Nationalism How the world was shaped via cultural and national identities Aim: How did Nationalism shape the world? 'Do Now: Define: Nationalism
Transcript
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How the world was shaped via cultural and national identities
Aim: How did Nationalism shape the world? 'Do Now: Define:
Nationalism
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Nation a type of community, especially prominent in 19 th
century Distinct from clan, religious, regional identities Usually
based on shared language, customs, values, historical experience
Sometimes common religion Idea of nation has immediate relationship
with political boundaries 2
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Cultural nationalism Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803)
praises the Volk (people) Jacob & Wilhelm Grimm Literature,
folklore, music as expressions of Volksgeist: spirit of the people
Political nationalism Movement for political independence of nation
from other authorities Unification of national lands Giuseppe
Mazzini (1805-1872), Young Italy 3
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The Crimean War [1854-1856] Russia [claimed protectorship over
the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great
Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia
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The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854]
A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson Half a
league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of
Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge
for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six
hundred
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The Crimean War [1854-1856]
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Florence Nightingale [1820-1910] The Lady with the Lamp
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Treaty of Paris [1856] No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on
the Black Sea. All the major powers agreed to respect the political
integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?
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Join my Young Italian movement! Neither pope nor king shall
rule us, but rather a republic should rule Italy!
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Nationalist ideologies distrustful of indigenous minorities
Pogroms, violent attacks on Jewish communities in Russian Empire
beginning 1881 Anti-Semitism rallying cry of many European
nationalists French military Captain Alfred Dreyfus framed for
selling military secrets to Germany Eventually exonerated, but
great debate on loyalty of Jews in European societies 10
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Theodor Herzl (Austria, 1860-1904) journalist at Dreyfus trial
Observed intense mob anti-semitism, concluded that Enlightenment
and revolution could not solve this human ill Worked to create
refuge for Jews by re- establishing Jewish state in Palestine Zion
synonymous with Jerusalem 1897 convened first World Zionist
Congress 11
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In 1896, he called for the Jews to establish their own state.
His writings helped establish Zionism, a movement devoted to the
building of an independent Jewish state in Palestine. In 1897, he
formed the first world congress of Zionists which met in
Switzerland.
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Degania, founded in 1909, was the first kibbutz, the unique
communal villages that were a key feature of Socialist
Zionism.
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Meeting after defeat of Napoleon Prince Klemens von Metternich
(Austria, 1773-1859) supervises dismantling of Napoleons empire
Established balance of power Worked to suppress development of
nationalism among multi-national empires like the Austrian 15
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Greeks in Balkan peninsula seek independence from Ottoman
Turks, 1821 With European help, Greece achieves independence in
1830 Rebellions all over Europe, especially in 1848 Rebels take
Vienna, Metternich resigns and flees But rebellions put down by
1849 17
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Italy and Germany formerly disunited groups of regional
kingdoms, city-states, ecclesiastical states Germany: over three
hundred semiautonomous jurisdictions Nationalist sentiment develops
idea of unification Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) and
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) unify Italy under King Vittore
Emmanuele II Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) advances Realpolitik
(the politics of reality), uses wars with neighbors to unify
Germany Second Reich proclaimed in 1871 (Holy Roman Empire the
first), King Wilhelm I named Emperor 18
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Camillo Denso di Cavour Sardinia WILL lead the way in uniting
and industrializing Italy!!
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I offer hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death. Let
him who loves his country in his heart, and not with his lips only,
follow me. Giuseppe Garibaldi
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King Victor Emmanuel II and his Monument in Rome, Italy. It was
built between 1895-1911.
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The unification of Italy and Germany 22
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Map of the Unification of Italy, 1815-70
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Garibaldi & His Red Shirts Unites with Cavour
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A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled
"Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor
Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.
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The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
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Count Cavour [The Head] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The Sword] King
Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The Heart] Italian Nationalist
Leaders