-By Arpan Chavda09BCE006

Boot loaderDesktop ManagementFile systemsSoftware ManagementFile structure SecurityConclusionMy Achievements

Outline

Ubuntu (Most of all Linux) uses GRUB(Grand Unified Boot loader) which is developed under GNU project.

Latest version:GRUB2It will generate Booting Entries resides in all

partitions and write onto MBR.dynamically configurable config file:/boot/grub/grub.conf “sudo update-grub” to update grub.

Boot Loader

boot.img is stored in the MBR or Volume boot record and it will load like Stage 1.

This loads the first sector of core.img (generated from diskboot.img) which is then used to load the rest of the generated core.img file.

How GRUB2 works?

The core.img file will normally be stored in the same location as Stage 1.5(GRUB Stage 1.5 is located in the first 30 kilobytes of hard disk immediately following the MBR and before the first partition)

Once loaded, the core.img file will load the default configuration file and any other modules needed in stage 2.

Desktop management contain basic tools for essential operations like login,file managing,UI,etc.

Login manager: GDM for older ubuntu and LightDM for Ubuntu 11.10

File manager: Nautilus File managerFor Ubuntu 11.04 or Ubuntu 11.10 it contain

Its own Desktop Interface called “Unity”.

Desktop Management

KDE: More functionality,Higher RAM usage than other,animations,etc

GNOME: Compact,slick,easy to useXFCE:Easy to use,faster,low power

usage,etcLXDE:Very light,compact,Lowest RAM Usage

than others,low power usage

Desktop Environments

Ubuntu uses EXT journaling file system.A journaling file system is a file system that

keeps track of the changes that will be made in a journal (usually a circular log in a dedicated area of the file system) before committing them to the main file system. In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems are quicker to bring back online and less likely to become corrupted.

File systems

Comparisons of EXTs

File system

Maximum  filename

length

Allowable characters in

directory entries

Maximum pathname

length

Maximum file size

Maximum volume size

ext2ext2 255 bytes Any byte except NULL

and /

No limit defined

16 GB to 2 TB

2 TB to 32 TB

ext3 255 bytes Any byte except NULL

and /

No limit defined

16 GB to 2 TB

2 TB to 32 TB

ext4 256 bytes Any byte except NULL

and /

No limit defined

16 GB to 16 TB

1 EB (but user tools

limited to 16 TB)

Software management Synaptic package manager: It is software manager to install or remove

software in all Linux systems. Ubuntu software centre: It is software manager created by Ubuntu

team which contain software list with attractive user interface with managed things.

How USC works? APT(Advance packaging Tool): It is a CLI

that works with core libraries to install and remove software in a system.

Command: sudo apt-get install “soft-name” PPA(Personal Package Archive):It is a

software repository used to manage software in a system.

PPA is trustworthy rather that grabbing exe from untrusted site in windows systems.

File structure

Root Directory:/

/bin

/boot

/dev /etc

/home /lib

/media

/mnt

/tmp

/sys

/usr

/var

Root DirectoryBegins filesystem structure

/usrHolds subdirectories that support userAdministrative applicationlibraries

/mediaUsed for mount pointsMount CD-Rom, DVD,floppy

/mntUsed for mount pointsMount filesystem (windows partition)

/homeHold home directoriesLike user account

/var Holds files and directories that frequently changeLike web server files, log files, printer spool file

Security Most Linux system is safe and secure. Most Trojans and viruses are made to attack

on windows systems You can use “Firestarter”(Firewall software)

and ClamTK(Antivirus scanner).

Conclusion Ubuntu is used at server level but it has no

major PC Market(3%) compared to windows.It is increasing nowadays.

Today's Ubuntu is more user friendly rather than previous Ubuntu versions.

My Achievements

I. Gbuntu(Genius+Ubuntu)My Linux Operating system based on ubuntu

10.04.3 http://sites.google.com/site/gbuntuproject

I. My first ubuntu appSimple app describing about gbuntu.Using python and GTK+ Environment.

References GNU Project site Ubuntu Forums IBM guide for Linux file systems GRUB2 Guide Ubuntu 10.10 official User guide Ubuntu wikis

ANY Q???

THANK YOU