How to Read Study and Benefit from Encyclicals of Mercy Chapter... · (Laborem Exercens), the...

How to Read, Study and Benefit from Papal Encyclicals

ContentsWhat is an Encyclical ..................................................................................................................................... 1

How to Read and Study an Encyclical ........................................................................................................... 2

Are Encyclicals Infallible Teachings of a Pope ............................................................................................... 2

History of Encyclicals ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Why Read Encyclicals if You are Not Catholic? ............................................................................................. 4

Links to Other Encyclicals and Lists of All Encyclicals ................................................................................... 4

List of Encyclicals ........................................................................................................................................... 4

WhatisanEncyclicalThe word encyclical literally means "in a circle." It is a letter intended to travel— to circulate. However in

modern times it has become almost exclusively used to denote teachings from the Pope.

Comparing an encyclical to other kinds of official Roman Catholic documents is a good way to

understand the significance of an encyclical.

Firstly, when the pope makes a declaration of some article of faith or moral law it is given in the form of

a Papal Bull, which is very formal and uses prescriptive and dogmatic language. These are rare in recent

times.

Secondly there are Decrees, which address a very particular problem requiring precise response and

action.

Thirdly there are apostolic letters and messages, which are characteristically pastoral, encouraging, and

inspirational.

Encyclicals can have some features of all these categories but are generally longer; the thinking behind

the statements is deeper and articulated more expansively. They are addressed usually to the whole

church (a few exceptions have been addressed to bishops of particular nations) and it is understood that

bishops will promulgate the teachings and make the encyclicals widely available.

Nowadays all the encyclicals are posted on the Vatican website and other websites of Catholic

organizations. Encyclicals are exhortative in tone. They counsel and encourage and thus make clear that

what is said is not to be taken lightly. They deal with complex social and moral issues and back up their

claims with reference to the Bible and to Catholic tradition and doctrines.

While Encyclicals do not compel Catholics to believe and act in accordance with what is said, the

expectation is that all Catholics (and it is hoped all people of good will) will use the teaching as

guidance for their life style and moral commitments.

The title of an encyclical is the first two words of the document in Latin, the official language in which

encyclicals are written.

HowtoReadandStudyanEncyclicalFirst, start with a prayer, and second understand what an Encyclical is especially why and when the

encyclical you are about to read was written.

Doing a close reading, or as we would call it a “study of an encyclical”, would generally be a slow

process. As you read through these encyclicals you might be struck by what a treasure trove of teaching

they are on a whole host of issues: inspiration, inerrancy, interpretation, the literal and spiritual senses

of Scripture, the role of the Scripture in the spiritual life and mission of the Church, and on and on.

Always pause and spend time to reflect on short portions. A straight through read from one end to the

other, at one sitting would not only be laborious but your concentration would also be limited.

It can be difficult, but try to resist interpreting the encyclical through the perceptual ‘filters’ of your prior

beliefs as they are amenable to your personal values, aka the upcoming encyclical on climate change.

But as you look around in secondary literature, both Catholic and Protestant, no one seems to be

actually reading the encyclicals and engaging them. This is an odd situation, one that seems to be

peculiar to biblical studies. At least in Catholic circles, no moral theologian worth his or her salt would

ever presume to speak about, say, the Church's teaching on contraception without reference to Paul VI's

Encyclical Letter Of Human Life, Humanae Vitae (1968). Likewise, Catholic philosophers regularly make

their students study John Paul II's Encyclical Letter On the Relationship between Faith and Reason, Fides

et Ratio (1998), in close detail.

Many of encyclicals would be better with a good commentary, because many can be hard to

understand. Some commentaries are better than others, so make sure you are getting your money’s

worth if you buy one.

AreEncyclicalsInfallibleTeachingsofaPopeAnother way of teaching – Ordinary Papal Magisterium – would not use the charism of infallibility. When

the Pope issues a document that has his authority as Pope, it doesn’t mean that it bears the full weight

of that authority.

Most encyclicals are not ex cathedra statements. To be an ex cathedra (infallible) statement, the

teaching must bear the full authority of the Pope and be about faith or morals. The Pope can speak to

different topics using different levels of his authority, though if he is teaching as universal pastor at any

time, we are required to assent to the teaching.

There are only two instances of the Pope using his entire authority to speak ex cathedra:

1. The Assumption of Mary into Heaven (1950)

2. Immaculate Conception (1854).

When something is declared infallible, we are obligated to have the response of the “obedience of

faith”, because it has been declared part of the deposit of the faith. It is universally binding on all

Catholics. Encyclicals generally do not define dogma, but rather are the ordinary way for the Pope to

teach and would not be extraordinary. Now, that doesn’t mean that there are not infallible teachings

within the document, but it is not infallible declared. A common example would be that moral questions

are generally not infallibly defined, but that does not in any way make the teaching less binding. Rather,

infallibility is the gift of the Holy Spirit given to the Church that allows it to recognize those truths that

cannot be reversed in content (not wording) because they correspond to the “deposit of faith” from

Christ and the apostles.

Papal encyclicals are diagnoses of particular historical ailments—the encyclicals speak about work

(Laborem Exercens), the environment (Laudato Si'), religious freedom (Dignitatis Humanae), birth

control (Humanae Vitae), the state and civil society (Centesimus Annus), development (Popularum

Progressio, Caritas in Veritate)—and as such, they offer different prescriptions.

HistoryofEncyclicalsThe name of the encyclical that began this tradition also set the tone for the form of later encyclicals.

Rerum Novarum, written in 1891 by Leo XIII and which many consider the fi rst modern encyclical,

literally translates as "new things." It attempted (and succeeded) to bring to bear the old, old story of

the Christian church on the new—and revolutionary— things that were happening in Europe during the

Industrial Revolution. At the time Rerum Novarum was written, Europe was a seething mess of injustice,

revolution, poverty, inequality, and instability. The massive industrialization of work and production,

combined with wide‐scale urbanization, led to massive poverty, social dislocation, and a massive

underclass that was largely uneducated, disenfranchised, increasingly resentful. It was also still

predominantly Christian.

Since 1854 (during the term of Pope Pius IX) there have been 240 encyclicals. However, it is noteworthy

that the number of encyclicals written by more recent popes is less than the number written by earlier

popes in this period. Pius XII (pope from 1939‐1958) wrote 40 encyclicals and Leo XIII (1878‐1903) wrote

87. John Paul II (1978‐2005) wrote 14 and Benedict (2005‐2013) only 3. The reasons for these

differences in numbers has to do with at least two factors: (1) The term encyclical has taken on a

narrower meaning in recent times, so kinds of writings that were once called encyclicals are now named

differently. (2) Recent Popes have more direct contact with Catholics around the world through different

forms of media and through travel. Pope John Paul II was the first pope in recent times to travel outside

the Vatican.

Two officials presiding over separate bureaux still count it among their duties to aid the Holy Father in

the drafting of his encyclical letters. These are the "Segretario dei brevi ai Principi" assisted by two

minutanti, and the "Segretario delle lettere Latine" also with a minutante. But it was undoubtedly the

habit of Leo XIII to write his own encyclicals, and it is plainly within the competence of the sovereign

pontiff to dispense with the services of any subordinates.

Each Encyclical bears the mark of its time. Reading John Paul II's Centesimus Annus, for instance, against

the backdrop of the breaking of the grip of communism helps you understand how its recognition of the

tremendous good that markets can achieve is not out of step with the concerns about those same

markets that appear in Benedict XVI's Caritas in Veritate, which was written after the financial

meltdown.

WhyReadEncyclicalsifYouareNotCatholic?If you're not a Roman Catholic, or not even a believer, why read them at all? They are worth reading for

Protestants because—in a manner that contemporary Protestant writing still only dreams of attaining—

they take the time to pore both through the Scriptures and through the breadth of the Christian

tradition to testify to the person of Christ in life right here, right now. And readers who aren't Christians

often find themselves intrigued, curious, and maybe just a bit attracted to a community that can talk

with such depth and clarity about the anxieties of our age, and that presents a coherent and beautiful

vision for the good life in an age that too often settles for a mere collection of shards

LinkstoOtherEncyclicalsandListsofAllEncyclicalshttp://www.papalencyclicals.net/document‐directory

ListofEncyclicals

Encyclicals (341) Author

Date

Laudato si’ On the care for our common home

ecology social

Pope FRANCIS

2015.05.24

Lumen Fidei / The Light of Faith On faith

faith Pope FRANCIS

2013.06.29

Caritas in Veritate / Charity in Truth On integral human development in charity and truth

social Pope BENEDICT XVI

2009.06.29

Spe Salvi / Saved in Hope On Christian hope

hope Pope BENEDICT XVI

2007.11.30

Deus caritas est / God is Love On Christian love

love Pope BENEDICT XVI

2005.12.25

Ecclesia de Eucharistia / The Eucharist from the Church On the Eucharist in Its relationship to the Church

ecclesiology Eucharist

SAINT Pope JOHN PAUL II

2003.04.17

Fides et ratio / Faith and Reason On the relationship between faith and reason

doctrine reason


1998.09.14

Ut unum sint / That They Be One On commitment to ecumenism

ecclesiology ecumenism


1995.05.25

Evangelium vitæ / The Gospel of Life On the value and inviolability of human life

bioethics pro-life


1995.03.25

Veritatis splendor / The Splendour of Truth On certain fundamental questions of the Church's moral teaching

bioethics


1993.08.06

Centesimus annus / Hundred Years For the 100th anniversary of Rerum Novarum

social


1991.05.01

Redemptoris Missio / The Mission of the Redeemer On the permanent validity of the Church's missionary mandate

Holy Spirit mission


1990.12.07

Sollicitudo rei socialis / The Social Concern of the Church for the 20th anniversary of Popularum Progressio

social


1987.12.30

Redemptoris Mater / The Mother of the Redeemer Proclaiming the Marian Year

Mary


1987.03.25

Dominum et vivificantem / The Lord the Giver of Life On the Holy Spirit in the life of the Church and the world

Holy Spirit


1986.05.18

Slavorum apostoli / The Apostles of the Slavs For the 11th centenary of the evangelizing work of Sts. Cyril and Methodius

saint


1985.06.02

Laborem exercens On human work, for the 90th Anniversary of Rerum Novarum

social


1981.09.14

Dives in Misericordia / Rich in Mercy On Divine Mercy

love Sacred Heart


1980.11.30

Redemptor hominis / The Redeemer of Man On the Blessed Virgin Mary in the life of the pilgrim Church

ecclesiology Mary


1979.03.04

Humanæ vitæ / Human Life On the regulation of birth

bioethics social

BLESSED Pope PAUL VI

1968.07.25

Sacerdotalis Cælibatus / Priestly Celibacy On the celibacy of the priest

priest


1967.06.24

Populorum progressio / The Development of Peoples On the development of peoples

social


1967.03.26

Christi Matri / Mother of Christ On prayers for peace during October

Mary peace


1966.09.15

Mysterium fidei / The Mystery of Faith On the Holy Eucharist

Eucharist Mass


1965.09.03

Mense maio / The Month of May On prayers during May for preservation of peace

Mary peace


1965.04.29

Ecclesiam suam On the Church

ecclesiology


1964.08.06

Pacem in terris / Peace on Earth On establishing universal peace in truth, justice, charity, and liberty

peace social

SAINT Pope JOHN XXIII

1963.04.11

Pænitentiam agere / Doing Penance On the need for the practice of interior and exterior penance

fasting penance


1962.07.01

Æterna Dei sapientia / God’s Eternal Wisdom For the 15th centenary of the death of St. Leo I: The See of Peter as the centre of Christian unity

saint


1961.11.11

Mater et Magistra / Mother and Teacher On Christianity and social progress

social


1961.05.15

Princeps pastorum / The Prince of the Shepherds On the missions, native clergy and lay participation

mission


1959.11.28

Grata recordatio / Plesant Recollections On the rosary: prayer for the Church, missions, international and social problems

rosary social


1959.09.26

Sacerdotii nostri primordia / First Days of Our Priesthood On St. John Vianney

priest saint


1959.08.01

Ad Petri Cathedram / To the Chair of Peter On promoting under the impulse of charity, truth, unity and peace

doctrine


1959.06.29

Meminisse iuvat On prayers for the persecuted Church

peace Pope PIUS XII

1958.07.14

Ad Apostolorum Principis / At the Tomb of the Prince of the Apostles / 《宗徒之長》通諭 On communism and the Church in China

China communism

Pope PIUS XII

1958.06.29

Miranda prorsus On cinemas, radios and televisions

communication radio television Pope PIUS XII

1957.09.08

Pilgrimage to Lourdes / Le Pèlerinage de Lourdes On warning against materialism on the centenary of the apparitions of Lourdes

Lourdes Mary Pope PIUS XII

1957.07.02

Invicti athletæ On St. Andrew Bobola

saint Pope PIUS XII

1957.05.16

Fidei donum On the present condition of the Catholic missions, especially in Africa

Africa mission Pope PIUS XII

1957.04.21

Datis nuperrime On lamenting the sorrowful events in Hungary and condemning the ruthless use of force

Hungary peace Pope PIUS XII

1956.11.05

Lætamur admodum On renewing exhortation for prayers for peace for Poland, Hungary and the Middle East

Hungary peace Poland Pope PIUS XII

1956.11.01

Luctuosissimi eventus / Sorrowful Events On urging public prayers for peace and freedom for the people of Hungary

Hungary peace Pope PIUS XII

1956.10.28

Haurietis aquas On the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus

Sacred Heart Pope PIUS XII

1956.05.15

Musicæ sacræ / Sacred Music On sacred music

liturgy music Pope PIUS XII

1955.12.25

Ad Cæli Reginam / To the Queen of Heaven On proclaiming the Queenship of Mary

Mary Pope PIUS XII

1954.10.11

Ad Sinarum gentem / To the Chinese People / 《致中華人民》通

諭 On the supranationality of the Church, sufferings of the Church in China

China

Pope PIUS XII

1954.10.07

Ecclesiæ fastos For the 12th centenary of St. Boniface

saint Pope PIUS XII

1954.06.05

Sacra virginitas / Holy Virginity On consecrated virginity

priest religious Pope PIUS XII

1954.03.25

Fulgens corona / The Radiant Crown On proclaiming a Marian Year to commemorate the centenary of the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception

jubilee Mary

Pope PIUS XII

1953.09.08

Doctor mellifluus On the 12th centenary of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, the last of the Fathers

saint Pope PIUS XII

1953.05.24

Orientales Ecclesias On the condition of the Eastern Churches

Eastern Churches Pope PIUS XII

1952.12.15

Ingruentium malorum On reciting the rosary Pope PIUS XII

1951.09.15

Mary rosary

Sempiternus Rex Christus / Christ the Eternal King For the 15th centenary of the Council of Chalcedon Pope PIUS XII

1951.09.08

Evangelii præcones On promotion of Catholic missions

mission Pope PIUS XII

1951.06.02

Mirabile illud / Admirable Prodigy On the crusade of prayer for peace

peace Pope PIUS XII

1950.12.06

Humani generis On some false opinions threatening to undermine the foundations of Catholic doctrine

Bible doctrine evolution Pope PIUS XII

1950.08.12

Summi mæroris On public prayers for peace

peace Pope PIUS XII

1950.07.19

Anni Sacri / The Holy Year On a program for combatting atheistic propaganda throughout the World

doctrine Pope PIUS XII

1950.03.12

Redemptoris nostri cruciatus / Passion of Our Redeemer On the holy place of Palestine

peace

Pope PIUS XII

1949.04.15

In multiplicibus curis On prayers for peace in Palestine

peace Pope PIUS XII

1948.10.24

Auspicia quædam On public prayers for world peace and solution of the problem of Palestine

peace Pope PIUS XII

1948.05.01

Optatissima pax Prescribing public prayers for social and world peace

peace Pope PIUS XII

1947.12.18

Mediator Dei / Mediator between God and Men On the Sacred Liturgy

calendar divine office Eucharist liturgy Pope PIUS XII

1947.11.20

Fulgens radiatur On the 14th centenary of the most holy death of St. Benedict

saint Pope PIUS XII

1947.03.21

Deiparæ Virginis Mariæ / Blessed Virgin Mary On the possibility of defining the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a dogma of faith

Assumption Mary Pope PIUS XII

1946.05.01

Quemadmodum On assuming more eagerly at the present time the care of needy children

children Pope PIUS XII

1946.01.06

Orientales omnes Ecclesias / All the Eastern Churches On the 350th anniversary of the reunion of the Ruthenian Church with the Apostolic See

Eastern Churches Ruthenian Church Pope PIUS XII

1945.12.23

Communium interpretes dolorum / Interpreter of the Universal Anguish Appealing for prayers for peace during May

peace

Pope PIUS XII

1945.04.15

Orientalis Ecclesiæ / Eastern Church On the 15th centenary of St. Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria

saint Pope PIUS XII

1944.04.09

Divino afflante Spiritu / Inspired by the Divine Spirit On promoting Biblical studies, commemorating the 50th anniversary of Providentissimus Deus

Bible

Pope PIUS XII

1943.09.30

Mystici Corporis Christi / Mystical Body of Christ On the Mystical Body of Christ

doctrine ecclesiology Pope PIUS XII

1943.06.29

Sæculo exeunte octavo / Eighth Centenary On the 8th centenary of the independence of Portugal

Portugal Pope PIUS XII

1940.06.13

Sertum lætitiæ On the 150th anniversary of the establishment of the hierarchy in the United States

USA Pope PIUS XII

1939.11.01

Summi pontificatus / Supreme Pontiff On the unity of human society

peace Sacred Heart Pope PIUS XII

1939.10.20

Ingravescentibus malis On the rosary

Mary rosary Pope PIUS XI

1937.09.29

Nos Es Muy Conocida On the religious situation in Mexico

Mexico Pope PIUS XI

1937.03.28

Divini Redemptoris On atheistic communism

communism Pope PIUS XI

1937.03.19

Mit Brennender Sorge On Nazism, the Church and the German Reich

communism Germany social Pope PIUS XI

1937.03.14

Vigilanti cura On motion pictures

communication movie Pope PIUS XI

1936.06.29

Ad Catholici sacerdotii On the Catholic priesthood

priest Pope PIUS XI

1935.12.20

Dilectissima nobis On the oppression of the Church of Spain

Spain Pope PIUS XI

1933.06.03

Acerba Animi On the persecution of the Church in Mexico

Mexico Pope PIUS XI

1932.09.29

Caritate Christi compulsi On the Sacred Heart of Jesus

Sacred Heart Pope PIUS XI

1932.05.03

Lux veritatis For the 15th centenary of the Council of Ephesus Pope PIUS XI

1931.12.25

Nova impendet On the economic crisis

economy Pope PIUS XI

1931.10.02

Non Abbiamo Bisogno On Catholic Action in Italy, fascism

Italy Pope PIUS XI

1931.06.29

Quadragesimo Anno On Reconstruction of the Social Order, for the 40th anniversary of Rerum Novarum

social Pope PIUS XI

1931.05.15

Casti connubii On Christian marriage

marriage Pope PIUS XI

1930.12.31

Ad salutem On the 15th centenary of St. Augustine

saint Pope PIUS XI

1930.04.30

Divini illius magistri On Christian education of youth

education Pope PIUS XI

1929.12.31

Quinquagesimo ante Sacerdotal jubilee Pope PIUS XI

1929.12.23

Mens Nostra On the promotion of the spiritual exercises

spiritual Pope PIUS XI

1929.12.20

Rerum orientalium On the reunion with the Eastern Churches

Eastern Churches Pope PIUS XI

1928.09.08

Miserentissimus Redemptor On reparation to the Sacred Heart

Sacred Heart Pope PIUS XI

1928.05.08

Mortalium animos Promoting true religious unity

ecumenism Pope PIUS XI

1928.01.06

Iniquis afflictisque On the persecution of the Church in Mexico

Mexico Pope PIUS XI

1926.11.18

Rite Expiatis For the 7th centenary of the death of St. Francis de Assisi

saint Pope PIUS XI

1926.04.30

Rerum Ecclesiæ On Catholic Missions

mission Pope PIUS XI

1926.02.28

Quas Primas On the Feast of Christ the King

calendar Sacred Heart Pope PIUS XI

1925.12.11

Maximam gravissimamque On French diocesan associations

France Pope PIUS XI

1924.01.18

Ecclesiam Dei For the 3rd centenary of the death of St. Josaphat

saint Pope PIUS XI

1923.11.12

Studiorum ducem For the 6th centenary of the canonization of St. Thomas Aquinas

saint Pope PIUS XI

1923.06.29

Rerum omnium perturbationem Declaring St. Francis de Sales as Patron of Writers, on the 3rd centenary of his death

saint Pope PIUS XI

1923.01.26

Ubi Arcano On the peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ

social Pope PIUS XI

1922.12.23

Fausto appetente die For the 7th centenary of the death of St. Dominic

saint Pope BENEDICT XV

1921.06.29

In præclara summorum On the 6th centenary of the death of Dante

poetry Pope BENEDICT XV

1921.04.30

Sacra Propediem On the 7th centenary of the Third Order of St. Francis


1921.01.06

Annus iam plenus Appealing for help for the child war victims of Central Europe

Europe Pope BENEDICT XV

1920.12.01

Principi Apostolorum Petro On conferring upon St. Ephrem the Syrian the honour of Doctor of the Church


1920.10.05

Spiritus Paraclitus For the 15th centenary of the Death of St. Jerome

Bible Holy Spirit saint Pope BENEDICT XV

1920.09.15

Pacem Dei On Peace and Christian Reconciliation

peace Pope BENEDICT XV

1920.05.23

Paterno iam diu Appealing for help to the children of Central Europe

Europe Pope BENEDICT XV

1919.11.24

In hac tanta For the 12th centenary of the union of Germany with the Apostolic See due to St. Boniface

Germany saint Pope BENEDICT XV

1919.05.14

Quod iam diu On the Future Peace Conference


1918.12.01

Humani generis redemptionem On Preaching the Word of God

preaching Pope BENEDICT XV

1917.06.15

Ad beatissimi Apostolorum Principis Appealing for peace


1914.11.01

Singulari quadam On labour organizations

Germany labour SAINT Pope PIUS X

1912.09.24

Lacrimabili Statu On the conditions of Indians of South America

South America SAINT Pope PIUS X

1912.06.07

Iamdudum On the Law of Separation in Portugal

Portugal state SAINT Pope PIUS X

1911.05.24

Editæ Sæpe For the 3rd centenary of St. Charles Borromeo

saint SAINT Pope PIUS X

1910.05.26

Communium Rerum For the 8th centenary of the death of St. Anselm of Aosta


1909.04.21

Pascendi Dominici gregis SAINT Pope PIUS X

1907.09.08

Condemning doctrines of Modernism Bible modernism

Une fois encore On the separation of Church and State in France

France state SAINT Pope PIUS X

1907.01.06

Gravissimo officii munere Forbidding Associations culturelles

France SAINT Pope PIUS X

1906.08.10

Pieni L’Animo On the clergy in Italy

Italy SAINT Pope PIUS X

1906.07.28

Tribus circiter annis Condemning the Mariavites of Mystic Priests of Poland

Poland SAINT Pope PIUS X

1906.04.05

Vehementer nos On the French Law of Separation

France state SAINT Pope PIUS X

1906.02.11

Il Fermo Proposito On Catholic Action in Italy

Italy SAINT Pope PIUS X

1905.06.11

Acerbo nimis On Teaching Christian Doctrine

catechesis education SAINT Pope PIUS X

1905.04.15

Iucunda Sane For the 13th centenary of the death of Pope Gregory the Great


1904.03.12

Ad diem illum lætissimum For the 50th anniverary of the definition of the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception

Mary SAINT Pope PIUS X

1904.02.02

E supremi apostolatus cathedra On the restoration of all things in Christ SAINT Pope PIUS X

1903.10.04

Dum multa On marriage legislation

marriage Pope LEO XIII

1902.12.24

Fin dal Principio On the education of clergy

priest Pope LEO XIII

1902.12.08

Quæ ad nos On the Church in Bohemia and Moravia

Czech Republic Pope LEO XIII

1902.11.22

Miræ caritatis On the Holy Eucharist

Eucharist Pope LEO XIII

1902.05.28

Quod votis On the proposed Catholic university

education Pope LEO XIII

1902.04.30

In amplissimo On the Church in the United States

USA Pope LEO XIII

1902.04.15

Urbanitatis veteris On the foundation of a seminary in Athens

Greece Pope LEO XIII

1901.11.20

Reputantibus On the language question in Bohemia

Czech Republic Pope LEO XIII

1901.08.20

Gravissimas On religious orders in Portugal

Portugal Pope LEO XIII

1901.05.16

Graves de communi Re On Christian democracy

society Pope LEO XIII

1901.01.18

Tametsi futura prospicientibus On Jesus Christ the Redeemer Pope LEO XIII

1900.11.01

Omnibus compertum On unity among the Greek Melkites

Eastern Churches Greek-Melkite Church Pope LEO XIII

1900.07.21

Paternæ On the education of clergy


1899.09.18

Depuis le jour On the education of the clergy


1899.09.08

Annum sacrum On consecration to the Sacred Heart

Sacred Heart Pope LEO XIII

1899.05.25

Quum diuturnum On the Latin American Bishops' Plenary Council

South America Pope LEO XIII

1898.12.25

Diuturni temporis On the rosary

rosary Pope LEO XIII

1898.09.05

Quam religiosa On civil marriage law

marriage Peru Pope LEO XIII

1898.08.16

Sæpe Numero / Spesse Volte On the suppression of Catholic institutions

Italy Pope LEO XIII

1898.08.05

Caritatis studium On the Church in Scotland

Scotland Pope LEO XIII

1898.07.25

Affari vos On the Manitoba school question

Canada Pope LEO XIII

1897.12.18

Augustissimæ Virginis Mariæ On the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary

association rosary Pope LEO XIII

1897.09.12

Militantis Ecclesiæ For the 3rd centenary of the death of St. Peter Canisius

saint Pope LEO XIII

1897.08.01

Divinum Illud munus On the Holy Spirit

Holy Spirit Pope LEO XIII

1897.05.09

Fidentem piumque animum On the rosary Pope LEO XIII

1896.09.20

Mary rosary

Satis cognitum On the unity of the Church

ecclesiology Pope LEO XIII

1896.06.29

Insignes On the Hungarian millennium

Hungary Pope LEO XIII

1896.05.01

Adiutricem On the rosary

Mary rosary Pope LEO XIII

1895.09.05

Permoti nos On social conditions in Belgium

Belgium Pope LEO XIII

1895.07.10

Longinqua On Catholicism in the United States

USA Pope LEO XIII

1895.01.06

Christi Nomen On propagation of the faith and Eastern Churches

Eastern Churches mission Pope LEO XIII

1894.12.24

Orientalium Dignitas On the Churches of the East

Eastern Churches Pope LEO XIII

1894.11.30

Iucunda semper expectatione On the rosary


1894.09.08

Litteras a vobis On clergy in Brazil

Brazil Pope LEO XIII

1894.07.02

Inter Graves On the Church in Peru

Peru Pope LEO XIII

1894.05.01

Caritatis providentiæque On the Church in Poland

Poland Pope LEO XIII

1894.03.19

Providentissimus Deus On the study of Holy Scriptures

Bible Pope LEO XIII

1893.11.18

Non mediocri On the Spanish College in Rome

Spain Pope LEO XIII

1893.10.25

Lætitiæ sanctæ Commending devotion to the rosary


1893.09.08

Constanti Hungarorum On the Church in Hungary


1893.09.02

Ad extremas On seminaries for native clergy

India mission seminary Pope LEO XIII

1893.06.24

Inimica vis On freemasonry

freemasonry Pope LEO XIII

1892.12.08

Custodi di quella Fede On freemasonry


1892.12.08

Magnæ dei Matris On the rosary


1892.09.08

Quarto abeunte sæculo On the Columbus quadricentennial

mission Pope LEO XIII

1892.07.16

Inter gravissimas / Au milieu des sollicitudes On the Church and State in France

France state Pope LEO XIII

1892.02.16

Octobri mense On the rosary


1891.09.22

Pastoralis officii On the morality of dueling Pope LEO XIII

1891.09.12

Pastoralis On religious union


1891.07.25

Rerum novarum On capital and labour

labour social Pope LEO XIII

1891.05.15

In Ipso On episcopal reunions in Austria

Austria Pope LEO XIII

1891.03.03

Catholicæ Ecclesiæ On slavery in the missions

mission slavery Pope LEO XIII

1890.11.20

Ab Apostolici solii / Dall’alto dell’Apostolico seggio On freemasonry in Italy

freemasonry Italy Pope LEO XIII

1890.10.15

Sapientiæ Christianæ On Christians as citizens

social society Pope LEO XIII

1890.01.10

Quamquam pluries On devotion to St. Joseph

St. Joseph Pope LEO XIII

1889.08.15

Magni nobis On the Catholic University of America

USA Pope LEO XIII

1889.03.07

Exeunte iam anno On the right ordering of Christian life

moral society Pope LEO XIII

1888.12.25

Etsi cunctas On the Church in Ireland

Ireland Pope LEO XIII

1888.12.21

Quam Ærumnosa On Italian immigrants

USA Pope LEO XIII

1888.12.10

Paterna caritas On reunion with Rome of the Armenian Church Pope LEO XIII

1888.07.25

Armenian Church Eastern Churches

Sæpe nos On boycotting in Ireland

Ireland Pope LEO XIII

1888.06.24

Libertas præstantissimum On the nature of human liberty

freedom Pope LEO XIII

1888.06.20

In plurimis On the abolition of slavery

slavery Pope LEO XIII

1888.05.05

Quod anniversarius On His golden jubilee of priestly ordination Pope LEO XIII

1888.04.01

Officio sanctissimo On the Church in Bavaria

Germany Pope LEO XIII

1887.12.22

Vi è Ben Noto On the rosary and public life

Italy rosary Pope LEO XIII

1887.09.20

Pergrata nobis On the Church in Portugal


1886.09.14

Quod multum On the Liberty of the Church


1886.08.22

Iampridem nobis On Catholicism in Germany

Germany Pope LEO XIII

1886.01.06

Quod auctoritate apostolica Proclaiming the Extraordinary Jubilee of 1886

jubilee Pope LEO XIII

1885.12.22

Spectata Fides On Christian education

education Pope LEO XIII

1885.11.27

Immortale Dei On the Christian constitution of States

state Pope LEO XIII

1885.11.01

Superiore anno On the recitation of the rosary


1884.08.30

Humanum genus On freemasonry


1884.04.20

Nobilissima Gallorum gens On the religious question in France

France Pope LEO XIII

1884.02.08

Supremi apostolatus officio On devotion of the rosary


1883.09.01

Cum multa sint On conditions in Spain

Spain Pope LEO XIII

1882.12.08

Auspicato concessum Pope LEO XIII

1882.09.17

For the 7th centenary of the birth of St. Francis of Assisi Assisi saint

Etsi nos On conditions in Italy

Italy Pope LEO XIII

1882.02.15

Licet Multa On Catholics in Belgium

Belgium Pope LEO XIII

1881.08.03

Diuturnum illud On the origin of civil power

state Pope LEO XIII

1881.06.29

Sancta Dei civitas On mission societies

mission Pope LEO XIII

1880.12.03

Grande munus Adding the liturgical feast of Sts. Cyril and Methodius to the Universal Calendar

calendar saint Pope LEO XIII

1880.09.30

Arcanum divinæ On Christian marriage

marriage Pope LEO XIII

1880.02.10

Æterni Patris On the restoration of Christian philosophy

philosophy Pope LEO XIII

1879.08.04

Quod apostolici On socialism

social socialism Pope LEO XIII

1878.12.28

Inscrutabili Dei consilio On the evils of society

society Pope LEO XIII

1878.04.21

Quæ Patriarchatu On the problems of the Chaldean Catholics

Chaldean Church Eastern Churches

BLESSED Pope PIUS IX

1876.09.01

Graves ac diuturnæ On the Church in Switzerland

Switzerland


1875.03.23

Quod numquam On the Church in Prussia, Kulturkampf

Germany


1875.02.05

Omnem sollicitudinem On the Greek‐Ruthenian Rite

Eastern Churches Ruthenian Church


1874.05.13

Vix dum a nobis On the Church in Austria

Austria


1874.03.07

In magnis illis On the irregular consecratoin of Kaspar I. Rinkel as bishop of Harlem

Netherlands


1873.12.27

Etsi multa luctuosa On the Church in Italy, Germany and Switzerland

Germany Italy Switzerland


1873.11.21

Quartus supra vigesimum On the Church in Armenia

Armenia Armenian Church


1873.01.06

Quæ In Patriarchatu On the Church in Chaldea

Chaldean Church Eastern Churches


1872.11.16

Ordinem vestrum Lamenting that in some places the decisions of the First Vatican Council were opposed to

Vatican I


1871.10.27

Sæpe Venerabiles Fratres On thanksgiving for 25 years of pontificate


1871.08.05

Beneficia Dei On the 25th anniversary of his pontificate


1871.06.04

Ubi nos arcano Dei On Papal States

Papal States


1871.05.15

Respicientes ea omnia Protesting the taking of the Papal States

Papal States


1870.11.01

Quo impensiore Threat of excommunication to the Armenian Church



1870.05.20

Apostolici ministerio Naming an apostolic co‐visitator for the Armenian Church



1870.04.05

Multiplices inter Reorganizing the ecclesiastical hierarchy in Ecuador

Ecuador


1870.03.23

Non sine gravísimo To the patriarch of Constantinople on the situation of the Armenian Catholic Church



1870.02.24

Iam vos omnes Inviting the separated Christians of the Catholic Church to restore unity

ecumenism


1868.09.13

Arcano divinæ To all the bishops of the world, exhorting them to attend the First Vatican Council

Vatican I


1868.09.08

Ex quo infensissimi Concession of decorations to the Papal Military and the French auxiliary troops by its performance in the battle of Mentana


1867.11.14

Levate On the afflications of the Church

Poland Russia


1867.10.27

Venerablis On the Church in Russia

Russia


1867.10.17

Meridionali Americæ On the seminary for native clergy

seminary South America


1865.09.30

Multiplices inter Against the masonry

freemasonry


1865.09.25

Quanta cura Condemning current errors, accompanies the Syllabus of Errors

heresy


1864.12.08

Maximæ quidem To bishops of Germany reunited in Bamberg


1864.08.18

Germany Ubi urbaniano Russian persecution of Cathonlics in Poland

Poland


1864.07.30

Multis gravissimis Canonical norms to follow in the dioceses of Sicily

Italy


1864.01.28

Incredibili afflictamur To bishops of Bogota on persecution in New Granada

Chile Colombia


1863.09.17

Quanto Conficiamur Mœrore On promotion of false doctrines

doctrine


1863.08.10

Maximæ quidem On the Church in Bavaria

Germany


1862.07.09

Amantissimus humani To bishops of the Eastern rite on the care of the churches

Eastern Churches


1862.04.08

Iamdum cernimus On Italian revolutionaries

Italy


1861.03.18

Multis gravibusque Denouncing the non‐ratification of the concordat signed by the Grand Duke of Baden with the Holy See


1860.04.24

Novos et ante Protesting Victor Emmanuel


1860.03.26

Nullius certe On the need for civil sovereignty


1860.01.19

Maximo animi Protesting the occupation of Emilia by the troops of Victor Emmanuel II


1859.09.26

Ad gravissimum On the necessity of the Holy See having temporal power


1859.06.18

Qui Nuper On the Papal States

Papal States


1859.06.18

Cum Sancta Mater Ecclesia Pleading for public prayer for the Papal States

Papal States


1859.04.27

Amantissimi Redemptoris On priests and the care of souls, the Mass and its fruits

Mass priest


1858.05.03

Cum nuper To bishops of Sicily on care for clerics

Italy priest


1858.01.20

Singulari quidem On the Church in Austria

Austria


1856.03.17

Optime noscitis On episcopal meetings

Austria bishop


1855.11.05

Cum sæpe


1855.07.26

Inter graves On the commemoration of the Immaculate Conception on December 8

calendar Mary


1854.11.01

Apostolicæ nostræ caritatis Urging prayers for peace

peace


1854.08.01

Optime noscitis On the proposed Catholic university for Ireland

education Ireland


1854.03.20

Neminem vestrum To the clergy and faithful of Constantinople on the persecution of Armenians

Armenia


1854.02.02

Inter multiplices Pleading for unity of spirit

France


1853.03.21

Probe noscitis venerabiles On the discipline for clergy

Spain


1852.05.17

Nemo certe ignorat To bishops of Ireland on the discipline for clergy

Ireland


1852.03.25

Ex aliis nostris Conditions for obtaining indulgences in the extraordinary jubilee of 1852

jubilee


1851.11.21

Exultavit cor nostrum On the effects of the Jubilee of 1852

jubilee


1851.11.21

Si semper antea Thanking the European monarchs


1850.08.14

Nostis et Nobiscum On the Church in the Papal States, condemning attempts to undermine religion in Italy

Italy Papal States


1849.12.08

Quibus quantisque On the reestablishment of the Holy See in Rome

Rome Vatican City


1849.08.12

Ubi primum On the Immaculate Conception

Mary


1849.02.02

Non semel Against the attempts to proclaim the Republic of Rome

Italy


1848.06.23

Romani e quanti On maintaining the public order and respecting the institutions


1848.03.14

Ubi primum To religious superiors on the discipline for religious

religious


1847.06.17

Prædecessores nostros On aid for Ireland

Ireland


1847.03.25

Qui pluribus On communism, faith and religion

communism


1846.11.09

Inter Præcipuas / Tra le principali Pope GREGORY XVI

1844.05.08

On biblical societies, condemning non‐Catholic Bible societies Bible

Quas vestro To bishops of Hungary on mixed marriages

Hungary marriage Pope GREGORY XVI

1841.04.30

Afflictas in Hispania Protesting Spanish interference in the appointments of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the recent suppression of the religious orders

Spain

Pope GREGORY XVI

1841.03.01

Augustissimam Appealing for funds Pope GREGORY XVI

1840.12.21

Probe nostis On the propagation of the faith

evangelization Pope GREGORY XVI

1840.09.18

Commissum divinitus To clergy of Switzerland condemning the German state interference in Church affairs

state Switzerland Pope GREGORY XVI

1835.05.17

Singulari nos On the errors of Lammenais

doctrine Pope GREGORY XVI

1834.06.25

Quo graviora To bishops of the Rhineland on the 'Pragmatic Constitution'

Germany Pope GREGORY XVI

1833.10.04

Plura post On the jubilee of 1833

jubilee Pope GREGORY XVI

1832.12.02

Mirari vos On liberalism and religious indifferentism

doctrine Pope GREGORY XVI

1832.08.15

Cum primum To bishops of Poland on civil obedience

Poland state Pope GREGORY XVI

1832.06.09

Summo iugiter studio To bishops of Bavaria on mixed marriages

Germany marriage Pope GREGORY XVI

1832.05.27

Inter gravissimas To the Armenians of Constantinople

Armenian Church Pope GREGORY XVI

1832.02.03

Alli dilettissimi sudditi On cultural reforms in Italy

Italy Pope GREGORY XVI

1831.03

Chiamati della Divina Providenza On cultural reforms in Italy

Italy Pope GREGORY XVI

1831.02.09

Litteris alto On mixed marriages

marriage Pope PIUS VIII

1830.03.25

In supremi apostolatus On jubilee

jubilee Pope PIUS VIII

1829.06.18

Traditi humilitati On his program for the Pontificate, asking for prayers of his bishops Pope PIUS VIII

1829.05.24

Quanta lætitia Scotland

Pope LEO XII

1827.02.13

Quo graviora On secret societies Pope LEO XII

1826.03.13

Charitate Christi Extending the Jubilee to the universal Church

jubilee Pope LEO XII

1825.12.25

Ad plurimas easque gravissimas On the Basilica of St. Peter

basilica Pope LEO XII

1825.01.25

Quod hoc ineunte Proclaiming the Universal Jubilee of 1825

jubilee Pope LEO XII

1824.05.24

Ubi primum On his assuming the Pontificate Pope LEO XII

1824.05.05

Præclara quam Withdrawal of faculties from French bishoprics

France Pope PIUS VII

1820.05.16

Vineam quam plantavi New bishoprics in France


1817.06.12

Il trionfo Pope PIUS VII

1814.05.18

Vix nova a nobis New concessions


1809.02.27

Ecclesia Christi / La Chiesa di Gesu Cristo New distribution of dioceses in France


1801.08.15

Tam multa New arrangements in French hierarchy


1801.08.15

Ex quo Ecclesiam Pope PIUS VII

1800.05.24

Diu Satis To bishops of France on a return to Gospel principles


1800.05.15

Charitas On the civil oath in France

France Pope PIUS VI

1791.04.13

Inscrutabile On the problems of the pontificate Pope PIUS VI

1775.12.25

Salutis nostræ Proclaiminig a universal jubilee

jubilee Pope CLEMENT XIV

1774.04.30

Cum summi Proclaiminig a universal jubilee


1769.12.12

Inscrutabili divinæ sapientiæ To all Christians on proclaiming a universal jubilee


1769.12.12

Decet quam maxime To bishops of Sardinia on abuses in taxes and benefices

Italy Pope CLEMENT XIV

1769.09.21

Summa quæ On the Church in Poland

Poland Pope CLEMENT XIII

1768.01.06

Christianæ reipublicæ To bishops of Austria on the daners of anti‐Christian writings

Austria Pope CLEMENT XIII

1766.11.25

In dominico agro On instruction in the faith

catechesis Pope CLEMENT XIII

1761.06.14

Appetente sacro On the spiritual advantages of fasting

fasting Pope CLEMENT XIII

1759.12.20

Cum primum On observing canonical sanctions

canon law Pope CLEMENT XIII

1759.09.17

A quo die On unity among Christians

ecumenism Pope CLEMENT XIII

1758.09.13

Ex omnibus To bishops of France on the apostolic constitution

France Pope BENEDICT XIV

1756.10.16

Ex quo primum To Greek‐rite bishops on the Euchologion

Eastern Churches Pope BENEDICT XIV

1756.03.01

Allatæ sunt To Eastern missionaries on the observance of Oriental rites

Eastern Churches Pope BENEDICT XIV

1755.07.26

Quod provinciale To bishops of Albania on Christians using Mohammedan names

Albania Muslims Pope BENEDICT XIV

1754.08.01

Cum religiosi To bishops of the States of the Church on catechesis

catechesis Pope BENEDICT XIV

1754.06.26

A quo primum To bishops of Poland on Jews and Christians living in the same place

Jews Poland Pope BENEDICT XIV

1751.06.14

Apostolica constitutio On preparation for the Holy Year

jubilee Pope BENEDICT XIV

1749.06.26

Peregrinantes To all the faithful proclaiming a Holy Year for 1750

jubilee Pope BENEDICT XIV

1749.05.05

Magnæ nobis To bishops of Poland on marriage impediments and dispensations

marriage Poland Pope BENEDICT XIV

1748.06.29

Vix pervenit To bishops of Italy on usury and other dishonest profit

Italy Pope BENEDICT XIV

1745.11.01

Nimiam licentiam To bishops of Poland on validity of marriages

marriage Poland Pope BENEDICT XIV

1743.05.18

Quanta cura Forbidding traffic in alms Pope BENEDICT XIV

1741.06.30

Ubi primum On the duties of bishops

bishop Pope BENEDICT XIV

1740.12.03

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