How to Make Rural Development More Effectively

NORTON UNIVERSITY

Department: Economics, Year: IV

Session: Evening

Group: E2 (Development Economics)

HOW TO MAKE RURAL DEVELOPMENT MORE

EFFECTIVELY?

Submitted to:

Pou Sovann, Ph.D

Submitted by:

Hing Many

Sieng Mai

Pou Sokvisal

Seng Bunvirak

Academics Year

2011-2012

Contents I. Problem Statement .................................................................................................................................. 1

II. Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 1

III. Main Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 2

A. The Challenges of rural development ................................................................................................. 2

a. Land Issues ...................................................................................................................................... 2

b. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) .......................................................................................... 3

B. Exploring the government strategy which help to support the rural development ............................. 3

a. Improving Rural Livelihood ........................................................................................................... 3

b. Improving Access to Land .............................................................................................................. 4

c. Land Distribution ............................................................................................................................ 5

d. Promoting Agricultural Development ............................................................................................. 5

e. Road and Transport ......................................................................................................................... 5

C. Major Driver of Rural Development ................................................................................................... 6

a. Effective Land Reform.................................................................................................................... 6

b. Rural Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................... 7

c. Rural Financial Services ................................................................................................................. 8

d. Dynamic Agricultural Sector .......................................................................................................... 9

e. Rural Nonfarm Enterprises ........................................................................................................... 10

IV. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 10

V. Recommendations ................................................................................................................................. 10

VI. References ......................................................................................................................................... 11

Norton University Rural Development Assignment

College of Social Science 1 Development Economics

How to Improve Rural Development more effectively

I. Problem Statement

As follow the government Rectangular Strategy Phase II in the 4th legislature, Cambodia has

10 priority sectors which the sectors that help the economic growth and poverty reduction in

Cambodia. Those sectors are: 1. Agriculture, 2. Water and Irrigation System, 3.

Transport Infrastructure, 4. Electricity, 5. Human Resource Development, 6. Labour

Intensive and Export-let industries, 7. Exploration of Oil, Gas, and Minerals, 9.

Information Communication Technology, 10. Trade. As stated in the above sectors

agriculture is one of the part and important sector that help to promote the economic growth

of Cambodia. According to the 2008 Cambodia census, the Cambodian population has

reached to 14 million people. Around 80 percent of them are farmers; farming is their main

occupation of the people who living in the rural area.

Rural area is defined as the place that located in the countryside or in the remote are which

is not have many people living there or not so crowded as in the city. Development is the

process that changing from something bad to be better, in short development is about

making change. Cambodia is the developing country amongst the other countries in the

ASEAN community and also in the world.

Agriculture is about doing farming, growing some of seasonal crop; raise animals, and doing

some off-farm work. All the activities are likely to do in the rural areas, so agriculture and

rural development is correlated. However, this sector is essential for Cambodia fighting

against poverty but Cambodia is still facing with the problem in the rural area such as

irrigation system, land tenure and also rural infrastructure. If the government desire to

improve the agricultural sector and want produce more productivity the government of

Cambodia should improve and develop the rural side first.

II. Objectives

In reflected to the proposed to the problem noted above, it will be necessary to find out

some of the Royal Government of Cambodia strategies and solution for this problem. The

following are the study objectives:

- To find out the challenges of rural development.

- To explore the government strategies which support the rural development

sector and with the priority sectors.

- To understand the major drivers of rural development



III. Main Contents

A. The Challenges of rural development

a. Land Issues

Land is one of the most important assets which participate in the income earning for people

in the rural area. They live on the land, they making money from the land. People can

generate income from the land through many activities: farming, doing seasonal crops and

raising livestock...etc. So what will happen if the land which they are own being destroyed?

In case of Cambodia, 80 percent of people living in the rural area and most of them are live

by depend on doing the agricultural activities, which mean they mostly depend on land.

Currently, in many provinces in Cambodia are facing with the land issues. The issues happen

when the international and local companies make the investment in Cambodia, especially in

the provinces. The companies take over the village and cultivate land of the local people

there illegally and using the justice to threaten them, they cleared their land which is the life

of them1. They are facing the livelihood problem, food insecurity, no shelter, no income, no

clothes, migration and especially this land issues have become the barrier in the rural

development sector of Cambodia.

The land concession system in Cambodia is is a good process that the government has

implemented. The land concession is the process that the government sign contracted for the

forest own company in land or forest in order to make the investment in the signed land if

not the government will claim the land back. The land concession is one of the successful

strategic that help the government in fighting against poverty. But not everything is goes

smoothly, two side to every story, this mean that if we do something one side will gain the

good point and the other side will get the bad point.

The theory of Pareto was stated that although the government is develop in policy or share

the beneficiary of the economic growth of one country one side must be happy and the other

side must be unhappy or get the bad affect.

Anyways, if we talk about the adverse impacts of the Concessionaries’ activities in Cambodia

we will see that many foreign own companies that granted the land is using the land illegally

and violate the Cambodia’s law. For instance, the logging concession has the range of

adverse impacts that concessionaries have on forest dependent communities. The illegal

logging of forest land concession was destroyed tree which pose a direct threat of the

livelihoods. In the case of violate the law, violence is usually happen between the forest own

companies and the people in forestry communities or the local people there. Employees of

the concessionaries have violated the rights of people living inside or adjacent to forest

concession on any number of occasions. Abuses committed by the company staff have

included denial of access to forest areas, intimidation, rape, and in some cases are in

1 2009 July-Dec. Land and Life newsletter. NGOs Forum (12), 4-5



murdered. This is one of hardest problem to resolve and the barrier in the rural development

process.

b. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

Cambodia is one of the poor countries in the ASEAN region, to alleviate the poverty, the

Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) has set up a multi-pronged strategy in which SME

development comes into one of its fore front policies (Royal Government of Cambodia, 1996,

2001). Yet, the SME and manufacturing sectors in Cambodia as a whole are poorly developed

and documented, and less has been known about the field. Lean literature exists in both

forms, availability and the quality, therefore, effective and efficient policies has never been

made without sound data and understanding of the field.

Although the Government recognized the importance of the sector, significant legal,

institutional, and governance reforms were needed for effective SME development: (i) the

costs of doing business were high due to limitations of the regulatory and governance

structures, which demanded third-party support for even the smallest tasks involving public

administration; (ii) the absence of essential legal structures and institutions resulted in a

high-risk lending environment, which limited SME access to key resources, particularly

finance; and (iii) the Government lacked an institutional and coordinated framework to

facilitate SME development.

One more important thing that people in the rural areas is facing with SMEs is not only of the

policy to support but the money of establishing the SMEs of the people. The government has

the encourage the commercial banks in the country to provide the loan to them yet. Market

access is another hot issue for them.

B. Exploring the government strategy which help to support the

rural development

a. Improving Rural Livelihood

Poverty reduction is the most concern of the Cambodia government. Cambodia is one of the

poor country in the Southeast Asia also in the ASEAN Community, Cambodia is ranked 130th,

in the human development index2. Currently, the Royal Government of Cambodia have been

developed many strategies to ensure the quality of fighting against poverty. In order to get

succeed in fighting against poverty and improve the rural area, we must look at what are the

dimensions and the causes of the poverty in the rural poor. As the world population is

increasing, the Cambodian population is reached to 14 million. Currently, level of poverty is

largely result from high population growth, inadequate opportunities, low capabilities,

insecurity, exclusion, and vulnerability.

Although the government have been developed policies that help the rural poor but it the

policies these policy are guarantee to improve the livelihood of the people who living the

countryside yet, where vast of majority of Cambodia’s poor live. As we know that land the

most essential asset for all the people, especially for the people in rural area among any

2 Council for Social Development, National Poverty Reduction Strategy (2003-2005): Chapter 3:Dimension of Poverty



other assets. Land can help them to earn money by many activities: cultivation, growing

crops...etc. So, to improve the living condition of the poor we must be sure that the people

have access to use their land. Water, forestry, forestry, and transportation are also the

factors which those components would expect to contribute to improvement in other aspect

of livelihood improvement.

To improve the rural development the first step which helped much is to improve the rural

livelihood by helping them to create more income. Based on the Sustainable Livelihood

Framework there three strategies which help people in the rural area to create more job and

income, these strategies are: Natural Based livelihood framework, Non natural resource

based and Migration3. As mention above land is the most essential asset for people, so it can

more create work and generate income by using the natural resource based livelihood

framework. Doing some on-farm activities will help resolve the problem of the poor. Raising

duck, livestock, grow crops and vegetable will improve the rural livelihood. Secondly, is using

the non-natural resource based livelihood framework. By using the second framework the

people in the rural area do not need land, forest, or fishing, they can earn the income by

doing some off-farm activities such as: Palm climbing, motor repair, hairdresser, carpenter,

and chef4...etc. Doing a migration is another good way for the rural poor who want to earn

more income. If there is anything to do in your home country or district or the income

generated from off-farm and on-farm activities does not fit to you, you should looking for

alternative jobs such as laboring outside home country or in neighboring districts or villages.

By using the above three Sustainable Livelihood Framework the living condition of the rural

poor, rural livelihood, and the rural development is going to be better.

b. Improving Access to Land

In order to improve the rural income by using the natural resource livelihood framework we

must ensure that most of the people are having land for making income. If not we have to

find the solution for them. Economic land concession is very successful strategy for helping

the rural poor to improve their land access. Land access and water are the two fundamental

natural resources for people, especially for the rural poor. In reflection to that, the Royal

Government of Cambodia has set out the land policies which aim to promote the sustainable

economic and social development, to decentralize land management and to reduce poverty.

Cambodia is the agricultural country most of Cambodian are doing farming. 80 percent of

them are occupied as farmers. But 15 percent of farm households do not have agricultural

land many of which are headed by women5. The improvement the access to land and secure

access to land for the poor in Cambodia’s country side will greatly contribute to reducing

poverty and ensuring economic growth with equity. The Interim Paper on Strategy of Land

Policy Framework has been created to help to improve the economic opportunities for and

reduce vulnerability for the poor. Those framework are: (1) land will administered in a way

3 Pou Sovann (2011). Rural Development slide presentation

4 PADEK (2005). A case study of Sustainable Agriculture Farmers in Cambodia

5 Council for Social Development (2003-2005). Natural Poverty Reduction p53



which makes property rights legally clear and secure, (2) concessions for social purposes will

be made to distribute vacant State’s land to socially needy households, and (3) land will be

manage in an environmentally sustainable way, which provides the poor with the

opportunities for secure access to natural resources (especially land), to secure housing, to

credit, and to employment, and for investment.

c. Land Distribution

The objective of the RGC is to promote equitable land distribution. To achieve the objective a

sub-decree on social land concessions is being prepared, and the implementation and pilot

projects are scheduled to begin in 2003. The land distribution program will distribute idle

land in the private domain of the State to households identified with priority needs for social

land concessions. The program is expected to include schemes, which are initiated both at

local and national levels. It is expected to respond to the needs for land of the poor

households that are landless, household with inadequate shelters, and victim of natural

disasters, among others. This strategy of land distribution, the social land concession is

making the Cambodian poor that is landless happen with the provided land. They can feed

their life and making the income by using the land.

d. Promoting Agricultural Development

Majority of Cambodian population 85 percent is living in rural areas and depending mostly on

agriculture for their livelihood. Their livelihood has mainly revolved around agriculture and

natural resources use and management. Over the period 1993-2001, agriculture was the

major sector of the economy, which, on average shared 46.4p percent in the total GDP In

poverty reduction effort agriculture is remain a priority sector of the RGC. In promoting

agricultural development for poverty reduction also for rural development the RGC faces

challenges as to (1) how can agricultural productivities be improved at the farmers’

household level that would contribute to better food security and living standard of the rural

families, (2) how can natural resources be managed in a sustainable manner when demand

increases, (3) what linkages can be established to deal with agricultural commodities, and

(4) what supports are needed to achieve the three afore-mentioned challenges.

In order to achieve this goal and contribute to poverty reduction of the rural households, the

strategic objectives for agriculture sector are to: (1) ensure an adequate legal framework

and institutional environment; (2) strengthen capacity and improve knowledge system within

the Government, stakeholders, and especially small-scale farmers; (3) promote

intensification, diversification and security of agricultural production; (4) promote sustainable

natural resources management and conservation; and (5) promote agricultural product

processing and investment in agro-industries and strengthen agricultural marketing system

and market access.

e. Road and Transport

As with much of the economic infrastructure, the transport sector was severely damaged by

the war. Since the early 1990s, a concerted effort by the government and the donor



community has been made to reestablish the kingdom’s basic infrastructure especially in

transport sector. Success has been achieved in number of areas, but much still remains to be

done.

The transport sector in Cambodia consists of Roads, Rail, Inland Waterway, Port and

Shipping (mainly under the responsibility of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport, with

the Ministry of Rural Development responsible for rural roads and transport and Air transport.

Road transport is the only mode, which as nation-wide moved within the country. Road

transport services are mainly carried out by the private sector.

The road sub-sector in Cambodia consists of primary, secondary, tertiary, and sub-tertiary,

and urban roads. Most of the roads, apart from the primary network, which is improving, and

some of the main urban roads, can be described as ―poor to bad‖ with many sections

impassable to traffic.

The rural people have poor access to roads and other transport infrastructure and services.

Roads facilitate progress in rural areas-access to markets and employment, education, and

health care, particularly in case of emergencies, often hinges on available and affordable

transport with connection to small towns. Rural transport development and maintenance are

essential to improved quality of life and reduced poverty of rural people in Cambodia.

However, the rural transport network is inadequate. So far, among the total length of rural

roads in the country estimated to be 28, 000 km, we have just rehabilitated and constructed

around 11, 000 km (with earth fill and laterite surfacing). This network provides only about

half a km of roads for every 10 square km (1, 000 hectares). Most of the remaining rural

roads are impassable, particularly during the wet season

C. Major Drivers of Rural Development

a. Effective Land Reform

Rural development has been relatively more impressive and inclusive in economies where

effective land reform program have been implemented. The introduction of the land reform in

the development process, land tenure and land titling will increase the income by increasing

the agricultural output and generate income. These land reforms created a vast class of small

farmers with strong incentives to respond to emerging economic opportunities. The land

tenure reforms contributed to rural economic growth. First, the establishment of private

family farm with right to use land for a long period stimulated a drive toward improvements

in agricultural productivity and output. Second, the land reform is about the law time

extension period for the user right of households to 20 years for annual crop and 50 years for

perennial crop cultivation. These trigger a powerful wave of productivity and output

improvement with rural household incomes increasing.

We look through to the past experience of other countries which very successfully in the

development of the rural income. For instance, the People’s Republic of China has introduced

the household responsibility system in the late 1970s led to a remarkable increase in



agricultural production, farm income and household welfare, and contributed significantly to

rural development and poverty reduction6. This strategy have led to the increasing the so

many productivity such as cotton and livestock.

The policy on land reform on the plantation land reform is the one of the best strategy to

help the rural poor. The introduction of the land reform program in the plantation sector will

product the mix results on production, productivity growth, and labor income in the reformed

plantations. This reform program can be motivate the farmer to do an extra activities on on-

farm activities by motivate them to crop more crop or vegetable for an diversify source of

income. Cashew plantation sector is the example of the plantation land reform program. In

contrast to this reform program in some countries they have passed a law to permit the rural

resident the right to buy and sell their agricultural land. In addition the rural infrastructure

facilities, improve access to finance will make the land reform more effective.

b. Rural Infrastructure

Road is the link between one place to one place, road is very important in the economic and

road is importantly participate in growth of economic activities. In Cambodia, infrastructure

in the urban area is not the problem, but the rural infrastructure is still the trouble for the

rural poor. In the rural area in the road is very poor, especially the feeder roads, so it's make

the rural people difficult to transport their productivity to the market place. And this is one of

the barriers in the rural development process. For those people in the areas with better rural

infrastructure have been able to participate in and share the benefits of growth widely. For

instance, in the People's Republic of China, we noted that the differences in rural

infrastructure across counties have strong explanatory power for subsequent consumption

growth at the farm household level in rural area.

The impact of high quality rural infrastructure on the quality of life of the rural population can

be substantial. Infrastructure contributes to inclusive rural development in many different

ways. First, rural infrastructure provides rural people with access to the markets and basic

services that they need. Second, it influences rural economic growth and employment

opportunities and thereby incomes and social development.79 For example, ―good feeder

roads can allow the supply of perishable foods to high-value urban markets, and the income

generated can be invested in health and education to improve the productivity of eventual

migrants to the cities. The role of rural infrastructure is very essential in economic

development, so the government should make investment on this sector and social

infrastructure particularly in irrigation facilities for rice farming; rural transportation;

communication; electrification; education; and water, sanitation, and primary health care

development.

In order to improve the rural infrastructure importantly on educational system, the Royal

Government of Cambodia has set out a “Rectangular Strategy” which will help to resolve

the problem. The strategy is going to provide and give opportunity for all Cambodia citizen

6 Nimal A Fernando (2008). Asian Development Bank. Rural Development Outcomes and Driver (p26)



access of education for people living in the urban and also in the rural area. It’s committed

that all the people all get basic education at least finish level 9 of educational system of

Ministry Education Youth and Sports education system of Cambodia. In respond to this

activities RGC in collaborated with private sectors, donors, and NGOs partners are increase

more number of scholarships for Cambodian poor, especially for female students. In addition,

RGC has constructed more school in the rural are to ensure all of villagers young people get

the education by commit to construct at least one primarily and secondary school in each

village in the Kingdom. In order to build the education system to higher standard the RGC

support the learning materials by provide more educational materials, equipment, libraries,

and laboratories, dormitories in some state university in Phnom Penh which make it easy for

students from the country side come to study in the city, especially for female students.7

c. Rural Financial Services

Improved access to credit, deposit, and insurance services helps broad-based rural

development and reduce income inequalities within the rural sector and between the urban

and rural sectors in a variety of ways. First, better access to credit facilitates adoption of

fertilizer-responsive high-yielding rice and other crop varieties and enables poorer household

to take advantage of opportunities in high-value agriculture. This contributes to farm

household income growth. Second, access to credit makes it easier for rural households to

respond to emerging rural, nonfarm enterprise opportunities. Third, deposit and insurance

services, where available and close to farm households, encourage the accumulation of

financial assets and enable the rural population’s capacity to better manage their risks and

reduce vulnerability. Fourth, improved access to credit also creates and strengthens rural

people’s perception that leaders are making genuine efforts to share the benefits of growth

widely. This creates broad-based rural support for leaders and contributes to social stability.

Most countries developed their rural.

In respond to make it easy for the poor people to get easy access to financial services many

credit institutions were created and finance the rural poor. Micro Finance Institutions are

participated importantly in the poverty reduction but generally rural people are assumed that

they are not able to borrow money from those institutions. Commercial banks and Micro-

Finance Institutes (MFIs) are not accessible to most rural and urban poor people who either

live too far from bank offices, lack sufficient assets for collateral, cannot repay high interest

rates or do not understand the rules governing formal credit procedures. As a result, most

people continue to borrow from relatives who require no collateral and charge little or no

interest for small cash or in-kind loans, or from local moneylenders who charge high interest

rates for short-term cash loans. There is also concern that an increasing number of rural

people who borrow from formal and informal institutions are becoming destitute, as they

have to sell land and/or other assets to pay off their loans.

To make it easier for those who don’t have assets for an change for the money lender

institution, the self-help group have been created for the people who want to access

7 RGC Rectangular Strategy for Growth, Employment, Equity and Efficiency Phase II, Rectangular 4: Capacity Building

and Human Resource Development, Side 1: Strengthening the quality of education



financial. The self-help group is a small autonomous, non-political group of people living ear

each other, and sharing common concerns. The come together voluntarily to work jointly for

their personal, social and economic development.

d. Dynamic Agricultural Sector

Although economic transformation involves a substantial decline in the relative share of the

agricultural sector in total output and employment, agriculture has played, and continues to

play, an important role in rural development. Some countries are far advanced in the

transformation than others, but in many agriculture accounts for a sizeable share of GDP,

and agricultural employment accounts for significant share of total employment. As ADB

points out in Rural Asia study, ―all the successfully transforming economies in Asia enjoyed

successful agricultural revolutions prior to their industrialization.‖ First, agriculture growth

has been a source of food, foreign exchange, and financial and labor resources for the

growing industrial sector. Second, agricultural growth contributed to the emergence of the

agro-industry sector, rural manufacturing, and the rural nonfarm economy. Third, agricultural

growth has contributed to productive employment creation for millions of small and marginal

farmers and unskilled labor and improvement of socioeconomic welfare of their families.

Fourth, agricultural growth has made it possible to keep wages in the manufacturing sector

at relatively low levels, contributing to manufacturing growth. Agriculture, it has been said,

had to undergo a productivity revolution to increase output and efficiency to perform these

functions successfully.



e. Rural Nonfarm Enterprises

Rural nonfarm enterprises (RNFEs) include manufacturing, agricultural processing, and

service enterprises— such as rural tourism—are diverse in their characteristics, and

dominated by small, highly labor-intensive enterprises that play a significant role in inclusive

rural development. Their role increases significantly as the economic transformation gathers

momentum. They are important because, first, agricultural growth alone cannot productively

absorb the increasing rural labor force in agricultural employment and allow opportunities for

rural income increases even with rapid improvements in agricultural productivity. RNFEs can

make a significant contribution to employment generation. Urban industrial sector cannot

grow fast enough on a sufficiently labor-intensive path to fully absorb the surplus labor in

agriculture. Second, RNFEs can reduce rural–urban income differences and excessive rural-

to-urban migration. These enterprises are an important source of income for women, small

farmers, and landless workers. Third, RNFEs can make a potentially significant positive

impact on non-income dimensions of rural poverty. They can reduce the vulnerability of the

rural poor to various economic shocks, make rural economic growth more equitable, and

indirectly contribute to improvements in social indicators. Fourth, by providing smallholder

farm households with opportunities to transform into viable economic units less dependent

on agriculture, RNFEs can facilitate agricultural adjustment and reduce the costs that would

entail such adjustments. A more developed rural nonfarm economy reduces the need for

government subsidies to make rural development more equitable.

IV. Conclusion

In conclusion, although the rural development sector is facing some challenges but the

government of Cambodia is working very hard to solve the problem. In the RGC Rectangular

Strategy Phase II, one of the priority is Rural Development Sector that shown that the RGC is

motivate and encourage themself and also to the people in the rural areas that they are not

alone, they have the government, NGOs, private sectors, and more importantly is the citizen

itself.

By the way in the Cambodian Millennium Development Goals (CMDG), in the first goals of

CMDGs it to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, this is the ambition of the government.

Along the way in the rural development process is facing with some of challenges that may

lead to slow down the process but the RGC is pay much attention to help resolve the problem

as much as possible. Developing new policy, law enforcement, and land reform...ect. is the

RGC strategy that support the rural development process.

The Cambodia rural development sector is going to get successful and more effectively and

achieve the CMDGs goals number one by 2015.

V. Recommendations

The government should promote the SMEs sector by making some policy to

support this sector. As stated above most people have no money to establish



the SMEs business, so the government should encourage the loan provider

institutions to provide loan to them with low interest rate.

Market access is another good way the help resolve the SMEs products

The government should control the unlicensed industrials that may harmful to

SMEs

Land reform program should make it more effectively, especially on the

economic land concession, they should control the foreign own companies

which signed contract with government by warming them do not violate with

the Cambodia’s law, take over land in the signed area.

Road is the economic infrastructure, most of road in the urban areas is not the

problem but some roads in the rural areas are severely damage, so the

government should spend more budget on the transportation infrastructure,

especially on the feeder roads.

Promoting agricultural sector, provide more skills to farmers, stop in using old

traditional farming system by changing to modern farming system, so the crop

yields will increase.

Promote the off-farm activities as their alternative jobs besides farming.

VI. References

2001. Small- and Medium-sized Manufacturing Enterprises in Cambodia: Effects of Key

Managerial Functions on Business Success. Japanese Journal of Administration Sciences

(Volume 15, No. 2, 145)

2009. July. Cambodia: Small and Medium Enterprises Development Program (Progress

Report). Asian Development Bank

March 30, 2005. Cambodia: Forest Concession Management and Control Pilot Project (Report

No. 31862). The Inspection Panel

National Poverty Reduction Strategy (2003-2005). Council for Social Development

Nimal A. Fernando (2008). Rural Development Outcomes and Drivers: An overview and some

lesson (ISBN No. 978-971-561-629-4). Asian Development Bank

Overseas Development Institute (Nov 2002). ICTs and Rural Development: Review of the

Literature, Current Interventions and Opportunities for Action (Working Paper 192). Robert

Chapman and Tom Slaymaker

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How to Make Rural Development More Effectively

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