how to use the FDISK and FORMAT commands.doc

8/20/2019 how to use the FDISK and FORMAT commands.doc

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HOW TO USE THE FDISK TOOL AND THE FORMAT TOOLOW TO USE T E FDISK TOOL AND T E FORMAT TOOL

TO PARTITION OR REPARTITIONO PARTITION OR REPARTITION

A HARD DISK ARD DISK

How to Use the Fdisk and Format ToolsBefore you install your operating system, you must first create a primary partition on the hard disk (disk 1) on your

computer, and then format a file system on that partition. The Fdisk tool is an MS-!S-"ased tool that you can use to

prepare (partition) a hard disk. #ou can use the Fdisk tool to create, change, delete, or display current partitions on thehard disk, and then each allocated space on the hard disk (primary partition, e$tended partition, or logical dri%e) isassigned a dri%e letter. isk 1 may contain one e$tended partition, and a second hard disk may contain a primary ore$tended partition. &n e$tended partition may contain one or more logical MS-!S dri%es.

&fter you use the Fdisk tool to partition your hard disk, use the Format tool to format those partitions 'ith a filesystem. The file system File &llocation Ta"le (F&T) allo's the hard disk to accept, store, and retrie%e data. indo's *!+M Ser%ice elease (!S), indo's , indo's Second +dition, indo's Millennium +dition (Me), and indo's/// support the F&T10 and F&T file systems. hen you run the Fdisk tool on a hard disk that is larger than *1mega"ytes (MB), you are prompted to choose one of the follo'ing file systems2

F&T10 2 This file system has a ma$imum of giga"ytes (3B) for each allocated space or dri%e letter. Fore$ample, if you use the F&T10 file system and ha%e a 0-3B hard disk, you can ha%e three dri%e letters(4, , and +), each 'ith 3B of allocated space.

F&T 2 This file system supports dri%es that are up to tera"ytes in si5e and stores files on smaller sections ofthe hard disk than the F&T10 file system does. This results in more free space on the hard disk. TheF&T file system does not support dri%es that are smaller than *1 MB.

hen you run the fdisk and format commands, the Master Boot ecord (MB) and file allocation ta"les are

created. The MB and file allocation ta"les store the necessary disk geometry that allo's hard disk to accept, store, andretrie%e data.

Important Considerations Before You Use the Fdisk and Format Tools4onsider the follo'ing 6uestions "efore you use the Fdisk and Format tools2

1. 7s the hard disk ne'87f not, %ie' the Si$th 6uestion.7f yes, proseed to How to Partition and Format a Master Hard Disk Session.

. 7s this hard disk the only hard disk on your computer (master) or is this hard disk a second hard disk (sla%e) 8. 9a%e you prepared the hard disk "y follo'ing the manufacturer:s instructions 8

7t is important to set the ;umpers and ca"ling according to the role of the hard disk (master or sla%e)


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d. To test the Startup disk, insert it in the floppy disk dri%e, and then restart your computer. 7f you areusing a indo's -"ased computer, the Startup menu is displayed.

1/. o you need eal-mode 4-!M support8 8Some 4-!M dri%es re6uire eal-mode de%ice dri%ers. 7f you are planning to use indo's on your computer, theStartup disk contains generic, eal-mode &T&@7 4-!M and Small 4omputer System 7nterface (S4S7) dri%ers that canena"le 4-!M dri%es after you "oot from the indo's Startup disk. >ote that these 4-!M dri%ers may not'ork 'ith all 4-!M dri%esA they may 'ork as a replacement if the eal-mode 4-!M dri%ers that are included'ith your 4-!M dri%e are not a%aila"le.$%T& ' 7f you insert your indo's Startup disk, restart your computer, you may not "e a"le to change to the

dri%e letter of your 4-!M dri%e (usually one dri%e letter ahead of 'here the dri%e letter typically resides"ecause there is a random access memory &MC dri%e created "y the Startup disk), "ecause these dri%ers donot 'ork 'ith your 4-!M dri%e. Die' the documentation that is included 'ith your hard'are, or contactyour hard'are manufacturer to o"tain the 4-!M de%ice dri%ers

How to Partition and Format a Master Hard Diskarn EE 7f you use the follo'ing steps on a hard disk that is not empty, all of the data on that hard disk is

permanently deleted.How to Partition a Master Hard Disk

1. 7nsert the Startup disk in the floppy disk dri%e, restart your computer, and then use one of the follo'ing methods,depending on your operating system.

a. 7f you are using a indo's , indo's Second +dition, or indo's Me Startup disk, the Startup

menu is displayed, select the Start (omputer with CD)"%M support menu option, and then press +>T+.&t a command prompt, type fdisk, and then press +>T+

b. 7f you are using a indo's *-"ased computer, the Startup menu is displayed, select the Start (omputerwithout CD)"%M support menu option, and then press +>T+.&t a command prompt, type fdisk, and then press +>T+

. 7f your hard disk is larger than *1 MB, you recei%e the follo'ing message 2

Your computer has a disk larger than 512 MB. This version of Windowsincludes improved support for large disks, resulting in more efficientuse of disk space on large drives, and allowing disks over 2 B to !eformatted as a single drive.

"M#$%T&'T( "f )ou ena!le large disk support and create an) new drives on thisdisk, )ou will not !e a!le to access the new drive*s+ using other operatings)stems, including some versions of Windows 5 and Windows 'T, as well asearlier versions of Windows and M-/$-. "n addition, disk utilities thatwere not designed e0plicitl) for the &T2 file s)stem will not !e a!le

to work with this disk. "f )ou need to access this disk with other operatings)stems or older disk utilities, do not ena!le large drive support.

/o )ou wish to ena!le large disk support *Y3'+...........4 Y6

7f you 'ant to use the F&T file system, press # and then press +>T+. 7f you 'ant to use the F&T10 file system,press >, and then press +>T+.

. &fter you press +>T+, the follo'ing Fdisk %ptions menu is displayed 2

F7S !@T7!>

4urrent fi$ed disk dri%es 2 14hoose one of the follo'ing 21. 4reate !S partition or Gogical !S ri%e. Set acti%e partition. elete partition or Gogical !S ri%e


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a. 7f you 'ant to customi5e the si5e of the partitions (dri%e letters) on the hard disk, press >, and then press +>T+.@ress 1 to select the Create D%S partition or *ogi(al D%S Dri#e menu option, and then press +>T+.

". & dialog "o$ is displayed in 'hich you can type the si5e that you 'ant for the primary partition in MB or percent ofdisk space. >ote that for computers that are running either indo's or indo's Me, Microsoft recommendsthat you make the primary partition at least *// MB in si5e. Type the si5e of the partition that you 'ant tocreate, and then press +>T+.

c. @ress +S4 to return to the %ptions menu.d. To assign dri%e letters to the additional space on the hard disk, press 1, and then press +>T+.e. @ress to select the Create &,tended D%S Partition menu option, and then press +>T+.f. #ou recei%e a dialog "o$ that is displays the ma$imum space that is a%aila"le for the e$tended partition. #ou can

ad;ust the si5e of the partition or use the default si5e. >ote that the default ma$imum space is recommended,"ut you can di%ide the space "et'een multiple dri%e letters. Type the amount of space that you 'ant, press+>T+, and then press +S4.

g. The Create *ogi(al D%S Dri#e-s. in the &,tended D%S Partition menu is displayed. This is the menu that you canuse to assign the remaining hard disk space to the additional dri%e letters. Type the amount of space that you'ant to assign to the ne$t dri%e letter in the &nter logi(al dri#e si/e in M0+tes or per(ent of disk spa(e -1. "o$,and then press +>T+.

h. & ta"le that lists the dri%e letter that you created and the amount of space on that dri%e is displayed. 7f there isfree space on the hard disk, it is displayed near the "ottom of the ta"le. epeat steps e through g until yourecei%e the follo'ing message 2&ll a%aila"le space in the +$tended !S @artition is assigned to local dri%es

i. &fter you recei%e this message, press +S4 to return to the %ptions menu;. To acti%ate the partition from 'hich you plan to "oot (usually dri%e 4), press to select the Set a(ti#e partition

menu option, and then press +>T+.k. hen you recei%e the follo'ing message, press 1, and then press +>T+ 2

+nter the num"er of the partition you 'ant to make acti%e.l. @ress +S4, and then press +S4 to 6uit the Fdisk tool and return to a command prompt, and then %ie' the follo'ing

How to Format a Hard Disk section.

How to Format a Hard DiskAfter you create the partitions, you must format the partitions :

1. estart your computer 'ith the Startup disk in the floppy disk dri%e.

2. hen a command prompt is displayed, type format (' !s, and then press +>T+. This command transfers the systemfiles and should only "e used 'hen you format dri%e 4 (or your Iacti%eI dri%e). For all other partitions, typeformat drive' ('here drive is the letter of the partition that you 'ant to format).Note 2 7f you recei%e a IBad commandI or IBad file nameI error message, you may need to e$tract the Format.com

tool to your "oot disk. To do this, type extract ebd.cab format.com at a command prompt, and thenpress +>T+. After the Format.com tool is extracted to your boot disk, type format c: /s, or

type format drive: if you want to format a partition that is not your active partition.

3. When you successfully run the Format.com tool, you receive the following message :&>7>3, &GG &T& !> >!>-+M!D&BG+ 7S 7D+ 42 7GG B+ G!STE@roceed 'ith Format 8

. !ress ", and then press #$%#& to format drive '(. After the format procedure is finished, you receive the following message :

Dolume la"el (11 characters, +>T+ for none) 8 Note 2 %his is an optional feature that you can use to type a name for the drive. "ou can either type an

))*character name for the drive, or you can leave it blank by pressing #$%#&.

How to "epartition and Format a Sla#e Hard DiskHow to "epartition a Sla#e Hard Disk

7f you 'ant to add a second hard disk (sla%e dri%e) to your computer, you need to make sure that the ;umpers on"oth the master (original) and sla%e (ne' dri%e) are set according to the manufacturer:s instructions first so that yourcomputer can detect the hard disks. Derify that your hard'are is installed correctly, and then follo' these steps2

1. 4lick Start, point to "un, and then type (ommand (>ote that the (md command only 'orks on indo's ///-"ased computers).

. &t a command prompt, type fdisk, and then press +>T+. The follo'ing menu is displayed2. 1. 4reate !S partition or Gogical !S ri%e


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lastdri#e2drive1/. &fter you finish using the Fdisk tool, format the ne' partitions so that you can use them. &fter you press +S4 to

6uit the Fdisk tool, restart your computer to start indo's.How to Format a Sla#e Hard DiskTo format your ne' partition or partitions, use one of the follo'ing methods, depending on your file system. For a F&T10file system2

a. ou"le-click M+ Computer, right-click the partition that you ;ust created, click Format, click Full, and then clickStart.

". &fter the format procedure is complete, click %3 to close the dialog "o$.For a F&T file system2

a. 4lick Start, point to Programs, point to ((essories, point to S+stem Tools, click Dri#e Con#erter -FT45., andthen click $e,t.". 7n the Dri#es "o$, click the dri%e that you 'ant to con%ert to the F&T file system.c. 4lick $e,t, and then click %3 .d. 4lick $e,t, click $e,t, and then click $e,t again.e. hen the con%ersion procedure is finished, click Finish.

$%T&2 o not use the !s s'itch that you used 'hen you set up dri%e 4. &ll you need to do is to format the dri%e or dri%esso that you can use them (for e$ample, if you created t'o ne' dri%e letters, you need to format "oth dri%es).

For information a"out ho' to repartition the e$tended partition and logical dri%es, %ie' the follo'ing I9o' to epartitionand Format the +$tended @artition and Gogical ri%es of a 9ard iskI section in this article.Back to the topHow to "epartition and Format the &,tended Partition and *ogi(al Dri#es of a Hard Disk

Jse the steps in this section to resi5e or com"ine your e$tended partition and logical dri%es. Make sure that you ha%e arelia"le "ackup of any important data that you ha%e on your e$tended partition and logical dri%es "efore you proceed. 7fyou 'ant to com"ine your entire hard disk in one partition, use the steps in the I9o' to @artition and Format a Master9ard iskI section in this article.How to "epartition the &,tended Partition and the *ogi(al Dri#es$%T&2 hen you use this method, t'o or more partitions are left on your hard disk, a primary partition (usually dri%e 4)and an e$tended partition. +%en if you use the F&T file system, there is an -3B partition limitation unless you o"tain aB7!S upgrade that fully supports interrupt 1 e$tensions. For additional information a"out 'hy there is an -3B limit, clickthe article num"er "elo' to %ie' the article in the Microsoft no'ledge Base2

1***/ 9ard isk Gimited to -3B @artition7f you ha%e a hard disk that is larger than 3B and you are not using a disk o%erlay program or disk management soft'are,you need to partition and format the space that is remaining after you create each -3B partition2

1. @lace the Startup disk in your floppy disk dri%e, restart your computer, and then use one of the follo'ingmethods, depending on your operating system. For a indo's , indo's Second +dition, or indo's Me Startupdisk2

a. hen the Mi(rosoft 6indows 78 Startup menu is displayed, select the Start (omputer without CD)"%M support menu option, and then press +>T+.

". &t a command prompt, type fdisk, and then press +>T+.c. 3o to step .

For a indo's * Startup disk2d. &t a command prompt, type fdisk, and then press +>T+.e. 3o to step .

. 7f your hard disk is larger than *1 MB, you recei%e the follo'ing message2#our computer has a disk larger than *1 MB. This %ersio This %ersioK This %ersio Thiso's includes impro%edsupport for large disks, resulting in more efficient ue on large dri%es, and allo'ing disks o%er 3B to "e formattedas a single dri%e.

7M@!T&>T2 7f you ena"le large disk support and create any ne' dri%es on this disk, you u Lu u + 'ill not "e a"leto access the ne' dri%e(s) using other operating systems, including some %ersionng some %ersionng some %ersi ofindo's * and indo's >T, as 'ell as earlier %ersions of indo's and MS-!S. 7n addition, disk utilities that'ere not designated e$plicitly for the F&T file system 'ill not "e a"le to 'ork 'ith this disk. 7f you need toaccess this disk 'ith other operating systems or older disk uti older disk uti older disk uti older disk utilolder diskutilolder disk utilolder disk utilities, do not ena"le large dri%e support.

o you 'ish to ena"le large disk support (#=>)87f you 'ant to use the F&T file system, press # and then press +>T+. 7f you 'ant to use the F&T10 file system, press>, and then press +>T+.For additional information a"out the F&T and F&T10 file systems, cli4 systems, cli4 systems,cli systems, clicN systems, clic systems, clic systems, e num"ers+icle num"ershe articles in the Microsoft no'ledgeBase2

11* Ma$imum @artition Si5e Jsing F&T10 File System

1*T+. The follo'ing menu is displayed2. 1. elete @rimary !S @artition

http://support.microsoft.com/?id=255867#tophttp://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;153550http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;118335http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;154997http://support.microsoft.com/?id=255867#tophttp://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;153550http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;118335http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;154997


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1/. . elete +$tended !S @artition11. . elete Gogical !S ri%e(s) in the +$tended !S @artition

on-!S @artition1. @ress , and then press +>T+.

13. The Delete *ogi(al D%S Dri#e-s. in the &,tended D%S Partition screen is displayed 'ith a chart that descri"esthe attri"utes of your hard disk, as sho'n in the follo'ing e$ample.

Dr#9olume*a0el

M0+tes S+stem

2(Jserefined)

/


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R 7f you 'ant to use the unpartitioned space on your hard disk, you must format the dri%&>7>3, &GG &T& !@roceed 'ith Format (#=>)8

@ress #, and then press +>T+ to format the dri%e.R &fter the format procedure is finished, you recei%e the follo'ing message2

Dolume la"el (11 characters, +>T+ for none)8$%T&2 This is an optional feature that you can use to type a name for the hard disk. #ou

Back to the topFre;uentl+ sked e' 9ard isk

>ote that you cannot use the method descri"ed in this article to copy indo's *

Back to the top The information in this arti(le applies to'

R Microsoft indo's Millennium +ditionR Microsoft indo's R Microsoft indo's Second +ditionR Microsoft indo's *R Microsoft indo's * !+M Ser%ice elease R Microsoft indo's * !+M Ser%ice elease .1R Microsoft indo's * !+M Ser%ice elease .*

R*ast "e#iewed' *=1=//

(./)

3e+words' k"en%k"9ard'arek"ho'tok"setup'///setupB**0?

1*.

http://support.microsoft.com/?id=255867#tophttp://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;158238http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;166172http://support.microsoft.com/?id=255867#tophttp://support.microsoft.com/?id=255867#tophttp://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;158238http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;166172http://support.microsoft.com/?id=255867#top


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/"-7 -W"T89:-

3MB% %ecreate Master Boot %ecord on disk 1

%his function is handy when an virus has infected the aster -oot &ecord. With -& you can wipe*out the

virus.

F/012 does not build an -& on any drive except the primary master. F/012 will only create an -& on the

primary master drive if the drive does not already have a valid -&. %he ((AAh signature at the end of thesector is checked by F/012, if not present the -& is written. Also if the drive is blank, an -& is written.

/"-7 3-T&T;-

displa)s partition information without starting /"-7 and navigating thorough the menus. This

works with M-/$- version 5.


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3#%MT

#rompt for &T23&T1= in interactive mode

With F!&% you won each time you create a partition.

F/012 F!&%

3>

/o not use ?B& partitions

With 8 you won when partitions are larger than ()>b and FA%)= when

partitions are smaller than ()>b. !&0 and 9; creates FA%)= even if partitions are larger than ()>b 6in

effect, it?s like F/012 from /1 (=7.


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ormat -witches

F&A% @ places a file system on the disk for storage or a operating system.

FORMAT /c - 8auses $%M&T to retest !ad clusters, otherwise $%M&T will mark the clusters as

!ad !ut will not retest them.

FORMAT /s @ prepares a partition or disk to make it active or bootable.

FORMAT /mbr @ creates a new boot sector and should only be used as a last resort.

FORMAT /q @this is mostly unknown but seems to work if your having problems getting the W( setup towork 6not recommended unless it


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What is ?ow39igh ?evel ormatting

A low*level format 6first done at the factory7 draws magnetic lines on the hard disk, these days you rarely

need to redo a low*level format.

A high*level format creates a new FA% and scans the surface of the disk, finding and marking damaged

sectors 6those corrupted files7. !erforming a high*level format is deceptively easyC simply run the Formatutility.

Gowever, the /1 F&A% program only knows how to low*level format floppies, not harddrive


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%he factors that affect the speed of a Gard disk:

• &otation speed

• $umber of sectors per track

• 1eek time head switch time cylinder switch time

• &otational latency

• /ata access time

• 'ache on the G/

• Gow data is organi5ed on the disks

• %ransfer rates

• 0nterface 6#0/# 1'107

What are sectors, tracks, heads and c)linders4

n a Gard disk, data is stored in the magnetic coating of the disk. %he so called head, held by an actor arm,

is used to write and read data. %his disk rotates with a constant turn time, measured in revolutions perminute 6rpm7. /ata is organi5ed on a disk in cylinders, tracks and sectors. 'ylinders are concentric tracks on

the surface of the disk. A track is divided into sectors. A Gard disk has a head on each side of a disk.$owadays, the actuator arm is moved by a servo*motor 6not a step*motor which needs more time while

swinging in after moving over the desired track7. All harddisks have reserved sectors, which are usedautomatically by the drive logic if there is a defect in the media.

%otation speed

%ypical harddisks have a rotation speed from ,(DD to J,>DD rpm, a )D,DDD rpm drive Hust hit the market.%he faster the rotation, the higher the transfer rate, but also the louder and hotter the G/. "ou may need to

cool a J>DD rpm disk with an extra fan, or its life would be much shorter. odern G/?s read all sectors of a

track in one turn 60nterleave ):)7. %he rotation speed is constant.

'um!er of sectors per track

odern harddisks use different track si5es. %he outer parts of a disk have more space for sectors than theinner parts. Bsually, G/?s begin to write from the outside to the inside of a disk. Gence, data written or read

at the beginning of a G/ is accessed and transferred faster rate.

-eek time 3 head switch time 3 c)linder switch time

%he fastest seek time occurs when moving from one track directly to the next. %he slowest seek time is theso called full*stroke between the outer and inner tracks. 1ome harddisks 6especially 1'10 drives7 don


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After the head is positioned over the desired track, it has to wait for the right sector. %his time is called

rotational latency and is measured in ms. %he faster the drives spins, the shorter the rotational latency time.%he average time is the time the disk needs to turn half way around, usually about ms 6J>DDrpm7 to =ms

6(DDrpm7.

/ata access time

/ata access time is the combination of seek time, head switch time and rotational latency and is measured in

ms.

As you now know, the seek time only tells you about how fast the head is positioned over a wanted cylinder.Bntil data is read or written you will have to add the head switch time for finding the track and also the

rotational latency time for finding the wanted sector.

8ache

0 guess you already know about cache. All modern G/?s have their own cache varying in si5e andorgani5ation. %he cache is normally used for writing and reading. n 1'10 G/?s you may have to enable write

caching, because often it is disabled by default. %his varies from drive to drive. "ou will have to check thecache status with a program like &-#""/ from 1eagate.

"ou may be surprised that it is not the cache si5e that is important, but the organi5ation of the cache itself6write read cache or look ahead cache7.

With most #0/# drives, the !'?s system memory is also used for storing the G/?s firmware 6e.g. software or-017. When the drive powers up, it reads the firmware from special sectors. -y doing this, manufacturers

save money by eliminating the need for & chips, but also give you the ability to easily update your drives-01 if it is necessary 69ike for the W/ drives which had problems with some motherboard -01< resulting

in head crashesL7.

$rganiCation of the data on the disks

"ou now know, a Gard disk has cylinders, heads and sectors. 0f you look in your -01 you will find these 3

values listed for each Gard disk in your computer. "ou learned that a Gard disk don?t have a fixed sector si5eas they had in earlier days.

%oday, these values are only used for compatibility with /1, as they have nothing to do with the physical

geometry of the drive. %he Gard disk calculates these values into a logical block address 69-A7 and then this9-A value is converted into the real cylinder, head and sector values. odern -01? are able to use 9-A, so

limitations like the (D - barrier are now gone.

'ylinder, heads and sectors are still used in /1 environments. 1'10 drives have always used 9-A to accessdata on the Gard disk. odern operating systems access data via 9-A directly without using the -01.

Transfer rates

0n the pictures you can see the several ways how data can be stored physically on the Gard disk. With abenchmark program that calculates the transfer rate or seek time of the whole Gard disk you can see if your

drive is using a


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1canners for example aren devices have to take turns controlling the bus. 0f there is a Gard disk and a '/*& on the same channel, the Gard disk has to wait until a reKuest to the '/*& has finished. -ecause

'/*& 1'107.

#ossi!le transfer rates of the -8-" !us

-8-"!us clockD!it

*5< wire data ca!le+

1=!it

*=D wire data ca!le, Wide -8-"+

( G5 61'10 )7 ( bytess $A

)D G5 6Fast 1'10, 1'10 007 )D bytess >D bytess

>D G5 6Fast*>D, Bltra 1'107 >D bytess D bytess

D G5 6Fast*D, Bltra*> 1'107 D bytess MD bytess

%he theoretical transfer rate of #0/# is up to )=.= bytess in !0 mode or multi /M& mode > 6soon .

M!)tes3s7 with all the problems you may have already faced. Gere you will find a ta!le of several

interfaces and their speeds. Gowever, today


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ultitasking environments especially benefit from 1'10, since simultaneous access occurs freKuently. 0f you

have a server or are working with large files like audio, video or disk*intense applications, you will benefitmore from 1'10 than #0/#. %here are three reasons for this:

• All modern operating systems now supports 1'10 very well. Windows 3.x didn


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• Also, make sure to match the controller with the drive. An Bltra Fast 1'10 drive will not be Bltra Fast

if you only use a 1'10 > controller. %he same can be said for an #0/# 6#nhanced 0ntegrated /rive#lectronics7 G/ and an 0/# controller.

• -a!imum formatted storage capacity . G/ manufacture, $%F17, cluster si5e or allocation unit, type of files being stored, and so on.

• Transfer rate. %he transfer rate is the rate at which the drive and controller can send data to the

system. %he greater the value, the better. Bltra Fast Wide 1'10 subsystems hold the current record atDsec.

• otational speed +/-. &otational speed and transfer rates are closely related. %he faster the &!,

the more data passes under the readwrite head in a set period of time, allowing for higher total

transfer. Faster is not always better, however. %he faster the &!, the more chance you have to dropsome data. $ot a problem for digital video, as in AI drives, but not so good for your spreadsheet.

• 0verage seek time +also knon as access time. %he access time is the amount of time that lapses

between a reKuest for information and its delivery. %he lower the value, the better. ost modern G/s

have an access time of )Dms or less.

• 1ost per mega&yte. %his is a good way to compare two drives of different storage capacity. Forexample, the 0- )>; drive cost O3 63)>,DDD7, which translates to about 3 cents per ). A );drive costing O ran me )D cents per )C therefore, 0


16/26

operation, or prevent the !' from booting at all. 0n extreme cases, a severely overloaded power supply can

even break down. Gere are some rules to help avoid power problems:

• 0f you


17/26

"s Your 8ontroller "/:, or "s "t :"/:4

0t


18/26

2. 9ocate and remove the mounting screws. %hese are found either on the side of the drive bay or in front

emove the drive mounting scres.

. 'arefully slide the drive out, making sure not to snag any other cables or wires in the process.

F. &emove and save any mounting brackets, slide rails, and screws that may be attached. "ou can reusethem on the new drive. %hat


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0n this section, you learn how to add a new 1'10 hard drive to your system. 0f you don


20/26

• %he boot disk is usually set to 0/ D.

• %he host adapter is usually set to 0/ J.

1ome new 1'10 devices are supporting 310- +313I 1onfigured 0utomatically, where the host adapter

assigns the uniKue 0/s at boot up automatically. 0f your devices support this, be sure to enable this feature inthe host adapter or Windows $%.

• 9I$3 support for &oota&le 1D6$- . #nabling this feature allows you to boot your system from special

bootable '/*&s.

• /lug and /lay 310- support . 1'A automatically assigns a uniKue 1'10 0/ to any device attached to

the 1'10 chain that supports this feature.

• Target 9oot ID. %his is the 1'10 0/ of the disk you want to boot from. With 1'10, you can choose

which disk you want to boot from, unlike with 0/#.

#%:#&%"' &'/ $%M&TT"' T9: /%"E:

$ow that you


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0t is important to note that not all older -01


22/26

T$$#3 ';I'D I= DI3 1 03H

1) Power Quest Lost & Found (http://www.powerquest.com/) *****

&ather than spending thousands of dollars to send your hard drive to a data recovery center, 9ost T Foundlets you automatically recover and restore data after accidental 6or even intentional7 data loss, or from

corrupted media caused by a disk crash or logical system failure. ur patent*pending technology will evenrecover data if the partition has been reformatted or if the FA% tables have been destroyedL 0n fact, as long

as your disk is still spinning, 9ost T Found can locate and recover almost any file, anywhere on your disk.

I have tried out #ost ? )ound once. It is a D$3 &ase softare and is easy to operate. In my instant case it

recovered all the data, hile =orton Disk Doctor and 3candisk refused to operate and =orton disk doctor kept on crashing hile operating on this drive. If your hard drive crash and to recover the data you have to keep

ready other &ackup medium pro&a&ly second hard disk or zip drive or &o! of floppy disks as it refuse to

recover data on damaged disk +though it is good for safety .

2) TIRAMISU for FAT32 V3.03 Sophisticte! "t Reco#er$ Softwre for "%S &! 'I("%'S from

%&trc "t I&ter&tio&* ++++

• %0&A01B scans the drive even when there are physical damages. %he found data are analy5ed and

reconstructed.%0&A01B can handle drives without readable boot sector, readable Fat or readabledirectories. 0t can handle drives that are not recogni5ed by /1 anymore.

• %0&A01B automatically creates a I0&%BA9 /&0I# in memory. %his virtual drive looks like a usual file

manager. "ou can see the lost directories and files of your crashed drive. $ow files and directories canbe viewed and copied to a safe medium.

• %he extensive use of our sophisticated pattern recognition technology enables %0&A01B to put theright pieces of data together again. #ven disks with very few administrative informations left can reach

a high recovery Kuality.

• %0&A01B recovers much more data than any other


23/26

,. -rsh roof http://u&ist*.com/crshproof.htm ++++

'rash proof is a Gard /isk 'rash !revention and data recovery software. nce installed &evives the disk

against any kind of software crash. Iendor claims about crash proof are:

• protects the disk against any kind of software crash.

• protects the disk against crash due to viruses like Win '0G, Worm, #xplore...

• protects the disk against 1oftware malfunctioning.

• the disk which has Hust been formatted.

"ou should use 'rash !roof -ecause :

• it displays the directory tree of the crashed disk. @ +It is important. If )0T gets corrupted you need

this very much

• it reKuires no technical knowledge to operate.

• it reKuires only a few minutes to revive the disk.

•

it is the complete solution to multiple problems.

:T %"/ $ M:--&:- ?"7: ('o More /ata ?oss due to (

;eneral Failure &eading /riveAccidental format

0nvalid edia %ype #rror/eltree Files

0nvalid /rive 1pecificationWorm #xplore.Qip Iirus 6U./oc, U.!!% etc.7

0nvalid !artition %ableAny software virus 'rash

1ystem Fault, 1ector $ot Found

/ata #rror &eading /rive

Aell it is &oth a protective and recovery softare.

=D'#'T' 6 I H04' '-/TI'D -5 '151#' 9I= BB

What 9appened to ;'/:?:T:4

When icrosoft created Win(, they removed the B$/#9#%# program. 0n doing so, they made life miserable

for people who either delete files from the Windows &ecycle -in or Puick*format their drives. And then whathappens if you Puick*format your drive under /1 or WindowsE %GA% causes the file names in the directories

to appear erased, Hust as if had deleted them, but the data for those files is still on the drive. A FB99 erasewill actually write formatting information to all the file areas and totally wipe them off the disk, but a Kuick

format leaves them there except for changing the directory entries. 1o what do you do about thatE

http://unistal.com/crashproof.htmhttp://unistal.com/crashproof.htm


24/26

5) . OW R&3O 6777 R&CO8&R% Y OUR F I'&%

R$o 6777 is a Windows application program that runs on Win(, WinM, or Windows $% .D. %he aster

-oot &ecord must be intact on the drive you are recovering, and the drive to be recovered must not be theboot drive. R$o 6777 scans the drive to be recovered for directory entries, and rebuilds a table of all

directory structures and files on the drive. %hen it allows you to specify which files are to be recovered andthe target drive to which to send the recovered files. "ou never send the recovered files to the drive being

recovered because that would risk overwriting other files.

R$o 6777 will recover files from FA%)> drives 6floppy diskettes7, FA%)= 6/1, Win(A, and $%.D7 drives,FA%3> 6Win(- and WinM7 drives, and $%F1 drivesC it does this locally or over a network. A special featureallows a Win( or WinM workstation to recover files from an $% 3.() server across a network.

=. $ther ;ndelete Tools

Bndelete ).> from http:www.alsos.comhome.html

$orton Bnerase from $orton Btilities www.symentac.com

Bnerase from cafee $uts T -olts http:www.mcafee.com

7. IMPORTANT - Recover Program - What happens when you want torecover a fle rom !oopy "most unrel#a$le me%#a ever& an% N'' orscan%#s( starts g#v#ng alse errors an% are una$le to recover #t. Th#s

program rea%s the fle rom the !oopy an% saves #t to the %#s(.'ownloa% #t rom here. http)**www.systwea(.com*%ownloa%*recover.+#p ",/&. Th#s #s an evaluat#on vers#on.

$TH' %'='0# D 0T0 '1$4'5 0=D T $$#3 ) $ D 0I#5 3'3

Gere are some utilities for Windows x systems :

). (orto& Uti*ities * 0t is the standard and contains with others three utilties you need most

• $orton /isk /octor : 0t is available in two version. ne for Windows and other replaces scandisk in

/1 ode. Windows version is though Kuite stable. /1 version 0 have tested from 6$orton Btilities 3

till $orton >DDD7 causes ;eneral !rotection Faults if large files or large disk is there. $orton /isk/octor is Hust improved version of 1candisk with some bells and whistles and some feature extra.

$orton /isk doctor is suitable for some minor glitches to FA%, daily routine checks and recovering datafrom floppy disks in case of bad sectors and does that Hob Kuite well. -ut in case of disk failure this is

not the tool you can trust with full confidence. 9ost and Found and 1tellar are recommended for moresafety.

• $orton 1peed /isk : Bsed to optimi5e /isk. ne of the best and better than windows defrag.

• $orton Bnerase : &ecovers deleted files. -ut still it lacks behind 9ost and Found in recovering deleted

files.

• 0t also includes other tools like $orton /isk #dit etc. which 0 think are for super novice users.

• What $orton Btilities don


25/26

Iarious parts of suits are not tightly and well integreated as $orton Btilities >DDD.

3. FI1IT Uti*ities * %o be frank 0 have never run Fix*0t. -ut 0 have read a review about it in a maga5ine.According to the editor F08*0% Btilities was good. ne thing kept it ahead of $orton and $uts T -olts was thespeed and small foot print the program reKuired compared to its counterparts. $orton 1ystem /octor was a

-ig 1ystem Gog and clogged about >D to 3D N of system resources compared to ( N of Fix*0%.

. &nti Eirus #ackages

• Norto! A!ti 8irus

• Mcaf A!ti 8irus

'hoice is simple toss a coin and choose. -ut 0 recommend that you should use both because in these times of internet where virus spread like a boooom you should not trust on any one package and use both for more

safety.

Ahat To do &efore my HDD could 1rash BBB

Well as old saying goes 9$r!tio! is bttr t#a! cur9)

-teps )ou should take !efore a crash 3r!tio!s;

%escue /isk

1. 8reate a !oota!le /iskette2. "t should contains latest drivers and utilities

3. "f )ou have an) utilit) programs and &nti Eirus packages such as 'orton ;tilities or 'uts HBolts or Mcafee which provides for creation of rescue diskette. 8reate it.

F. 7eep )our windows operating s)stem 8/ alwa)s read) and in safe place.

Backups

1. You should alwa)s do regular !ackup of most critical data of )our s)stem.

SSØ ¥ Ð§ !! ! C RASH !! !² SS Ø ¥ Ð§

??! @*!!*?* WHAT TO DO !@*! !*?* ??

You ma) face these pro!lems

1. 1ystem can


26/26

4. y hard disk has been completely wiped out. BLL -est lets laugh LLL .

(. 0f hard disk is partitioned all or some of partitions have been wiped out. LLL Gi Gi Gi LLL

6. FA% is corrupted. LLL ho ho ho LLL .

7. ore T more problems........... LLL 0 am enHoying LLL .

-olutions

). 2eep it cool. %ake it easy. Gave a mug of coffee, sit, relax and start the work.

>. First check for any loose cable or loose card inside your computer. ake sure all cable connectionsare tight, all the connectors are screwed down and fixed properly in.

3. 'heck whether your cmos info is all correct. ay be it go corrupted and you get invalid drivespecification. #nter bios setup by rebooting the computer and pressing /#9 key at startup after &A

'ount. 'heck that all things are entered correctly. 0f all other fails lets start the dirty work.

. -ring all your recovery rescue disks. 'heck their write protection tab. 0f not protected, lock them,

there could be a virus. UUU 0mportant UUU

(. -oot from your disk.

=. &un your anti*virus software.

J. 0f there is virus. 'ure it. any times a virus makes Gard /isk inaccessible. 0f all goes well you will

have your data back.

M. Iirus is removed or if no virus found but hard disk is still damaged. &ead on.

. $ow run scandisk or $orton /isk /octor, or /isk inder 6nuts and bolts7. #rrors found. &epair themwith undo option. 0t may be needed in case hard disk is not fully repaired and you may use advance

tools.

)D.$ow turn of advance tools. 'heck above tools like 1tellar or 9ost T Found.

)).Follow their steps.

)>. 0f they reKuire another disk for data recovery borrow a hard disk from your friend. 0n case it is not

possible then keep large box of floppy disks ready. 6it depends on your data si5e7.

13. All goes well recover data thank me.

).1till at first stage * take your disk at data recovery shops. 0t. 0s /isk still usable. !artitioned it again. Bse Fdisk to delete old partitions, create new and then format.As it is good because many internal data structure on disk may have suffered damage so creating new

partition is highly recommended.

3. Gard disk is not usable. /on

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