How to Think About Foreign PolicyHow to Think About Foreign Policy
StructureStructure•OrganizationOrganization
ProcessProcess•How Decisions are madeHow Decisions are made
PolicyPolicy•Substance of policySubstance of policy
US National InstitutionsUS National Institutions
US Constitution
EXECUTIVE
Legislative Judicial
Institutional PowersInstitutional Powers Article One:Article One:
Congressional PowersCongressional Powers Declare WarDeclare War Raise and support Raise and support
armed forcesarmed forces Regulate armed Regulate armed
forcesforces Senate: approve Senate: approve
executive branch executive branch officialsofficials
Senate: advise and Senate: advise and consent on treatiesconsent on treaties
Tax and Spend Tax and Spend moneymoney
Article Two: Article Two:
Executive PowersExecutive Powers Make treatiesMake treaties Appoint officials Appoint officials
and ambassadorsand ambassadors Commander-in-chief Commander-in-chief
of armed forcesof armed forces
The Struggle for PowerThe Struggle for Power
Modern deference to PresidentModern deference to President
Public Opinion: Foreign policy is Public Opinion: Foreign policy is a presidential powera presidential power• When presidents ignore congress When presidents ignore congress
on foreign policy matters: public on foreign policy matters: public supports presidentsupports president
Congressional Power: $$$$$$$Congressional Power: $$$$$$$
Cabinet-Style Government Government(standard organizational structure)(standard organizational structure)
PresidentSecretary of… Secretary of… Secretary of…
Deputy Sec of…
Undersecretary of…
Undersecretary of…
Assistant Secretary of…
Assistant Secretary of…
Assistant Secretary of…
Career vs. AppointeeCareer vs. Appointee
Transition 2008-2009Transition 2008-2009
BushBush ObamaObama
CareerCareer
What is US Foreign Policy?What is US Foreign Policy?
White House National Security Council Presidential DirectivesPresidential Directives (from (from
Federation of American Scientists)Federation of American Scientists) US National Security Structure
State Department (1789)State Department (1789)
State Dept home page
Organization Embassies Careers Nations (includes (includes
background notes)background notes)
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/99494.htm
Department of Defense (1947)Department of Defense (1947)The PentagonThe Pentagon
http://odam.defense.gov/omp/Functions/Organizational_Portfolios/Organization_and_Functions_Guidebook.html
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Joint Staff
DoD StructureDoD Structure DoD Organization The Department of Defense The Office of the Secretary of DefenseThe Office of the Secretary of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff
• JCS Structure United States United States Army United States United States Navy
• Navy Structure United States United States Marine Corps United States United States Air Force Unified Command Plan Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency (NSA) Defense Science BoardDefense Science Board publications publications
Intelligence CommunityIntelligence Community Director of National Intelligence (2005) (2005)
• ODNI Structure• DNI National Intelligence Strategy (2005)DNI National Intelligence Strategy (2005)• National Intelligence Council
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) President’s Intelligence Advisory Board President’s Intelligence Advisory Board
(PIAB). Central Intelligence Agency (1947) (1947)
• World Factbook• CIA list of CIA list of World Leaders and Cabinet Members of and Cabinet Members of
Foreign GovernmentsForeign Governments• CIA-sponsored page of CIA-sponsored page of links on intelligence issues• Freedom of Information Act details for CIA documents
http://www.intelligence.gov/about-the-intelligence-community/structure/
Department of Homeland Security2003
Secretary of Homeland Security Structure
Congressional OversightCongressional Oversight• House Armed Services Committee• House Committee on Foreign AfairsHouse Committee on Foreign Afairs• House Select Committee on Homeland SecurityHouse Select Committee on Homeland Security• House Permanent Select Committee on House Permanent Select Committee on
IntelligenceIntelligence
• Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Committee on Armed Services • Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Senate Committee on Foreign Relations • Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Senate Committee on Homeland Security and
Government AffairsGovernment Affairs• Senate Select Committee on IntelligenceSenate Select Committee on Intelligence
• Congressional Budget Office (CBO)Congressional Budget Office (CBO)• Government Accountability Office (GAO)Government Accountability Office (GAO)• CRS Reports through the Federation of American CRS Reports through the Federation of American
ScientistsScientists
National Security CouncilNational Security Council
Members of NSCMembers of NSC PresidentPresident Vice PresidentVice President Secretary of StateSecretary of State Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense Secretary of Energy (2007)Secretary of Energy (2007) Any others the President wishes to addAny others the President wishes to add
Advisors to NSCAdvisors to NSC Chair JCSChair JCS DNIDNI
Current NSC Committee Structure
NSC
NSC Principals Committee
NSC Deputies Committee
NSC Interagency
Policy Comm.
NSC Interagency
Policy Comm. NSC
InteragencyPolicy Comm
NSC Interagency
Policy Comm
Evolution of NSC System
Statutory Design of NSC But sometimes
President
National Security Advisor
Trusted Advisor
Trusted Advisor
NSC Staff
Models of Decision Making
1. Analytical Model (Rational Actor)2. Organizational Process Model3. Bureaucratic Politics Model4. Presidential Management Model
1. Competitive Model2. Formalistic Model3. Collegial Model
1. Analytical Model (Rational Actor)1. Analytical Model (Rational Actor)
Cost Benefit AnalysisCost Benefit Analysis
OptionsOptions CostsCosts BenefitsBenefits
AA ?? ??
BB ?? ??
CC ?? ??
2. Organizational Process 2. Organizational Process ModelModel
State Defense Treasury
CommerceHomeland
Security
Advice to the President?Advice to the President? Solution to foreign crisisSolution to foreign crisis?? State: NegotiateState: Negotiate Treasury: SanctionsTreasury: Sanctions Commerce: TradeCommerce: Trade DNI: Need better intelligenceDNI: Need better intelligence CIA: Covert OperationsCIA: Covert Operations Defense: Use forceDefense: Use force
• Army: Ground troopsArmy: Ground troops• Navy: Carrier air powerNavy: Carrier air power• Marines: Amphibious landingMarines: Amphibious landing• Air Force: BombingAir Force: Bombing
3. Bureaucratic Politics Model3. Bureaucratic Politics Model
A7
A6
A5 A4
A3
A2
A1
PRES
4. Presidential Management 4. Presidential Management Model (PMM)Model (PMM)
What Structures, if any, are used in decision making?
Who is actually making the decision?
Who does the president trust the most?
PMMs
Competitive Formalistic Collegial