α€”α€‘α€™α€œα€™α€ α€α€™α€žα€¬ ငနရ α€šα€™α€¬α€” α€€ α€„α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€šα€”α€›α€¬α€€α€‘α€¬ ြခ မငနမကငန ခရ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€„ င ာ တနမတြငနထက α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έ ာက မကာ α€‘α€™α€žα€¬ ငနရ င ထ ြငနရထ α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€¬α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€”α€Šα€Έ ငနရ နတ α€”α€αŽα€α€€α€žα€¬αšα€€α‚”α€¬ န႔ာ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

ထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€žα€¬ ငနရာ α€™α€¬α€€α€™αšα€”α€‘α€α€”α€α€Όα€„α€”α€α€€α€α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€™α€™α€”α€šα€”α€šα€”α€› α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€€α€„ α€” α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™αšα€”α€‘α€α€”α€» တန ာမန ငခနာ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€šα€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€”α€™α€”αŽα€α€€α€žα€¬α€€αšα€”α€α€€α€¬α€€αšα€”α€α€€α€„α€”α€α€€α€α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€α€”α€¬α€„α€”α€Šα€Έαšα€žα€”α€»α€„α€” αšα€™α€„α€” α€™ α€„α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€ ြခ မငနမကငန ခရ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ ၂။ ၂။ α€žα€¬ ထနာ α€‘α€α€„α€”α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€’ α€™ α€™α€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€Όα€α€”α€‘α€„α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α‚”α€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α‚” ႔ာခပကခာ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€‘α€”α€α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€‘ α€™α€™α€¬α€”α€α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ ကငနျခ α€”α€™αšα€”α€¬ ထမကာမကငနငက α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€»α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€žα€¬ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ ပဂ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ ရာ α€”α€»α€™α€”α€™α€™αšα€”α€‘α€α€”α€α€Όα€„α€”α€α€€α€α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€ တ α€” မာန α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€α€”α€¬α€„α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€€α€α€”α€¬α€„α€”α€Šα€Έαšα€žα€”α€‘α€€α€α€”α€¬α€” မ႔ာ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€šα€€α€¬α€α€› α€€α€ž α€™α€‘α€‘α€¬α€™α€‘α€€α€α€€α€α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€”α€™αšα€”α€‘α€α€”α€» တန ာမနျ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ ငန α€€α€”α€Šα€Έ ငနျ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€žα€¬α€€α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€€α€„α€” α€”α€αŽα€α€€α€žα€¬α€‘ ကငနထမ ျခမ႔ာ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹αŽα€α€€αŽα€α€€α€žα€‘α€α€Όα€¬α€”α€šα€”α€› နထက α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™ α€™ α€™ မမာက α€‘α€™α€„α€”α€›α€šα€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€ မငြတန α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€ ာ တမန ာ α€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€„α€” င α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ မငနျ ထန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€ž α€™α€”α€»α€™α€”α€™α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€€ မကာ ထမ α€”α€Šα€Έ ငခနာ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ င α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€¬ ကထ α€€ α€¬α€„α€šα€”α€› α€„α€α€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€Ÿα€¬α€€ ာနခနတ α€” တ α€” α€¬α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€ α€€ αšα€¬ α€€ မ႔ာ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€‘ ကာမန တ α€‘α€”α€‘α€šα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€™α€” α€™α€šα€€α€„α€” α€”α€Šα€Έ ျခမ႔ α€»α€α€™α‚”α€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€¬α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€€α€‘ α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€” ငခနငခနာ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» ထန α€‘α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ ကာထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€¬αΈα€œα€™α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€α€”α€žα€¬ ကင ာ α€™α€›α€™ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€™α€‘α€¬α€„α€‘ α€™α€žα€¬ ငနရထ α€šα€™α€¬α€”α€‘α€α€€α€›α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€šα€™α€¬α€”α€‘α€α€€α€›α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€€ α€€ α€™ α€™ ာ မရာ α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€€α€”α€™α‚”α€¬ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€‘α€€ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€α€› α€€α€žα€»

ျမနမမကငနငက မကာ ထမ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€»α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€α€¬α€€α€¬ ကာနာ ကာနာ ခ ာ ခ α€šα€™ α€šα€™α€¬α€” α€€ ခ ထ ကာမနာ ာ ထနႉငမ နာက α€”α€”α€Šα€ΈαŽα€α€€α€žα€¬α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€€α€”α‚”α€¬ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€šα€™α€¬α€” α€€ မထ α‚”α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€

ာ α€„α€”α€α€™α€”α€‘α€»α€„α€”α€α€Όα€„α€”α€„α€šα€”α€›α€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€™α€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›αŽα€α€€α€žα€‘ ာ တမငနထမာ င α€α€Όα€„α€”α€»α€™α€”α€™α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€¬α€€α€šα€„α€”α€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™ α€™α€™ α€α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€™ α€α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€‘ α‚”α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€Όα€™α€¬ α€€ ာ α€€ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€»α€™α€”α€™α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€šα€€ တြ ာန α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€™ ာ α€„α€”α€α€™α€”α€α€Όα€„α€”α€‘α€„α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€α€™α€žα€¬ ထန α€€α€”α€Šα€Έ မတင α€™ နတင α€™ နရာ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€™αšα€”α€αšα€”α€» ထန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ α€™α€€α€¬α€¬α€”α€α€‘α€”α€žα€¬ ငနရမခ ထနာမနခ α€α€™α€žα€¬ ထန α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ မကငနငကမကငနငက α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ နျမနမမကငနငကာ ျခ ျခငန α€»α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€ α€šα€™α€¬α€” က႔ာ α€šα€™α€¬α€” က႔ာ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹αš ျမနမမကငနငကထထ α€” α€€ α€™ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ မငန α€± α€‘α€™α€„α€”α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α‚”α€¬ α€”α€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ မာန α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€„ α€šα€™α€„α€” ခရနက α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€„ α€šα€™α€„α€” ခရ ငမကငနငကျ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€”α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€™α€™α€™α€¬α€α€™α€™α€™α€¬α€„α€”α€α€™α€”α€žα€¬ ငနရ တ α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€€ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€žα€‘α€™α€™α€”α€Šα€Έαšα€„ α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα‚”α€¬α€α€™α€» ထန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€ž α€™α€” α‚” α€‡α€™α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ မမခ α€‘α€”α€¬α€™α€”α€‘α€‘α€šα€¬α€”α‚Šα€α€” α€α€™α€”α€‘α€α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» ထန႔ာ နရပြမနာ α€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရထန ာ မမခ α€”α€α€€α€ž နျမနမရျခ ျခငနမရျခ ျခငန α€»α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€‘ ကငနထမ α€šα€™α€¬α€” ကာ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

တ α€α€”α€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€‘α€ž α€€αšα‚”α€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€”α€ နာ α€€ α€™ ႔ာမငနရျမနမ α€”α€α€š α€™α€™α€€α€α€š မမကငနငက α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘ α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ တမငနထမာ α€žα€¬ ငနရထ ာ တမငနထမာ α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ ငနထ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€„α€”α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α‚”α€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ ခ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€„α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€» ထန α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€»α€™α€”α€™ နတ α€α€”α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€¬α€€α€‘α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€¬αšα€”α€‘α€€α€α€”α€‘ α€žα€¬ α€™α€¬α€”α€‘αšα€¬ ာနျ ထန ထမကငန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α‚”α€¬α€™ α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬ မျခ α€” တမနမကငနငက α€”α€Šα€Έα€»α€ ျခငန ျခမျခ ျခငန α€»α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€„α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရထ α€™α€™α€¬α€”α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€€α€žα€¬α€”α€žα€¬ မင မမကငနငကျ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€„ α€α€€α€ž နထ α€€α€α€€α€ž နထ ကာမနထတြာနတ α€α€”α€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€‘α€™α€œα€™ α€€α€™α€” ြငနာ α€™α€šα€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€€α€„α€” ထ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€šα€€α€ž α€šα€€α€ž ႔ာမငနရထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έ ထန နတ တနမကငနငက α€α€Όα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα‚” α€‡α€™α€¬α€€α€α€™α€”α€α€™α€”α€»α€α€™α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» နရမနထ ြငနရထ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€šα€„α€”α€Šα€Έ α€» ငနရာက α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έ α‚”α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™ ာ မနထြမထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™ α€α€Όα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα‚” ဇမြ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€¬α€€α€¬α€”α‚Šα€α€” α€„α€”α‚Šα€α€” ငနရ α€α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

α€šα€€α€žα€‘α€»α€α€„α€”α€»α€™α€”α€™ α€” α€α€Όα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€€α€¬α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€» ထနမမကငန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ ကထနခကငနတြငန α€„α€„α€α€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€Ÿα€¬α€€ ာန တတာနမျ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ မကငနငက α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€„α€α€” α€α€™α€”α€α€€α€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€šα€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€šα€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ ထထနထခန ခန α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€žα€¬α€€α‚”α€¬ α€”α€› ာ ငန မကာ ထမ နထ ာ တမငနထမာ တြငနထ α€Όα€‘α€Όα€™α€”α€α€€α€α€¬α€”α€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€¬α€”α€» ထန α€™ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€»α€™α€”α€™α€„α€€α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ မျခ ျခငန ျခမျခ ျခငန α€»α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€”α€Šα€Έ α€” α€α€Όα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€”α‚” α€‡α€™α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€žα€α€™ α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€žα€α€™ α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€» ထနမကငန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹αŽα€‘ α‚Šα€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ တမငန ခ ာနမ α€™ မကာ ထမ α€”α€„α€”α€›α€¬α€„α€”α€›α€¬α€¬α€”α€™α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€¬α€”α€™ မထ α€»α€™α€”α€™ α€” α€α€Όα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€»α€α€Όα€™α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€”α€α€€α€€α‚”α€α€€α€€α‚” α€‡α€™α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ နရထ α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ ခ ငနမကငန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€‘α€™α€™αšα€€α€¬ α‚” α€‡α€™α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™ α€™ α€™α€™α€€α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ မာနက α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€€α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ နထ ကာမနထတြာနထ ျမနထျထတြာနထ α€»α€™α€”α€‘α€»α€„α€”α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™ မာန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

α€»α€™α€”α€™ နထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€”α€„α€™α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€α€”α€žα€¬ α€€ α€„α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€¬α€”α€‘α€™ α€€ ာနာ α€€ မထမမပ တနာက α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€€α€„α€” α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ α€α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€€α€„α€” α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€±α€”α€Šα€Έ α€€ α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ αšα€€α€‡α€™α€ ခ α€™ α€™ ႔ာမငနရ α€„α€”α€Šα€Έ ၀ဦ α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€€ α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€€α€‘α€™αšα€Όα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™ α€±α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€Όα€¬α€”α€¬ မြခ မငနငာ ကာ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€¬α€™α€žα€‘α€¬α€™α€žα€‘α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€€α€”α€Šα€Έ α€±α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€Όα€¬α€”α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ထန α€» ထန နရတ တန α€‘α€ž α€€α€‘α€ž α€€αšα€α€€α€žα€žα€¬ ငနရ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™αšα€”α€™α€€α€α€” α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€€α€‘α€α€” α€™ α€™ ႔ာမငနရထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€¬αΈα€œα€™α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€¬α€”α€α€€α€€ ြခကြခ မငနငာ α€€ ထ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

ထန αšα€” မကာ ထမ α€€α€žα€šα€„α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€¬α€”α€™α€”α€‘α€α€Όα€¬α€” α€™ မကာ ထမ႑က ငနထ ြခ ထထ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€™α€„α€”α€›α€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€Ÿα€¬α€€α€› ကငန ထမန α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€ α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€» ငနရတျ α€„α€”α€›α€α€„α€”α€™α€”α€žα€¬ ငနရ α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€Όα€™ နခတန α€™ α€±α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€Όα€¬α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έ α€šα€™α€„α€”α€™α€”α€»α€™α€”α€™ နထ α€»α€™α€”α€™ နထ ကာမနထာငထ မာကက α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€¦α€žα€¬ α€‘α€”α€α€™α€α€”α€€α€„α€”α€šα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ ခရ မထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€α€¬α€™α€α€„α€”α€Šα€Έ ခ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ မငန ြာန α€”α€Šα€Έ ထပငနထမထဂငစ (U.S. Agency for International Development – USAID) α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€»α€™α€”α€™α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€α€Όα€„α€” ၂ α€žα€¬ ထနာမနာမနတြငနျခမန α€”α€šα€„ α€šα€™α€„α€”α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ ကာမနာ α€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€α€” မထ ြခထ ြခ ထထ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€»α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€” α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€»α€™α€”α€™α€›α€»α€ ျခငန α€»α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€¬α€„ α€™ မ႔ာ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€¬α€”α€‘α€α€”α€‘α€¬α€€α€„α€” α€™α€”α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€›α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€α€”α€žα€¬ α€€α€„α€‘α€šα€„α€”α€Šα€Έ α€» α€„α€”α€›α€‘α€š α€” α€α€”α€α€”α€„α€‘α€š α€” α€α€”α€α€”α€„α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€”α€„α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရထ α€» ကထ မာနထထက α€Όα€€ α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€žα€α€Όα€„α€”α€„α€”α€žα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€α€”α€„α€”α€žα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€α€”α€žα€¬ ကငာကထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€¬α€”α€¬α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€”α€Šα€Έ ငနရ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

α€žα€¬ ထနမကငနငကာမန α€Όαšα€” α€”α€Šα€Έ

မကငနငကထကာမန α€Όαšα€” α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€¬α€”α€žα€¬ ထနမကငနငက α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€™α€” α€Όαšα€”α€„α€¬α€€α€α€€α€€α€‘α€€α€α€” α€„α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€α€šα€”α€šα€”α€›α€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ ႔ာ α€™α€šα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€žα€¬ α€‘α€”α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€‘α‚”α€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€”α€€α€„α€¬α€€ ကငနမ ထမနျမနမာျမနမာထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€¬α€€α€žα€¬ ထနမကငနငကာမန α€Όαšα€” α€”α€Šα€Έ မတငထမ α€α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€€α€‘α€€α€»α€ ငနရ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€”α€„α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€„ α€šα€™α€„α€”α€™α€”α€‘ ကထ ကာမန ာမနခက α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရ α‚‘α€™ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ ြခ ထထ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€ ကတန α€±α€» ကတန α€±α€» α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€žα€¬ ထနမကငနငက α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ ာ α€€α€žα€¬ α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€α€Όα€„α€”α€α€€α€€α€Όαšα€”α€¬α€„α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€”α€„α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€α€”α€žα€¬ α€€α€™α€”α€α€€α€€α€‘αšα€€α€‘α‚”α€¬ နာ α€€ ထ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

α€šα€€α€žα€‘α€»α€α€„α€”α€¬α€™α€¬α€Όαšα€” α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€”α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ ထန α€”α€»α€™α€”α€™α€žα€¬ ငနရထထန ထထန ာနာနက α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€»α€α€™α€” α€”α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘α€” ငနရ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€»α€™α€”α€™α€‘α€‘α€” α€¬α€”α€žα€¬ ငနရထျခ နရထ ထျခ နရထ ျခမန နာန α€€α€» α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€»α€ ျခ မနထ ကာမနထထန α€¬α€”α€¬α€€α€¬α€Όα€™α€”α€•α€¬α€”α€¬α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™ ချ α€» ထန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€α€α€” တမနတ α€± α€™α€»α€™α€”α€¬α€”α€™α€¬α€”α€¬α€€α€„α€”α€α€α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ နြတန တမန မမ၀မ ကငနမ α€€α€„α€”α€žα€„α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€‘ ာ α€™α€¬α€”αšα€„α€šα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€€ α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရ ကငန α€™ α€™α€”α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€™α€™α€¦ α€¬α€€α€šα€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€šα€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ ခနာမမကငနငက α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€”α‚” α€‡α€™α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ မထ α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€¬ ကာ α€€α€šα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€‘α€‘α€” α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€” α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€”α€ α€™α€‘α€™α€™α€•α€α€”α€α€Όα€„α€”α€‘α€‘α€”α€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€€α€žα€»α€α€™α€” နရထ α€» ထ α€™ ထ မာ α€€ α€α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ α€€α€ž α€™α€” α€€α€” α€α€”α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ နတ တနထ ခော α€™ ကင ာ α€™α€› α€€ α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€€α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€α€¬α€™α€‘ α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရျခမန α€” ကတနာနမနခကကခကကမာနာ α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€ž α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€€ α€™ ႔ာမငနရထ ကထ ကာမနထထန α€¬α€”α€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ မာန α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€„ α€šα€™α€„α€”α€™α€”α€šα€„ α€šα€™α€„α€”α€™α€” α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ နာ α€™α€‘α€‘α€šα€„α€”α€‘α€¬ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€„α€”α€» ထန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€‘α€‘α€”α€α€α€” α€” တနမမန α€‘α€™α€„α€”α€›α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€€ α€” α€α€”α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€‘ ကာထ ကာမနထာငထ မာက ာ မနငနရ α€™ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

တခန α€α€™α€”α€žα€¬ ငနရထာမနရထ တနျ α€„α€”α€›α€šα€€ တြ ာန α€€α€» α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ နထထနတခနထျခ ထငထ ခထျခ ထငထ ခေ႔ ဇမ ာန မာန ထမနထ ြငနရထ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ ကာမနာက α€α€”α€Šα€Έ နတ ာ ာ ငနတမနာ ထ α€€ မထမာ α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရာြမနပာန α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€„α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬αšα€€α‚”α€¬αšα€€α‚”α€¬ န႔ာ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ မပဂ α€α€™α€žα€¬ ငနရမကမကငနငကတာမ α€›α€™ α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€™α€™α€¬ α‚”

႔ာမ α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€šα€α€”α€»α€α€™α€” မထထမငန ကထမတြငန α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘α€” ာန α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€€ တြ α€šα€€ တြ ာနက α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€» ငနရျ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ နျမနမထျမနမထထနထမာ α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α‚”α€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘α€”α€α€α€”α€α€™ α€„α€žα€¬ ငနရ မကာ α€‘α€™α€‘α€»α€„α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» α€„α€”α€›α€α€„α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€¬α€”α€¬ α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€‘α€™α€”α€žα€¬ ငနရမကငနငက α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ တန ြမငျမနမန ထျမနမန ထမနခကက α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€Όα€™α€” α€™α€™ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€» ထန α‚”α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ ကငနထမ α€™α€”α€»α€α€šα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

ထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έ ထန α€”α€»α€™α€”α€™α€‘α€‘α€”α€α€α€”α€¬α€€α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€α€¬α€™α€„α€€α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€šα€€α€™α€”α€šα€€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€€α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€α€”α€„α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရက α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€”α€ ငန ထမနထ α€Όα€„α€”α€›α€‘α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€”α€Šα€Έ ငနရ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ α€α€”α€Šα€Έ ငနရ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ ာ ငနတမနထ α€™α€» ငနရျမနမထထနထမာ α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€α€¬α€™α€‘α€‘α€” ထထန ာနခ α€™ α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရ ရာငနရ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘α€™α€‘α€‘α€žα€” α€€α€ž ကတန α€± ငနရ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹αŽ နထထန ာနထထထန ာနထခန ာနာန α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έ α€‘α‚”α€¬α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ ာန တကာန ာန α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™ α€™ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€žα€™αšα€”α€α€€ ျခမန မငန α€Όα€¬α€”α€„α€žα€¬ ငနရင ထင ထ ြငနရထ α€”α€Šα€Έ α€„α€”α€α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€€α€„α€” α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€‘ ကာမနထ α€™α€» α€„α€”α€›α€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€α€” မထ ြခ ထ ြခ ထထ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ ငငထ α€» ျခ ထ ြခ ထထ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရာန α€€α€™α€α€Όα€„α€”α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ ငန မာနကာနက α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€»α€α€„α€”α€‘ ြတန မာနက α€”α€Šα€Έα€™ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€€α€„α€” α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

α€€ α€€α€ž မခန α€™α€„α€”α€„α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€” α€€ α€” α€α€”α€Ÿα€¬α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€‡α€™α€α€” ကာ α€šα€Όα€¬α€” α€Όα€™ α€‘α€™α€„α€”αšα€€αšα€€α‚”α€¬ α€” α€‘α€™α€€α€„α€”α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€»α€™α€”α€™α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€¬α€€α€‘α€α€” α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘α€‘α€‘α€‘α€”α€‘α€¬ α€™α€” ခေ ခ ာန ထ α€”α€›α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α‚”α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ ခေ α€€α€žα€α€€α€ž မငန α€α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€€α€„α€” α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€‘α€»α€α€™α€”α€‘α€¬ ထျခမနထာ α€™α€”α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» ငနရတခန တမန α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€„α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€” α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€Όα€”α€Šα€Έ ာမာန ကထခန α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€€ α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€‘α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€”α€ ခ ငန မငန ြာနျ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ ျမနမမကငနငကထ ာ α€»α€™α€¬α€”α€α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရ ကငနျခ α€”α€™αšα€”α€¬α€α€› α€€α€žα€»α€α€Όα€™α€™α€¬ α€€ မျခြမမာ α€€ α€™ α€™α€™α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€” င ထ ြငနရထ α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ α€α€”α€α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€¬α€” ထမငန မငန α€Ό မငန ြာနျ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ ျခ α€”α€α€Όα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€‘α€”α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έ တန α€‘α€™α€”α€„α€€α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€”α€„α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€žα€”α€α€Όα€„α€”α€α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™α€„α€”α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ α€„α€”α€›α€™α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€α€”α€‘α€Όα€™ α€™α€™α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€α€”α€‘α€Όα€™ မငန ြာနျ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€»α€™α€¬α€”α€¬α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έαšα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရာန α€€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€» တန တမာနျ α€» တန တမာနျ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€žα€» ငနရထ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€€α€”α€„α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€ α€» ာ α€™α€› α€α€”α€Šα€Έ ငနရ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

ထ ကာမန နျမနမမကငနငကမထ α€¬α€”α‚”α€¬α€™α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€α€¬α€™α€‘α€šα€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€™α€” α€™ α€™α€šα€€α€„α€”α€» α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬α€€α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έ တနျ α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€¬α€”α€•α€œα€”α€»α€ α€€ α€”α€›α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€”α€ ငန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹ မကာ ထမက α€”α€Šα€Έ ထရက α€”α€Šα€Έ ထရာက α€α€›α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€» ထန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€‘α€α€„α€”α€¬ ငန α€™α€” α€„α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€Όα€„α€”α€›α€™α€”α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€α€¬α€™α€‘ α€€α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€¬ ာ ငန ာ ငန α€™α€” α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€šα€™α€¬α€”α€‘α€¬α€„α€™α€”α€Šα€Έαš ထ ကမနတြငနထ α€€α€‘α€α€”α€€α€”α€Šα€Έα€»

α€» ထန α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹α€»α€™α€”α€™α€™α€€α€„α€”α€„α€€α€šα€Όα€™α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ ထနထ မကာ ထမာကျခ ထခက α€”α€Šα€Έ α€šα€™α€„α€” α€”α€Šα€Έα€žα€¬ ငနရထထနတခန ထထနတခန တနမ α€”α€Šα€Έα€α€€α€ž နျမနမရျခ ျခငန α€»α€α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€”α€Šα€Έ ထမငနျငနငထတြာနထ α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€”α€Šα€Έα€ α€α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘ α€€α€¬α€™α€”α€‘α€‘α€€α€”α€Šα€Έ ထန နကထကရ႔ ထမ α€¬α€™α€„α€”α€”α€Šα€Έ α€™ α€™α€”α€Šα€Έα€‘α€α€Όα€¬α€”α€¬α€”α€¬α€”α€‘α€»α€ နရထ α€šα€™α€¬α€” α€€ နတ ာ α€™α€” ာ မနငနရ ခ α€”α€œα€¬α€žα€Šα‹

(α€”α€±α€šα€¦α€Έα€žα€Š Pacific Forum, Center for Strategic and

International Studies (CSIS) ၏ α€”α€±α€žα€α€žα€”α€±α€ž ဖြစပ α€Έ α€šα€α€„α€€

Center for Burma Studies at Northern Illinois University ေင

ောဝေထမးန ာငခ α€ž α€–α€Όα€…α€žα€Šα‹ Nikkei Asian Review ါ How the

US could leverage Myanmar ties α€” ာငး ါးက α€˜α€¬α€žα€¬α€– α€± α€žα€Š)

Topics: α€”α€±α€±α€«α€±α€šα€‘α€›α€™

α€™αšα€€ α€”α€Šα€Έα€Έα€™ တမ


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