ROMANIA 1. COUNTRY PRESENTATION
2. HISTORY
3. WEATHER CONDITIONS IN THE REGION
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Country
presentation
Romania is a sovereign state
located in Southeastern
Europe.
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It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine,
Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova.
20 million inhabitants THE COUNTRY IS THE SEVENTH MOST POPULOUS MEMBER STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
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Cities of Romania
BUCHAREST CAPITAL CITY
IASI THE CULTURAL CAPITAL OF
ROMANIA
CLUJ - NAPOCA EUROPEAN YOUTH CAPITAL
IN 2015
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History Romania's history has
not been as peaceful as
its geography. Over the
centuries, various
migrating people
invaded Romania.
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Romania's
historical provinces Wallachia and Moldova
offered furious resistance to
the invading Ottoman Turks.
Transylvania was successively
under Habsburg, Ottoman,
Hungarian or Wallachian rule,
while remaining a semi
autonomous province.
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Modern history
of Romania
Romania's post WWII
history as a communist-
block nation is more
widely known, primarily
due to the excesses of
the former dictator
Nicolae Ceaușescu.
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December 1989
The Romanian
Revolution in 1989 was
one of the few violent
revolutions in Europe
that brought an end to
Communist rule.
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The 1991 Constitution
re-established Romania
as a republic with a
multiparty system,
market economy and
individual rights of free
speech, religion and
private ownership.
In 2007, Romania
joins the European
Union, concluding the
modern history of the
country.
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Geography
and climate Topographic
map of Romania
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Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe and
the twelfth-largest in Europe. The terrain is distributed
roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains.
MOUNTAINS CROSSED BY FAMOUS
ROADS: TRANSFĂGĂRĂSAN ,
TRANSALPINA, TRANSRARĂU
HILLS BEAUTIFUL PLACES AND
LANDSCAPES
PLAINS FULL OF WIND TURBINES
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“
”
The Transfăgărășan mountain road is
one of the most spectacular roads in
the world.
JEREMY CLARKSON, TOP GEAR
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The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of
Romania The highest of which is Moldoveanu Peak at 2,544 m. They are surrounded by the Moldavian and Transylvanian plateaus and Carpathian Basin and
Wallachian plains.
14 Moldoveanu Peak
Danube river & Danube Delta
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The Danube river forms a large part of the border with Serbia and Bulgaria, and flows into the Black Sea,
forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and also a
biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.
Romania has one of
the largest areas of
undisturbed forest in
Europe, covering
almost 27% of the
territory.
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Climatic presentation of the
Hârlau - Cotnari zone
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From a geographical point of view: it is situated in the contact area between the Suceava plateau
and the Moldova plains, both subunits of the Moldova plateau. It includes the following
settlements: Cotnari, Cepleniţa, Scobinţi and Deleni.
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The climate is
influenced by the
interference of North-
Western air masses with
the eastern ones, the
winter being cold and
droughty enough.
The climate is
temperate continental,
with an excessive
nuance specific to the
Eastern side of the
country.
The total annual solar radiation
has a value of 118,8 kcal/cm2 at the
Cotnari weather station, situated at
321 meters above sea level, the sun
shining on average for about 1900
hours/year.
Due to the fragmentation of the
landforms in the area, there are some
variations between high and low
areas when it comes to these values.
The 4 barric centers, the icelandic
depression, the azoric anticyclone,
the siberian anticyclone and the
mediterranean depression have a
great role in the development of the
meteorological processes and
phenomena in the area.
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Meteorological station - Cotnari
SEASONS Due to the atmospheric changes that have taken place in the last couple of decades, there is a clear distinction between the 4 classical seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter and 2 distinct periods: warm and cold.
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Air temperature
STATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL AMPLITUDE
COTNARI -3.5 -2.1 2.5 9.2 14.8 18.3 20.2 19.9 15.3 9.9 3.6 -0.9 8.9 23.7
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The air temperature differs with altitude, atmospheric dynamics and the surface
diversity.(landform, vegetation, soil etc)
Records say that the biggest annual average temperature in Cotnari was 11,6 º C in 1990
(considered a submediterranean year), and the smallest was 6,8 º C in 1942 and 1987 ( considered
cold temperate years).
The average thermal amplitude is relatively moderate in Cotnari (23,7 º C). This proves the
transitional position of the Cotnari Coast from obvious continental climate to moderate continental
climate.
Referring to the absolute extreme temperatures, records say that the absolute minimum in
Cotnari was – 24,5 º C (in 1972) and the absolute maximum was + 36 º C (in 1988).
Thus the absolute multiannual thermal amplitude is 60,5 º C, which goes to
further demonstrate the « Thermic transition » position of the Cotnari Coast. The
average monthly temperature varies in the same way for the whole area.
The lowest average montly temperature is in January (-3,5°C) and the highest
one is in July (20,2°C). The number of sunny days in Cotnari is 289.
Number of freezing days (t≤0°): 106, lower than anywhere else in the NE of
Moldova
Number of frosty nights (t≤-10°C): 16,6
Number of summer days (t≥25°C): 55
Number of tropical days (t≥30°C): 9.
-3.5 -2.1
2.5
9.2
14.8
18.3
20.2 19.9
15.3
9.9
3.6
-0.9
-5
0
5
10
15
20
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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
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Atmospheric precipitations
STATION JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC ANNUAL
COTNARI 20.8 21.9 27.0 48.1 62.6 83.5 79.0 57.1 44.4 25.5 28.9 26.1 524.9
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When it comes to precipitation, it is important to know the quantity, toughness and intensity of rain.
In the current climatic conditions, maximum drain is determined by torrential rain which cause an obvious
erosion of the soil. In the studied region, atmospheric precipitations decrease slowly from West to East in
relation to the altitude.
The annual precipitation average is 524,9mm/yr during the 1962-1997 period. This is generalized to
520mm/yr.
The monthly maximum of days with precipitations is hit in June (14), decreasing slowly to 3 in
February.
The hot semester (april-september) recieves the biggest part of the annual quantity of precipitation
due to frequent penetration by wet atlantic air masses and thermal convection rain.
The cold semester (october-march) is, due to the invasion of cold continental air masses, the poorest
in terms of precipitations, solid precipitations being dominant. Not only does the snow layer provide
humidity to the soil, but it also protects against frost.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
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being in January, 9, and the number of days with a snow layer is 61.
The average thicknes of this snow layer is 5cm with variations based on time and
location. Both values highlight a moderate thermal amplitude, this being advantageous
for the Cotnari vineyard.
This is a consequence of the high altitude which gets it out of the influence zone of
thermal excesses, positive and negative.
The maximum duration of torrential rain is usually hit in june, the rain becoming more
and more intense during the april-june interval.
The snow layer installs itself at the end of November and disappears in March. The
thickness of the layer varies as follows: 1 cm – November, 17 cm – December, 20 cm –
January, 19 cm – February, 4 cm – March.
Relative humidity & Nebulosity
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The relative humidity has an annual
average of 76%, the highest values,
around 84% being hit during the cold
season, while the moderate values, circa
74% are hit during the hot season.
The nebulosity monthly minimums are
registered in august and september (5
days) and the maximums usually go over
7 days during the november-april interval.
The annual average number of sunny
days is 109, the maximum being hit during
the may-september period, and the
average number of cloudy days is 138
days, the maximum being hit during the
december-january period.
Sunshine duration
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The duration of sunshine is
approximated at 2100
hours/year, the shiniest being
July and the least shiny being
December. It’s important to
consider the semestrial
repartition of this parameter.
Over 2/3 of its value is
distributed to the hot
semester (April – September),
the rest going to the cold
semester (October – March)
Winds
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The wind regime is determined by the evolution of air masses during the year and the orientation of the landforms. In Cotnari, North-Western winds are of the greatest frequency, followed by the South-Eastern and South-Western ones. Wind speeds do not vary too much, maintaining a stable 3-4 m/s. High monthly wind speeds are registered in March-April, and the slowest wind speeds are registered in July-September. Even if, sometimes, the winds hit blizzard speeds, over 80-100 km/h, they do not justify special protection measures, as they are accidental. Number of days with rime : 10 days Number of days with veneer : 6 days Number of days with fog : 36 days Number of days with hoar : 37 days
Special meteorological phenomena
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These phenomena are
characterized by discontinuity and
by irregular placement in space,
manifested trough hailstone, dew,
fog, hoar, veneer, rime, blizzards,
etc.
Hailstone can accompany
torrential rain. Fog has a greater
density at night, and it is more
frequent during the cold season.
Hoar, a phenomenon specific to
autumn and spring, is remarkable
trough the negative effects it has
on vegetation.
In conclusion, the Cotnari - Cepleniţa - Hârlau area has a temperate continental climate with personalized nuances determined by its placement in the North-Eastern part of the country.
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THANKS FOR WATCHING!
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