Earth Science MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 09-10

The Earth Science midterm is a cumulative exam that encompass all of the concepts learned and activities completed since September. The Midterm will consist of 100 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions. The midterm and final exams combined are equivalent to 1/5 of your final grade for the course...they are significant! Be sure to study!

How to study:

To be a successful as possible for this exam – you should be studying well in advance of the exam (several hours total).

Review previous class notes and handouts

Review previous terminology learned in class and in your text (flash cards work well)

Review previous tests (check your folder in the back of the room).

Review diagrams in your text (can you talk about what is being depicted in these diagrams?)

Review end of chapter/section review questions in your text

Chapters Covered :1,2,3,5,6,8,9,10,12,13,26

Topics to study:

The Scientific method The 5 Branches of Earth Science Scientific Theories vs. Laws What made the dinosaurs extinct Size and shape of the Earth

Source of Earth’s Magnetic Field Layers of the Earth Biogeochemical Cycles Water Cycle Succession and Ecosystems Human impact on the environment Newton’s Law of Gravitation Map Skills- cartography Latitude & Longitude Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener’s evidence Modern evidence for Plate Tectonics Convergent vs. Divergent Plate Boundaries Transform Plate Boundaries Pangaea/Panthallassa Ring of Fire Sea floor spreading Paleomagnetism Deep sea tranches

Compass Rose/Map Lagend Geographic vs. Geomagnetic poles Map Projections Contour Maps Properties of Minerals Silicate Minerals Mineral ID tests 3 Types of Rocks- examples Igneous Rock Formations 3 kinds of sedimentary rocks Regional vs. Contact Metamorphism Geologic Time Scale Era, Period, epoch Precambrian,Paleozoic, Mesozoic and

Cenozoic Eras- type of life forms Law of Superposition Law of Cross Cutting Relationships Relative vs. Absolute Dating Half-Life/Carbon dating Fossils Earthquakes- Elastic Rebound Theory Epicenter/focus Richter magnitude Seismic Waves- P, S, L waves

Vulcanism Magma v. lava Major volcanic zones Hot spots Pyroclastic material Types of Volcanoes ( Cinder, Shield and

Composite Volcanoes)SeasonsEquinoxes and Solstices

Locating an epicenter Tsunami Rotation of Earth Revolution of Earth Why do we have seasons? Leap Year Daylight Saving Time International date Line Time Zones

Be able to:

design an experiment using the steps of the scientific method explain how the text book explains the extinction of the dinosaurs and relate this to the steps of the scientific

method explain how science is different from other areas of study state the circumference and diameter of the Earth list the layers of the Earth and their properties , such as compostion, state of matter, temperature explain how the force of gravity varies with mass and distance of objects describe what drives the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates explain how ecosystems respond to change distinguish between the (geo)magnetic and geographic Poles describe how latitude and longitude can be used to pinpoint locations of Earth interpret the symbols used and the legend of a map interpret topographic maps distinguish between the two types of minerals (silicate and non-silicate) list the criteria that must be met for a substance to be considered a mineral describe the tests and properties used to identify unknown minerals distinguish between the three families of rock and give examples of each describe the processes that form the different types of rocks explain the changes that have occurred to the Earth and its life forms over time use the Geologic Time Scale list evidence to support Alfred Wegener’s Theory of Continental Drift list modern evidence to support the idea of Plate tectonics describe the type of geologic features that form at the different ypes of plate boundaries explain why we have seasons explain why Leap Year and Daylight Saving Time are necessary list the parts of a volcano describe how hot spot volcanism formed the Hawaiian Islands distinguish between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake from seismographs distinguish between the three types of seismic waves

Know the definitions and be able to use each term correctly.

Oceanography Oblate spheroid food web

AstronomyMeteorologyEcologyGeologyGeosphereHydrosphereAtmosphereMeteorite Impact HypothesisMagnetosphereScientific MethodHypothesisVariableTheoryLawControlContinental DriftAlfred WegenerGlossopteris floraMesosaurusSea floor spreadingDivergent boundaryConvergent boundaryTransform boundarySubduction zoneConvection currentsOceanic trenchMid Ocean RidgePlate TectonicsPangaeaPanthallassaRift ValleyElastic rebound TheoryEpicenter/focusRing of FirePrimary WaveSecondary WaveSurface WaveSeismographRichter Scaletsunami

AphelionPerihelionTiltParallelismPrecessionRotationRevolutionCircumferenceLaw of GravitationMohoCrust/mantle/coreLithosphereAsthenosphereSolsticeEquinoxSatellitesMeridianEratosthenesMineralSilicatesNonsilicate mineralsCleavage/FractureHardness-Mohs ScaleLusterColorCrystal Systems (6)Double RefractionFluorescenceRadioactivityDensityStreakMagma/lavaHotspotTephraPyroclastic debrisShield coneCinder coneComposite ConeCalderavolcano

food chaintrophic levelsautotroph/heterotroph (consumer/producer)longitudeLatitudeMap Projections- cylindrical, azimuthal,conicContour lineContour intervalIndex contourTopographic mapGeographic North PoleGeomagnetic North PoleQuadrangleTime ZonesNoonDaylight Saving TimeInternational Date LineLeap YearEquatorRock CycleIgneous RockSedimentary RockMetamorphic RockLithificationExtrusionIntrusionSill/ dikeBatholith/Laccolith/stockStrataFoliatedCoarse vs. fine grainedClastic/chemical/organicRegional vs contact metamorphismGeologic Time ScaleExtinct

GUIDED REVIEW QUESTIONS GUIDED REVIEW QUESTIONS

On the left side of the page are focus questions to help you review each exam “outcome” for the district

midterm. Use the space to the right to fill in your response. You can cover-up the answers on the right side to

help you review and test your own knowledge.

Fold paper in half lengthwise (top to bottom) to create an efficient study Fold paper in half lengthwise (top to bottom) to create an efficient study

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

What is the proper sequence of events in the development of a “theory”? (Put the following in correct order: design a controlled experiment, form a hypothesis, draw conclusions, state/define the problem, make observations, revisit hypothesis and experimental design)

STUDY HINT: make a mneumonic to memorize the correct order!

What information is should a hypothesis provide?

If an experiment disproves a hypothesis, was it a failure? Why?

What is an experimental control? Provide an example in the form of a controlled experiment.

How did the dinosaurs become extinct ?

Branches of Earth ScienceDefine each of the following terms and give two examples of things that scientists in these fields would do or study.

Astronomy Meteorology

Oceanography Geology

How does the acronym O.M.E.G.A. help you to remember the branches of Earth Science?

Layers of the Earth

List the four layers of the Earth. Label this diagram with the names of the four layers.

How does the fact that the Earth has layers make it a dynamic, changing planet ?

Match the following words to the layer of the Earth that they describe : Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere

Ecology

Put the following terms in proper sequence to represent organisms in a food chain?

Primary consumer, producer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer

Using the above info, propose a hypothetical food chain using actual organisms.

Using the words heterotroph, autotroph, and sun – describe how energy flows through an ecosystem.

Statistics of the EarthFill in the following measurements in km and miles

Circumference of Earth____________________km _____________________miles

Diameter of Earth ___________________ km _____________________ miles

Period of Rotation ______________________ hours

Period of Revolution ____________________ days

Tilt of Axis _________________ degrees

Water Cycle

Diagram the Water Cycle using the following words :

Precipitation transpirationEvaporation condensation

MAPS

Distinguish between Latitude and Longitude. Which is written first when writing out the coordinates for a location.

Each degree of latitude or longitude can be broken up into subunits. Identify the subunits of a degree. What does breaking a degree up into subunits allow you to do?

How many miles are in one degree of Latitude? _______________

Is this true for Longitude- explain and draw a diagram to represent the way the distance of longitude changes as you approach the poles.

Estimate the Latitude and Longitude of each point if the distance between lines is 30 degrees.

CARTOGRAPHYWhy are all maps distorted?

What are the three kinds of map projections and how is each one used?

1-

2-

3-

Point A __________ _____________

Point B__________ _____________

Point C/D ______________________

Point E ___________ ____________

Point F ___________ _____________

Point G___________ _____________

Point H __________ _____________\

What does a map legend explain?

Define SCALE

What are three ways the SCALE of a map can be represented?

A-

B-

C-

CONTOUR MAPS

Contour maps show changes in elevation.

Define the following terms :

INDEX CONTOUR

CONTOUR INTERVAL

RELIEF

1. Color the elevations on the topographic map as follows. Red: 50m and higher, Orange: 40-50m, Yellow: 30-40m, Light green: 20-30m, Dark green: 10-20m, Purple: 0-10m.

2. Approximately how tall is Able Hill? ___________________________3. Approximately how tall is Baker Hill? ___________________________4. Which mountain is taller, and by about how much? ___________________________5. How many meters of elevation are there between contour lines on the topographic map?

___________________________

6. Which mountain has steeper slopes? ___________________________7. Are the contour lines closer together on Able Hill or Baker Hill?

___________________________

MINERALSWhat are the two main groups of minerals? _____________________ & ______________________

Circle the category of minerals that makes up 96 % of all minerals.

What criteria must a substance have in order to be considered a mineral?

a)

b)

c)

d)

If you were given an unknown mineral what tests or observations would you do to find out what kind of mineral it was?

Why isn’t color a good way to identify a mineral? Give at least two reasons.

The ROCK CYCLELabel the blanks with the name of the correct rock type, for example:

IGNEOUS

SEDIMENTARY

METAMORPHIC

True/False (circle one)Any type of rock can turn into any other type of rock.

PROPERTIES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS- Define and give examples of rocks with these features.

EXTRUSIVE

INTRUSIVE

COARSE Grained

FINE Grained

GLASSY

VESICULAR

True/False (circle one) Igneous rocks form from magma or lava.

PROPERTIES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKSDefine and give 2 examples of rocks that have these features.

CLASTIC (Detrital)

CHEMICAL

Organic (Biochemical)

Layering (Strata)

Geodes

What are the four agents that cause erosion (transport)?

How is mechanical weathering different from chemical weathering? Use the Statue of Liberty as an example.

Properties of METAMORPHIC ROCK

Metamorphic rock forms by one of the processes below. Describe each and give an example of where this would occur.

REGIONAL Metamorphism

CONTACT Metamorphism

Distinguish between foliated an non-foliated metamorphic rock and give two examples of each.

_____________ _______________ ______________

Matching: write the correct name under the correct picture:

Basalt, Obsidian, Granite

Which rock makes up Mt. Rushmore and Yosemite N.P.?_______________________

Of which rock is the Rosetta Stone made?__________________________________

Of which type of Rock is the Grand Canyon made? _____________________________________

Of which type of rock is the Delaware Water Gap Made?_______________________________

Free Energy

Rate of Reaction

_____________ ___________ _________ ___________ __________

Label the following sedimentary rocks correctly:

Coal, Fossil Limestone, Sandstone, Conglomerate, Shale

______________ ______________ _____________ ___________ ___________

______________ ______________ _____________ ___________ ____________

Label each metamorphic rock correctly on the top line and tell from which rock it cam on the lower line. Schist, Marble, Quartzite, Slate and Gneiss.

Free

Ene

rgy

Figure 28.10 This diagram illustrates the Law of Crosscutting Relationships, which states that a rock is younger than any rock that it cuts. The rock units are arranged in order of decreasing age from 1 to 5.

Which layer of rock is the oldest? __________________________

Which layer of rock on the previous page is older? _________________________

Which layer is youngest?__________________________________________

Put the rock layers in order from oldest to youngest.__________________________

What would feature number 2 be called ?__________________________________

GEOLOGIC TIMEThe Earth has been around for 5 billion years! List the major divisions of Geologic Time and characteristic life forms of each era.

Era Characteristic Life Forms Date

PLATE TECTONICS

Who came up with the idea that the Earth’s surface plates are moving?________________________

List 4 pieces of evidence to support the idea of continental drift.

1. 3.

2. 4.

On which two continents was this fossil found? How did it help support the idea of continental drift?

Today we call this theory –Plate Tectonics. Explain how paleomagnetism, sea floor spreading and convection currents have supported the idea that the continents have not always been in their current positions.

Label the tectonic plates below :

Plate Boundaries

Describe what is happening at each of the four plate boundaries below. What kind of geologic feature is forming on each?

EARTHQUAKES

Where do most earthquakes occur?

Distinguish between the FOCUS and EPICENTER of an earthquake.

How many seismogram stations do you need to get information from (at a minimum) to pinpoint the location of an earthquake?

Describe the three kinds of seismic waves in terms of speed, type of motion, and medium they can pass through.

What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?

VOLCANOES

Distinguish between magma and lava.

What is a vent?

Why does magma rise?

Distinguish between Cinder, Shield and Composite Volcanoes.

Give examples of pyroclastic material.

LAB SAFETY

What is wrong with this picture?