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M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe
Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi?
C Nchcfdie Wirspidtavi
Jcrafc vcf ei Rkkrei
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M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe
Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi?
C Nchcfdie Wirspidtavi
Jcrafc vcf ei Rkkrei
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© Jcrafc vcf ei Rkkrei( >771
ATNF 10=,17,9449,>4=,7
Wraftie ny aeeirpraft Kbbsiterujjirao N&R&
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M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe
Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi?
C Nchcfdie Wirspidtavi
Wrkibsdmrabt
tir virjrao`af` vcf ei `rcce vcf ekdtkr ccf ei Yfavirsatiat vcf Uahnur`( kp `izc` vcf ei
ridtkr lc`fabadus( prkb&er& Wm& Iaohcfeir( af mit kpifnccr ti vireiea`if tif kvirstccf vcf
iif ekkr mit dkhhi`i vkkr prklktais ccf`iwizif dkllassai af ei cuhc vcf ei
Yfavirsatiat
kp wkifsec` >7 ocfucra >737 kl 35&39 uur
ekkr
Brcfdafc Dkrfihac vcf ei Rkkrei
`inkrif kp >3 eidilnir 31=3 ti Laeeihnur`&
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Wrklktaidkllassai
Wrklktkr? Wrkb& er& O& Wccuwi
Dkprklktkr? Er& L&O&W&L& vcf Rihemkvif
Kvira`i hieif? Wrkb& er& E&F& eif Mcrtk`
Wrkb& er& N&A&O&L& vcf eir Miaoeif
Wrkb& er& W&@&P& Ocfsif
Wrkb& ^& Widdia
Wrkb& W& Pra`mt
Er& L&C& Drkkf
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Ucnhi kb Dkftifts
Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf 3
Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch >4
Wirbkrlcfdi? C Tystilctad ^ivaiw kb tmi Hatircturi
Dmcptir 4? Eivihkplift cfe Cpphadctakf kb Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` 90
Turviy Ectc tk tmi Nusafiss Yfat Hivih
Dmcptir 5? Uali Wridieifdi af tmi ^ihctakfsmap nitwiif Dhalcti cfe =1
Wirbkrlcfdi? C Drkss,hc``ie Ttuey ct tmi Nusafiss Yfat
Hivih
Dmcptir 9? Wrieadtaf` Nusafiss Yfat Wirbkrlcfdi Ysaf` Ilphkyii 331
Turviys? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wrkeudtavaty af tmi Bafcfdach 350
Tidtkr? Umi ^khi kb Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
Dmcptir 0? Easdussakf 304
Tclifvcttaf` -Tullcry af Eutdm! 311
Cnkut tmi cutmkr >70
Ttihhaf`if >33
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
>
3&3 Aftrkeudtakf
Umi alpcdt kb cdtavatais csskdactie watm tmi lcfc`ilift kb pikphi af barls -M^L!
kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi mcs nidkli kfi kb tmi lcokr tkpads -kr ivif tmi
eklafcft tkpad! af M^ risicrdm -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >775: @uist(
3110: Wccuwi( >775: Wccuwi( >771: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Ttcrtaf` watm tmi `rkufe,
nricjaf` stuey kb Musihae -3119!( wmadm dhcals tmct M^L mcs c sunstcftach alpcdt kf
bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi( c hcr`i nkey kb ilparadch risicrdm mcs smkwf tmct M^L pksatavihy
alpcdts kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi af tmi hcst >7 yicrs& Litc,cfchyzaf` 1> ilparadch
stueais Dklns( Hau( Mchh cfe Jitdmif ->772! dkfdhuei tmct tmi afbhuifdi kb M^L kf
pirbkrlcfdi as sa`fabadcft -tmiy bkufe c dkrrihctakf kb &>7!( cfe lcfc`irachhy rihivcft&
Lkst kb tmi tmikritadch pirspidtavis mcvi prkvaeie lcdrk,brcliwkrjs( dhcrabyaf` tmieitirlafcfts kb M^L cfe tmiar dkfsiquifdis ct barl hivih( sudm cs riskurdi eipifeifdi
tmikry( afstatutakfch tmikry( cfe riskurdi,ncsie vaiw -Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!&
Mkwivir( ilparadch stueais hafjaf` M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct dklpcfy,hivih( cfe lcdrk,
hivih tmikrais ek fkt prkvaei tmikritadch ufeirstcfeaf` kb mkw M^L wkrjs -a&i& tmi
ufeirhyaf` lidmcfasls!( fkr ek tmiy prkvaei rihivcft lcfc`irach afbkrlctakf -watm
ri`cre tk wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres! kf mkw mulcf riskurdis -ilphkyiis! watmaf
kr`cfazctakfs cee vchui af tirls kb bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi -Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112:
Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& @uist stctie af 3110? Lkvaf` kf tk c
pkssanhi nrkceir brcliwkrj hafjaf` M^L cfe kutdklis( tmi stcrtaf` pkaft smkuhe ni tmi ridk`fatakf tmct
tmi eastafdtavi bicturi kb M^L as ats cssulptakf tmct alprkvie pirbkrlcfdi as cdmaivie tmrku`m tmi
pikphi af tmi kr`cfazctakf -pc`i >21!& Mifdi( c nittir ufeirstcfeaf` kb tmi rkhi kb ilphkyiis
af hafjaf` M^L tk barl pirbkrlcfdi as fiieie nktm brkl c tmikritadch cfe prcdtatakfir
vaiwpkaft&
Hkwir,rcf`i spidabad nimcvakrch tmikrais rkktie af kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakr -KN! cfe
kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y mcvi niif afti`rctie af tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i tk
ixphcaf tmi ufeirhyaf` cttatueafch cfe nimcvakrch prkdissis -@uist( >773!& Kfi kb tmi
kra`afch M^L lkeihs usie tk ixphcaf tmi ufeirhyaf` prkdissis as tmi ”Nimcvakrch
Wirspidtavi‑( wmadm stctis tmct ilphkylift cdtavatais cri cekptie tk ihadat cfe dkftrkh
ilphkyii nimcvakrs wmadm dkftranuti tk kvirchh kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Pra`mt "
LcdLcmcf( 311>!& Lkrikvir( ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs mcvi niif afdricsaf`hy
afdhueie af ixphcfctkry lkeihs kb tmi hafj nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi -i&`&
Cppihncul( Ncahiy( Nir` " Jchhinir`( >777: Nidjir( Musihae( Wadjus " Tprctt( 3110:@uist( 3110: Wccuwi " ^admcreskf( 3110: Uruss " @rcttkf( 3115: Rcfeifnir`(
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
4
^admcreskf " Icstlcf( 3111: Pra`mt " Tfihh( 311=!& Nisaeis( tmi CLK,tmikry( wmadm
stctis tmct M^L pksatavihy afbhuifdis afeavaeuch cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ny
nuaheaf` cnahaty -C! cfe lktavctakf -L! tk pirbkrl( cfe ny prkvaeaf` kppkrtufaty tk
pcrtadapcti cfe pirbkrl -K! as briquifthy usie cs lidmcfasl af dkfdiptuch lkeihs cfe af
ilparadch risicrdm cs wihh -Cppihncul it ch&( >777: Nksihai( Eaitz " Nkkf( >779: Nkxchh
" Wurdihh( >77=: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Chtmku`m tmi alpkrtcfdi kb ilphkyii cttatueis
cfe nimcvakrs af ixphcfctkry lkeihs kb tmi hafj nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi
ilir`ie( tmiri as c ludm slchhir nkey kb ilparadch risicrdm kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf
ilphkyiis -Nksihai it ch&( >779: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Pkke(
>771!& Wurdihh cfe Jaffai ->770! fktie? Ct tmi diftri kb tmi dmcaf cri ilphkyii cttatueis cfe
nimcvakr cfe at as tmas wmadm rcasis tmi lkst vatch quistakf af tmi M^,pirbkrlcfdi eincti -pc`i 957!&
C barst ixtifsakf kf tmi lkeih wmadm eipadtie tmi afbhuifdi kb M^L kf
pirbkrlcfdi vac ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs mcs niif aftrkeudie ny Kstrkbb cfe
Nkwif ->777!& Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! prisift c lisk,brcliwkrj( wmadm afdhueis c
lieactaf` rkhi kb afeavaeuch cfe smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe ixpidtctakfs& Nuaheaf`
kf dkllufadctakf cfe cttranutakf tmikrais tmiy prkpksi tmct c strkf` M^L systil
-ma`m af eastafdtavifiss( dkfsastifdy cfe dkfsifsus! risuhts af tmi ilir`ifdi kb smcrie
ilphkyii pirdiptakfs -ribirrie tk cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti! wmadm sunsiquifthy cri
rispkfsanhi bkr alprkvie pirbkrlcfdi& Tidkfehy( Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! prisift cprkdiss lkeih kb M^L& Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! cr`ui tmct? Af issifdi( wi mcvi matmirtk
bcahie tk ixphadathy ridk`fazi tmi lcfy wcys af wmadm afeavaeuchs cfe `rkups lcy ixpiraifdi cfe rispkfe
eabbirifthy tk M^ systils watmaf kr`cfazctakfs -pc`i >>2!& Umiar lkeih eihafictis tmi M^L,
pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i cs bkhhkws? aftifeie M^L -pkhadais eivihkpie ny eidasakf lcjirs!
afbhuifdi cdtuch M^L -alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis!( ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmisi prcdtadis
-pirdiptakfs kb M^L! cfe ricdt tk tmil -ilphkyii kutdklis!( cfe tmisi ilphkyii
kutdklis risuht af kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Bafchhy( nuaheaf` upkf tmisi twk lkeihs
Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! cfe Wurdihh cfe Jaffai ->770! chsk ilpmcsazi tmi diftrch rkhi
kb ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L -pridieaf` ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs!? tmiy cri
prkpksie cs c hafjaf` lidmcfasl watmaf tmi dklpcfy nitwiif aftifeie M^L ct
dklpcfy,hivih cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -sii Ba`uri 3!& Mkwivir( ilphkyii
pirdiptakfs kb M^L rilcaf cf ufeireivihkpie risicrdm cric af fiie kb ixphkrctakf
-@uist( 3111: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Wccuwi ->771! ridifthy
fktie? Nraf`af` ilphkyiis ncdj aftk tmi iquctakf nitwiif M^L cfe vcrakus jafes kb nktm afeavaeuch
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
5
cfe kr`cfazctakfch hivih kutdklis( afdhueaf` bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi( as c ”dkfeatak safi quc fkf‑ bkr
cevcfdaf` tmi baihe cs c rispidtie easdaphafi -pc`i 345!&
Ttrcti`adMulcf
^iskurdiLcfc`ilift
Kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi
Ilphkyii
pirdiptakfs kb M^L
Ilphkyii
cttatueis cfenimcvakrs
Ba`uri 3& Umi rkhi kb ilphkyiis af tmi TM^L,kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i&
Wccuwi ->771! clkf` ktmirs -i&`& Nkxchh( Wurdihh " Pra`mt( >770: @irmcrt( >779!
cr`ui tk ixclafi tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf ilphkyii kutdklis cfe kr`cfazctakfch
kutdklis& Umi lcokraty kb tmikrais cfe dkfdiptuch lkeihs kf M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi
cssuli tmct ilphkyirs -af tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi! cfe ilphkyiis -af tirls
kb ilphkyii kutdklis! nktm nifibat brkl M^L& Ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs cri
alpkrtcft lidmcfasls bkr ixphcafaf` pirbkrlcfdi ibbidts kb M^L -cs eisdranie cnkvi
cfe eipadtie af Ba`uri 3!& Mkwivir( dratadch sdmkhcrs cr`ui tmct M^L pcys kbb af tirls kb
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut mcs fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi alpcdt kf ilphkyii aftirists
-i&`& Hi``i( 3119: ^clscy( Tdmkhcras " Mcrhiy( >777!& Af tmas tmisas wi bkdus kf ilphkyii
cttatueis cfe ribir tk tmisi cs ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Afti`rctakf kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as
cf alpkrtcft tmikritadch risicrdm assui cs twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut watm rispidt tk
tmi pksatakf kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi cric kb M^L , pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm -Wccuwi(
>771: Widdia( >775: Cppihncul( >77>!& Lkrikvir( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as cf alpkrtcft
kutdkli af ats kwf ra`mt -Widdia( >775!&
Umas tmisas siijs tk ifmcfdi kur ufeirstcfeaf` kb tmi dklphix cfe eyfclad
pctmwcys tmrku`m wmadm M^L -lcafhy brkl cf ilphkyii pirspidtavi? pirdiptakfs kb
M^L cfe dhalcti! afbhuifdis ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Umi
lcokraty kb stueais kf M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi as dkfeudtie ct tmi
kr`cfazctakf,hivih kb cfchysas -sii Dmcptir > kb tmas tmisas bkr cf kvirvaiw!& Mkwivir( tmi
ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas -Dmcptir 4 tmrku`m 2! cri dkfeudtie ct tmi nusafiss ufat
hivih -sii Ba`uri >!& Kf tmi ncsas kb twk typis kb ricskfs -dkfdiptuch cfe prcdtadi,
kraiftie!( at wcs eidaeie tk ixclafi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti(
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih&
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
9
Nusafiss ufat hivih
Ttrcti`adMulcf
^iskurdiLcfc`ilift
Kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi
Ilphkyiipirdiptakfs kb
M^L
DhalctiIlphkyii
wihh,niaf`
Yfatpirbkrlcfdi
Ba`uri >& M^L( dhalcti( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih&
Barst( tmi dkfdipts kb ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe ilphkyii wihh,
niaf` mcvi tmiar rkkts ct tmi afeavaeuch,hivih kb cfchysas& Af ceeatakf( tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb
cf kr`cfazctakf as hcr`ihy eitirlafie ny tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb tmi nusafiss ufats watmaf cf
kr`cfazctakf -@ihcei " Aviry( >774!& Patmaf hcr`i kr`cfazctakfs( eabbirifdis la`mt ixast
nitwiif eisa`fie M^L ct dkrpkrcti hivihs cfe tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis cfe
ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs cfe ricdtakfs( cfe pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss nusafiss ufats -cs
eisdranie cnkvi!& Umiribkri( tmi nusafiss ufat siils cf cpprkpracti hivih tk afti`rcti tmi
M^L( dhalcti cfe ilphkyii,wihh niaf` hatircturi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm&
C sidkfe ricskf as prcdtadi,kraiftie& Pkrjbkrdi Tdkridcre cfe Nchcfdie Tdkridcre
cpprkcdmis cri alphiliftie ct nusafiss ufat hivih& M^L prkdissis watmaf nusafiss ufats
cfe tmiar ibbidts upkf dratadch nusafiss ufat kutdklis cri ixclafie af tmisi systils&
Ttueais ct nusafiss ufat hivih prkvaei lcfc`irs watm afbkrlctakf kf nusafiss prkdissis
tmct cri tcjaf` phcdi watmaf tmi ufat bkr wmadm tmiy cri rispkfsanhi& Ncsie kf tmct jafe kb
afbkrlctakf tmiy , clkf`st ktmirs , `ifircti afsa`mts kf mkw tk afbhuifdi nimcvakr kb
ilphkyiis tkwcres tmi `kchs kb tmct ufat&
Lkrikvir( lcjaf` usi kb ectc dkhhidtie af sudm wkrjbkrdi sdkridcre systils mcs
prkvif tk ni cf aeich wcy kb dkhhidtaf` rihivcft ectc bkr M^ risicrdm( ispidachhy af tmi
bafcfdach sirvadi sidtkr wmiri tmi ilparadch wkrj kb tmas eassirtctakf as chsk satuctie -i&`&
Ncrtih( >775: @ihcei " Aviry( >774: ^ycf( Tdmlat " Okmfskf( 3112: Rcf Rihemkvif(
>779!& Af tmi fixt sidtakf tmi dkfdipts kb ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti( cfe
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri smkrthy aftrkeudie&
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
2
3&> Umi Dkfdipts kb Ilphkyii Wirdiptakfs kb M^L( Dhalcti cfe Pihh,niaf`
Ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L cri cr`uie tk ni c drudach lieactkr af tmi
rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs af bkur dkfdiptuch
lkeihs -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh
" Jaffai( >770!& Mkwivir( tmi dkfdiptuchazctakf kb ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs kb M^L
eabbirs cdrkss tmi bkur lkeihs& Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! ribir tk tmas pmcsi cs pirdiavie
M^ prcdtadis( cfe burtmir spidabaie tmisi cs ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis -ny
ribirraf` tk psydmkhk`adch dkftrcdt cfe dhalcti hatircturi!( cfe cttranutakfs kb M^L&
Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! eastaf`uasmie nitwiif psydmkhk`adch cfe kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti -smcrie pirdiptakfs!& Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! eastaf`uasm twk prkdissis? -c!
lcfc`ilift alphilifts M^ pkhadais calaf` tk nuahe cnahaty( lktavctakf cfe kppkrtufaty
tk pirbkrl wmadm cri pirdiavie ny ilphkyiis( -n! lcfc`ilift crtaduhctis vchuis tk
afbhuifdi afeavaeuch cfe dkhhidtavi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs& Bafchhy( Wurdihh cfe Jaffai
->770! aeiftabaie pirdiavie M^ prcdtadis dhcssabaie usaf` tmi CLK lkeih( pirdiptakfs kb
kvirchh wkrj dhalcti( cfe ceeie ilphkyiis‑ okn ixpiraifdi -i&`& pcdi( cutkfkly!&
Umisi dkfdipts smkw c eavasakf af ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L& Umi barst typi as
bkdusaf` kf tmi pirdiptakf cfe ixpiraifdis kb M^ prcdtadis + pkhadais calie ct nuaheaf`
cnahaty( lktavctakf cfe kppkrtufaty -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=:
Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Umi sidkfe typi ribirs tk tmi lissc`i tmct M^L dkllufadctistk ilphkyiis& Ilphkyiis pirdiavi kr aftirprit tmi `kchs kb tmi kr`cfazctakf tmrku`m
M^L -cttranutakfs , Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=!: kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti , Kstrkbb cfe
Nkwif ->777!: lcfc`ilift crtaduhctie vchuis , Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=!: kvirchh wkrj
dhalcti , Wurdihh cfe Jaffai ->770!!& Nktm typis cri afdhueie af tmas tmisas -Dmcptir 9!(
nidcusi tmiy ribhidt nktm ilphkyii ixpiraifdis kb alphiliftie M^L& Pmct tmisi bkur
dkfdiptuch lkeihs burtmir smcri( as tmct tmiy chh ribir tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti tmikry bkr
ixphcafaf` mkw ilphkyiis ixpiraifdi M^L& Umiribkri( tmi dkfdipt kb kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti as aftrkeudie nihkw&
Afatachhy( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti wcs dkfdiptuchazie cs c `hknch dkfstrudt -Oclis(
Dmka( Jk( LdFiah( Laftkf( Pra`mt " Jal( >77=: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& Tdmfiaeir
-3117! eibafie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cs ilphkyiis‑ smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb
nimcvakrs cfe cdtakfs tmct cri riwcreie cfe suppkrtie ny tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s pkhadais(
prcdtadis( cfe prkdieuris& C ridift cpprkcdm af tmi dhalcti hatircturi as tmi ”dhalcti bkr
sklitmaf`‑ cpprkcdm -Oclis it ch&( >77=: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771! aftrkeudie ny
Tdmfiaeir -3109!( tmi sk,dchhie bcdit,spidabad dhalctis -Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& Umas
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
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”sklitmaf`‑ ribirs tk tmi bkdus kb aftirist( cfy strcti`ad nusafiss `kch( i&`& c dhalcti bkr
sirvadi& Umi hatircturi mcs niif afdkfsastift kf wmadm dhalcti -bcdit,spidabad kr `hknch! as
lkst prieadtavi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Juifza "
Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb( Jafadja " Ucljafs( >774!& Mifdi( `hknch cfe bcdit,spidabad
dhalctis cri afdhueie af tmas tmisas&
Jkpihlcf( Nraib cfe @uzzk -3117! cr`uie mkw bavi `hknch dhalcti ealifsakfs cdt cs
pirbkrlcfdi riskurdis kb tmi wkrjaf` ifvarkflift fiieie bkr kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi& Ceeatakfchhy( chh tmi bavi ealifsakfs cri ma`mhy rihivcft brkl cf M^
pirspidtavi cs Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! cfe ktmirs -Tpcrrkw( >773: Uishuj( Mkblcff "
Sua`hiy( >77>! ixphadathy eisdranie mkw M^L afbhuifdi tmisi dhalcti ealifsakfs&
Umiribkri( wi afdhueie `kch ilpmcsas( licfs ilpmcsas( riwcre kraiftctakf( tcsj suppkrt
cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt cs dkllkf ihilifts kb cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
-Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117! -Dmcptir 5!& Nisaeis( twk,bcdit spidabad dhalcti typis cri afdhueie
af tmas tmisas& Umas tmisas bkdusis kf dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe bkr ibbadaifdy( rispidtavihy
-Dmcptir 2!&
Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as eastaf`uasmie cs tmi fixt nkx af tmi M^,pirbkrlcfdi dmcaf
cbtir pirdiavie M^L cfe kr dhalcti -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >777:
Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Umas tmisas afdhueis ilphkyii wihh,niaf`
ct wkrj licsuris( cs at cals tk ixclafi hafjc`is nitwiif ”wkrj‑ rihctie dkfdipts kb lcfc`ilift cdtavatais -M^L! cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct
wkrj dcf nrkcehy ni eisdranie cs tmi kvirchh quchaty kb cf ilphkyii‑s ixpiraifdi cfe
bufdtakfaf` ct wkrj -Pcrr( 31=0!& Mifdi( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dcf ni vaiwie cs
ivchuctavi( af dkftrcst tk tmi eisdraptavi dkfstrudt kb pirdiptakfs kb M^L -dhalcti!
-Hcbkhitti " Tals( 3109: Wcttirskf( Pcrr " Pist( >775!&
Af tmas tmisas wi afvista`cti tmrii typis kb wkrj,rihctie wihh,niaf` af lkri eitcah?
michtm -pmysakhk`adch kr psydmkhk`adch afeadctkrs rihctie tk ilphkyii michtm!( mcppafiss
-sunoidtavi ixpiraifdis kb ilphkyiis a&i& tmiar psydmkhk`adch wihh,niaf`! -Ecffc "
@rabbaf( 3111! cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -quchaty kb rihctakfs nitwiif ilphkyiis cfe
tmiar ilphkyir cfe dkhhic`uis! -@rcft( Dmrastacfskf " Wradi( >770! -Dmcptir > afdhueis
chh tmrii typis( Dmcptir 2 afdhueis kfhy mcppafiss wihh,niaf`!& Chh tmrii typis cri
briquifthy usie af tmikry( dkfdiptuch lkeihs cfe ilparadch risicrdm af tmi M^L cfe
dhalcti hatircturi( af pcrtaduhcr tmi mcppafiss dklpkfift -i&`& Cppihncul it ch&( >777:
Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb it ch&(
>774: Wccuwi " ^admcreskf( 3110: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770: Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4:
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
=
^clscy it ch&( >777: Tpcrrkw( >773: Uishuj it ch&( >77>!& Afdhueaf` chh tmrii ealifsakfs af
tmi rivaiw stuey as alpkrtcft bkr tmi ricskf tmct at as pkssanhi bkr trceikbbs tk ixast
nitwiif eabbirift ealifsakfs kb wihh,niaf` -@rcft it ch&( >770!&
3&4 Dmchhif`is af M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Wirbkrlcfdi isicrdm
Umi M^L hatircturi as eklafctie ny c fulnir kb euchatais cfe nchcfdi assuis(
ridifthy sullcrazie ny Nksihai( Nriwstir cfe Wccuwi ->771!& Umas Wm&E& tmisas cals tk
ixclafi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi& Bkur dmchhif`is bcdaf` risicrdmirs cfe lcfc`irs wmif afti`rctaf` tmi
ilphkyii pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i cri aeiftabaie ny rivaiwaf`
risicrdm kf M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi -Dmcptir >!( cfe kf tmi ncsas
kb ktmir dratadch rivaiws kb M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi -i&`& Nksihai it ch&( >771: Nkxchh(Wurdihh " Pra`mt( >770: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Pchh " Pkke(
>779: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Umisi bkur dmchhif`is cri ceerissie af tmas tmisas( cfe
cri prisiftie nihkw&
3&4&3 Dmchhif`i 3? Nrae`af` ^isicrdm Urceatakfs
^isicrdm kf M^L mcs niif dmcrcdtirazie ny c sphat chkf` hivih kb cfchysas -Nksihai it
ch&( >771: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>!& Kf tmi kfi mcfe ”ladrk‑
risicrdm ribhidts c lkri bufdtakfch vaiw cfe bkdusis kf tmi ibbidt kb M^L kfafeavaeuchs& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe ”lcdrk‑ risicrdm ribhidts tmi lkri strcti`ad M^L vaiw
cfe bkdusis lcafhy kf tmi hafjc`is nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Umi
nricjaf` ekwf kb ncrrairs nitwiif ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑ risicrdm as ma`mhy ridkllifeie(
af pcrtaduhcr tmi afti`rctakf kb ”ladrk‑ kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y + kr`cfazctakfch
nimcvakr tmikrais as fiieie tk prk`riss tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi baihe -@uist( >773:
Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >777: Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>!& Umas tmisas cha`fs tmi kr`cfazctakfch
psydmkhk`y + kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakr kraiftctakf tkwcres tmi tkpad kb TM^L cfe
pirbkrlcfdi( watm tmi lkri nusafiss,kraiftie pirspidtavi af tmrii wcys&
Barst( tmas tmisas ixclafis rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Ilphkyii pirdiptakfs phcy c diftrch rkhi af tmi ridifthy
eivihkpie prkdiss lkeihs kb M^L -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=:
Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!? tmiy cri prkpksie cs c hafjaf`
lidmcfasl nitwiif aftifeie M^L ct dklpcfy,hivih cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
Af ceeatakf( ny ixphkraf` rihctakfsmaps ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih af dkftrcst tk stueais ct
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
1
tmi kr`cfazctakf hivih tmas tmisas bkdus kf watmaf — kr`cfazctakf vcracnahaty af -ilphkyii
pirdiptakfs kf! M^L -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!&
Tidkfehy( ny afti`rctaf` dhalcti hatircturi tmas tmisas nrae`is ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑
risicrdm& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti mcs ats bkufectakf af kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y( cfe as
kbtif eipadtie cs lieactaf` lidmcfasl nitwiif M^L cfe dkhhidtavi ilphkyii cttatueis(
cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi af dkfdiptuch lkeihs -Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >777: Nkxchh "
Wurdihh( >77=: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774!& @ihcei cfe Aviry ->774! cfe Ucjiudma( Dmif cfe
Hipcj ->771! dkfbarlie tmct tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi( cfe nitwiif M^L cfe ilphkyii cttatueis( rispidtavihy( wcs lieactie ny
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti&
Umarehy( tmas tmisas afti`rctis tmi kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y + KN pirspidtavi aftk
tmi -”lcdrk‑! TM^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i ny bkdusaf` kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`
-c ”ladrk‑ rihctie kutdkli! af tmas rihctakfsmap -Dmcptir >!& Uwk dklpitaf` vaiws ncsie
kf dkfdiptuch lkeihs cfe tmikrais bkufeie af kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y cfe KN cri
tistie& Umas assui as prisiftie af lkri eitcah nihkw -dmchhif`i twk!&
3&4&> Dmchhif`i >? Nchcfdaf` Lcfc`irach cfe Ilphkyii Aftirists
Umi sidkfe dmchhif`i tmct wahh ni ceerissie af tmas tmisas as mkw tk nchcfdi
lcfc`irach -kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi! cfe ilphkyii aftirists -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`!&
Af tmi M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut kf tmi rkhi kb
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi M^L + dhalcti , pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmaps -Cppihncul(
>77>: Nksihai it ch&( >771: Nkxchh " Lcdjy( >771: Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117: Wccuwi( >771:
Widdia( >775: Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Umi kptalastad cpprkcdm cssulis tmct M^L +
dhalcti ifmcfdis ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -lutuch `cafs!(
wmirics tmi pissalastad kr sjiptadch cpprkcdm cssulis tmct M^L + dhalcti pcys kbb af
tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut ct tmi scli tali mcs fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi
ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis! -Widdia( >775!& Mifdi( tmi lutuch`cafs pirspidtavi ixpidts tmct nktm ilphkyiis cfe ilphkyirs nifibat brkl M^L +
dhalcti( tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavis ixpidts tmct ilphkyirs nifibat brkl M^L
+ dhalcti wmahi ilphkyiis ek fkt&
Umi lcafstricl vaiw mkhes tmct M^L as nifibadach bkr ilphkyiis: tmi `ifirch aeic as
tmct M^L bkstirs ilphkyii wihh,niaf` risuhtaf` af alprkvie bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe
dklpitatavi cevcftc`i -sii tmi ixphcfctkry lkeihs kb tmi hafj nitwiif M^L cfe
pirbkrlcfdi easdussie af tmi aftrkeudtakf!& Mkwivir( tmas cpprkcdm fi`hidts tmct
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi la`mt ni twk `kchs afbhuifdie ny
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
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eabbirift sits kb M^ prcdtadis -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=!& Nisaeis( tmas cpprkcdm fi`hidts
tmi pkssanhi ixphkatavi fcturi kb M^L -Hi``i( 3119!( a&i& M^L as ct tmi dkst kb ilphkyii
wihh,niaf`& Biw stueais mcvi ixclafie tmi twk chtirfctavi aftirpritctakfs kb tmi rkhi kb
wihh,niaf`( lkst kb tmi stueais mcvi bkrluhctie saf`hi mypktmisis -Pchh " Pkke( >779:
Pkke( >771! lcafhy tmi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi& Ixdiptakfs cri stueais ny Krhatzjy cfe
Brifjih ->779! cfe ^clscy it ch& ->777!& Mkwivir( Krhazjy cfe Brifjih ->779! dkfdhuei
tmct nktm lkeihs mce ixphcfctkry pkwir( wmahi ^clscy it ch& ->777! dkfdhuei tmct nktm
lkeihs wiri wcftaf`&
C salahcr easdussakf dcf ni bkufe af tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti hatircturi& Miri( at as
chsk cr`uie tmct ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -lcafhy mcppafiss + wkrj sctasbcdtakf! bufdtakf cs
aftirlieacry nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Jkpihlcf
it ch&( 3117: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Uishuj it ch&( >77>!& Mkwivir(
cf kr`cfazctakf lcy fkt ni cnhi tk cdmaivi nktm ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi tk tmi scli ixtift( cfe fiie tk lcji c trcei,kbb af tirls kb wmadm
kutdkli tk cdmaivi& Umi dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj alphais tmct kr`cfazctakfs
dmcrcdtirazie ny c rctakfch `kch cfe aftirfch strudturi dhalcti bkdus pralcrahy kf
cdmaivaf` pirbkrlcfdi( wmahi kr`cfazctakfs dmcrcdtirazie ny c mulcf rihctakfs cfe kpif
systil dhalcti bkdus pralcrahy kf cdmaivaf` ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m(
31=4!& Uk ecti tmiri mcs niif hatthi risicrdm kf tmi ibbidts kb luhtaphi typis kb dhalcti kfkutdklis af eabbirift pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs -Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb it ch&(
>774: Tdmuhti( Kstrkbb( Tmluhyacf " Jafadja( >771!&
Mifdi tmiri as c fiie tk pat tmi lutuch `cafs virsus tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis
pirspidtavis nktm af tmi M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi& Kfhy tmas typi kb risicrdm dcf tist
wmitmir M^L + dhalcti risuhts af alprkvie kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tk tmi
saluhtcfikus cevcftc`i kr ct tmi dkst kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umas tmisas cpphais c
nchcfdie cpprkcdm -afdhueaf` ilphkyir cfe ilphkyii aftirists!? ny licfs kb ixclafaf`
wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` tmikritadch pirspidtavis( lutuch,`cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis
prkvaeis c nittir bat bkr tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif
M^L -Dmcptir >! + dhalcti -Dmcptir 2! cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
3&4&4 Dmchhif`i 4? Bkdusaf` kf Wrcdtadch ^ihivcfdi
Umi `cp nitwiif risicrdm cfe prcdtadi af M^L mcs niif einctie af prisaeiftach
ceerissis -i&`& ^kussicu( >772!( spidach assuis -i&`& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch( 0(
>770: Wkaft,Dkuftirpkaft -Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift Ttueais( 4( >771!( cfe nkkjs -i&`&
Nkxchh it ch&( >770!& Af tmi hcst eidcei cttilpts tk nrae`i tmi `cp mcvi ivkhvie -^yfis(
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
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@ahuj " Nrkwf( >770! af tmi bkrl kb ”ivaeifdi,ncsie lcfc`ilift‑ -^kussicu( >772!
cfe ”cfchytadch M^L‑ -Nkxchh it ch&( >770!& Ivaeifdi,ncsie lcfc`ilift as dkfdirfie
watm ”trcfshctaf` prafdaphis aftk prcdtadis tmct skhvi kr`cfazctakfch prknhils‑ -^kussicu(
>772( pc`i >92!& Cfchytadch M^L as eisdranie cs ”aeiftabyaf` cfe ixphcafaf` wmct
mcppifs af prcdtadi‑ -Nkxchh it ch&( >770? 5!&
Nktm cpprkcdmis ma`mha`mt tmi fiie tk prkvaei lcfc`irs watm afbkrlctakf kf dcusch
prkdissis tmct cri tcjaf` phcdi watmaf tmiar dklpcfy nitwiif M^L eisa`fie ct
dkrpkrcti hivih kf tmi kfi mcfe cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi kf tmi ktmir -Nidjir "
@irmcrt( 3112: Wurdihh it ch&( >770: ^yfis it ch&( >770!& Afdricsaf`hy( kr`cfazctakfs cri
rihyaf` kf licsurilift cpprkcdmis( sudm cs wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres tk `caf afsa`mts af
tmisi prkdissis -i&`& Musihae( Nidjir " Nictty( >779!& ^ihctie tk tmas( kr`cfazctakfs cri
chsk afdricsaf`hy usaf` ilphkyii surviys cs c skurdi kb afbkrlctakf kf wkrj cfe
kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs fkwcecys -Yhradm( 3110!&
Umas tmisas cekpts c prc`lctad pirspidtavi? at pcys cttiftakf tk mkw kr`cfazctakfs
dcf lcji nittir usi kb ilphkyii surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc af tmi dkftixt kb
wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres& At prkvaeis cf ahhustrctakf kb mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf lkfatkr tmi
ibbidts kb M^L,rihctie dmcf`i prkdissis usaf` ilphkyii surviys ny tcdjhaf` tmrii
dmchhif`is prcdtatakfirs bcdi& Barst( ny easdussaf` mkw afeavaeuch ilphkyii surviy
afbkrlctakf dcf ni usie tk prkvaei licfaf`buh afbkrlctakf kf M^L prkdissis ctnusafiss ufat hivih -Dmcptir 4 cfe 9!& Tidkfehy( ny ixphcafaf` mkw tk lcji tilpkrch
afbirifdis nitwiif M^L afeadctkrs cfe nusafiss kutdklis -Dmcptir 9!& Bafchhy( ny
smkwaf` mkw istcnhasmie rihctakfsmaps dcf ni trcfshctie aftk rihivcft lcfc`ilift
afbkrlctakf -Dmcptir 9!&
3&4&5 Dmchhif`i 5? Alprkvaf` ^isicrdm Litmkes
^isicrdm kf tmi afbhuifdi kb M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kf pirbkrlcfdi mcs
ixpiraifdie lcokr `rkwtm& Eispati tmas( sdmkhcrs mcvi fktie litmkekhk`adch dkfdirfs watm ixastaf` M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti risicrdm -Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Nksihai
it ch&( >771: @irmcrt( >770: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771: Wccuwi( >771: Pchh " Pkke(
>779: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Nidcusi tmikritadch prk`riss -cfe lcjaf` licfaf`buh
pkhady ridkllifectakfs! eipifes kf tmi quchaty kb litmkes usie af ilparadch risicrdm(
at as oust cs alpkrtcft tk bkdus kf litmkekhk`y alprkvilift cs kf tmikry eivihkplift
-Iewcres( >77=: @irmcrt( >770: Wccuwi( >771!&
Barst( M^L cfe dhalcti risicrdm mcs niif dratadazie bkr cf kvir,rihacfdi kf drkss,
sidtakfch eisa`fs( cfe af ceeatakf pkkrhy ufeirstkke dcusch rihctakfs nitwiif M^L cfe
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
3>
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kf tmi kfi mcfe cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi kf tmi ktmir -i&`&
Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Pra`mt( @crefir( Lkyfamcf " Chhif( >779!& Umi lkst privchift
risicrdm eisa`f af tmi hatircturi as kfi wmiri kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kr M^L licsuris
cri tcjif brkl tmi scli pirake cfe cri dkuphie watm kvirhcppaf` kr ivif pridieaf`
bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ectc -Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Wcttirskf it ch&( >775: Pra`mt it ch&(
>779!& Mkwivir( tmas typi kb eisa`f ekis fkt chhkw cfy dkfdhusakfs kf earidtakfs kb
dcuschaty( safdi tilpkrch pridieifdi kb tmi dcusi as c fidisscry dkfeatakf bkr dcusch
afbirifdi -Dkkj " Dclpihh( 3101: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Umas pcudaty kb hkf`atueafch
risicrdm as prknhilctad af M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti,pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm( safdi
sivirch ixphcfctakfs bkr rivirsie kr ridaprkdch dcusctakf mcvi niif prkpksie( sudm cs
afvistlifts af M^L -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117! cfe sa`fchaf`
ibbidts -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Tdmfiaeir( Mcf`is( Tlatm " Tchvc``ak( >774!& ^ihctie
tk tilpkrch assuis( hatthi as jfkwf cnkut mkw M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti afbhuifdis
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss tali( a&i& hc` ibbidts -Wurdihh
" Jaffai( >770: Pra`mt " Mc``irty( >779!& Mifdi( hkf`atueafch risicrdm as fiieie& Af
pcrtaduhcr( ripictie licsuris kb M^L( dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi cri ridkllifeie tk
tist wmitmir c dmcf`i af M^L kr dhalcti as csskdactie watm c dmcf`i af kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi -@irmcrt( >770: @uist( Ladmai( Dkfwcy " Tmiimcf( >774: Pchh " Pkke(
>779!&^ihctie tk tmas( c sidkfe litmkekhk`adch assui dkfdirfs tmi hcdj kb skpmastadctakf kb
tidmfaquis usie tk cfchyzi hkf`atueafch -ripictie! ectc& Biw stueais usie strudturch
iquctakf lkeihaf`( tmi pribirrie tidmfaqui tk tist hkf`atueafch ectc& Ttrudturch iquctakf
cpprkcdmis cri supirakr tk navcracti dkrrihctakfs kr ri`rissakf cfchysis( nidcusi
strudturch iquctakf lkeihs chhkw saluhtcfikus istalctakf kb dcusch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif
vcracnhis -_cpb( Ekrlcff " Brisi( 3112!& Cpphaie tk M^L cfe dhalcti risicrdm(
strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` ifcnhis cfchyzaf` tmi ibbidts kb M^L cfe dhalcti kf
pirbkrlcfdi wmahi dkftrkhhaf` bkr tilpkrch stcnahatais af M^L( dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi(
cfe afvirsi dcusctakf -pirbkrlcfdi afbhuifdis dhalcti cfe M^L!&
Umi tmare litmkekhk`adch assui as tmi kvir,rihacfdi kf saf`hi skurdi sihb,ripkrt
surviy ectc kf M^L( -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! cfe pirbkrlcfdi -Pchh " Pkke( >779!&
Lcfy stueais mcvi usie surviys sift tk sifakr M^ lcfc`ir kr dmaib ixidutavi tk rcti tmi
M^ prcdtadis af usi cfe tk istalcti tmi pirbkrlcfdi rihctavi tk ktmirs af tmiar sidtkr
-Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Miri( ectc kf tmi afeipifeift -M^L! cfe eipifeift
-kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi! vcracnhi cri dkhhidtie brkl tmi scli skurdi& Umas eisa`f as
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
34
sunoidt tk dkllkf litmke vcracfdi cfe rctir nacs -@irmcrt( >770!& Ekty cfe @hadj
-311=! dkfdhueie tmct dkllkf litmke vcracfdi risuhts af lkri tmcf >9 pirdift nacs af
knsirvie rihctakfsmaps& Ivif af c satuctakf wmiri afbkrlctakf ri`creaf` kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi as dkhhidtie brkl c eabbirift skurdi( rihacfdi kf c saf`hi rispkfeift la`mt
nacs tmi istalctie rihctakfsmaps( cs rispkfeifts mkhe alphadat M^L,pirbkrlcfdi tmikrais
-@crefir " Pra`mt( >771!& Burtmirlkri( tmi rihacfdi kf c saf`hi M^ prkbissakfch kr hafi
lcfc`ir as ma`mhy quistakfie af tirls kb rihacnahaty cfe vchaeaty -Nkswihh( Dkhvaf "
Ecrfkhe( >77=: @irmcrt( Pra`mt( LdLcmcf " Tfihh( >777: @irmcrt( Pra`mt " LdLcmcf(
>777: @uist( >773!& Suistakfs mcvi niif rcasie cs tk wmitmir c saf`hi M^ prkbissakfch
kr hafi lcfc`ir dcf prkvaei cf cddurcti eisdraptakf kb tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis af c
nrcfdm&
^ihctie tk tmi privakus assui( tmi bkurtm assui dkfdirfs tmi kvir,rihacfdi kf
sunoidtavi kr pcrtach kutdkli licsuris& Wirdiptuch licsuris kb pirbkrlcfdi cri prkfi
tk dkllkf sunoidt vcracfdi( af dcsi tmi ectc kf M^L cri dkhhidtie brkl tmi scli
skurdi -@irmcrt( >770!& Ab M^L ectc cri dkhhidtie brkl c eabbirift skurdi( tmisi ectc cri
stahh sunoidt tk rispkfe nacs -@uist( >773!& Umi sidkfe pkaft kb tmas bkurtm assui dkfdirfs
tmi rihacfdi kf pcrtach knoidtavi kutdkli licsuris& Af ludm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
risicrdm pirbkrlcfdi as kfhy pcrtachhy kr afearidthy licsurie -i&`& fkf,dkftrkhhcnhi dksts
kr dustklir sctasbcdtakf!& Umi buhh prkeudtavaty rctak -kutputs cfe afputs! as siheklcssissie af tmi dhalcti hatircturi -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!&
Bafchhy( c babtm litmkekhk`adch assui as tmi kvirilpmcsas kf kr`cfazctakfch,hivih kb
cfchysas -Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Dklpcraf` M^L( dhalcti
cfe pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss dklpcfais af eabbirift afeustrais as prknhilctad( cs kr`cfazctakfs
prkvaei eabbirift prkeudts cfe sirvadis( cfe kpircti ufeir eabbirift nusafiss dkfeatakfs
-Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!&
Af kreir tk kvirdkli tmi aeiftabaie litmkekhk`adch smkrtdklaf`s kb prakr risicrdm(
affkvctavi risicrdm litmkekhk`ais cri cpphaie af tmi ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas&
Umas tmisas ixtifes privakus ilparadch M^L cfe dhalcti risicrdm af bavi litmkekhk`adch
wcys? tmi cpphadctakf kb hkf`atueafch eisa`f cfe cfchysis -strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`!(
tmi dklnafctakf kb ectc brkl luhtaphi rctirs -ilphkyiis! cfe skurdis -ilphkyiis cfe
knoidtavi afeadctkrs!( cfe tmi dklpcraskf kb nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi kr`cfazctakf&
3&4&9 Umi Bkur Dmchhif`is Ceerissie af tmas Umisas
Umi dkftranutakf kb tmas tmisas dkfsasts kb tcdjhaf` tmi bkur dmchhif`is bcdaf`
risicrdmirs cfe lcfc`irs wmif afti`rctaf` tmi ilphkyii pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
35
pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i& 3& Mkw tk nrae`i ”lcdrk‑ nusafiss,kraiftie cfe ”ladrk‑ KN +
kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y pirspidtavis tkwcres tmi tkpad kb M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi; >&
Mkw tk nchcfdi lcfc`irach cfe ilphkyii aftirists? wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis(
lutuch,`cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis prkvaeis c nittir bat bkr tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,
niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi; Umi barst twk dmchhif`is cri
lcafhy tmikritadch af fcturi& Umas tmisas cals tk ek risicrdm kb tmikritadch cfe prcdtadch
rihivcfdi& Umiribkri( tmi tmare aeiftabaie dmchhif`i bkdusis kf prcdtadch rihivcfdi? 4& Mkw
dcf kr`cfazctakfs lcji nittir usi kb ilphkyii surviys kf M^L prkdissis cfe
pirbkrlcfdi ectc af tmi dkftixt kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres; Ab wi cri tk ercw dkfdhusakfs
ri`creaf` tmikry -dmchhif`i 3 cfe >! cfe prcdtadi -dmchhif`i 4!( at as alpkrtcft tk bkdus kf
risicrdm litmkes( tmiribkri tmi bkurtm dmchhif`i as kf litmkekhk`y af tmi hatircturi kf
M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& 5& Mkw tk alprkvi tmi litmkekhk`adch ra`kr cfe quchaty kb
M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm; Umi bkur dmchhif`is cfe kur cpprkcdm tk ceeriss tmisi
cri sullcrazie af Ucnhi 3&
3&5 Umisas Ttrudturi
Umi bkur aeiftabaie risicrdm assuis wahh ni ceerissie af dmcptirs > tk 2& Uk stcrt watm(
dmcptir twk dkvirs c rivaiw kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af tmi hatircturi( twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut watm rispidt
tk tmi pksatakf kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi cric kb M^L,pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Af tmi
barst vaiw( ilphkyirs cfe ilphkyiis nktm nifibat brkl M^L -sk,dchhie lutuch `cafs
pirspidtavi!& Af dkftrcst( af tmi sidkfe vaiw cutmkrs cr`ui tmct M^L pcys kbb af tirls kb
kvirchh pirbkrlcfdi( nut mcvi fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi alpcdt kf ilphkyii aftirists -sk,
dchhie dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi!& Ny licfs kb c rivaiw kb 53 stueais( tmi twk
dklpitaf` mypktmisis cri tistie&
Umi bkhhkwaf` bkur dmcptirs -4 tk 2! cri ncsie kf crdmavch hkf`atueafch surviy ectc
kntcafie brkl lkri tmcf 35(777 ilphkyiis cfe knoidtavi prkeudtavaty ba`uris kb 303
nrcfdmis kb c hcr`i bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf af tmi Fitmirhcfes& Chtmku`m tmi usi
kb tmas crdmavch ectcsit -wmadm dcf ni siif cs cf ixpcfeie dcsi stuey! mcs c fulnir kb
cevcftc`is -sii kur dmchhif`i kf alprkvaf` risicrdm litmkes! tmi usi kb crdmavch ectc
dkhhidtie af kf`kaf` nusafiss prcdtadi halats tmi rcf`i kb assuis wmadm dkuhe ni stueaie af
tmas eassirtctakf&
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U c n h i 3 & K v i r v a i w k b J i y D m c h h i f ` i s
J i y d
m c h h i f ` i
C p p r k c d m t k c e e r i s s t m i d m c h h i f ` i s
D m c p t i r
3 & N r a e ` a f ` r i s i c r d m t r c e a t a k f s
C h a ` f a f ` t m i K N k r a i f t c t a k f t k w c r e
s t m i t k p a d k b T M ^ L c f e p i r b k r l c f d i ( w a t m t m i l k r i n u s a f i s s
k r a i f t i e p i r s p i d t a v i ( n y a f t i ` r c t a f `
d h a l c t i ( p i r d i p t a k f s k b M ^ L c f e i l p h k y i i w i h h , n i a f ` h a t i r c t u r i
> —
2
> & N c h c f d a f ` l c f c ` i r a c h c f e
i l p h k y i i a f t i r i s t s
U i s t a f ` w m a d m k b t m i d k l p i t a f ` p i r s p i d t a v i s ( l u t u c h , ` c a f s k r d k f b h a d t a f ` k u t d k l i s p r k v a e i s c n i t t i r b a t
b k r
t m i r k h i k b i l p h k y i i w i h h , n i a f `
a f t m i r i h c t a k f s m a p n i t w i i f M ^ L c f e p i r b k r l c f d i
> ( 2
4 & B k d u s a f ` k f p r c d t a d c h
r i h i v c f d i
E i s d r a p t a k f k b m k w k r ` c f a z c t a k f s d
c f l c j i n i t t i r u s i k b i l p h k y i i
s u r v i y c f e p i r b k r l c f d i e c t c a f
t m i
d k f
t i x t k b w k r j b k r d i s d k r i d c r e s
4 ( 9
5 & A l p r k v a f ` l i t m k e s
A l p r k v i l i f t k b l i t m k e k h k ` a d c h q u c h a t y ?
c & H
k f ` a t u e a f c h e i s a ` f c f e c f c h y s i s
n & T
k p m a s t a d c t a k f k b t i d m f a q u i s u s i e t k c f c h y z i h k f ` a t u e a f c h e c t c
d & L
u h t a p h i s k u r d i s - i l p h k y i i s c f e
k n o i d t a v i a f e a d c t k r s !
e & L
u h t a p h i r c t i r s - i l p h k y i i s !
i & P
a t m a f d k l p c f y e i s a ` f
5 —
2
5 —
2
5 —
2
4 —
2
4 —
2
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
32
Umi dkftift kb tmi ectcsit wcs eidaeie af >777: a&i& nibkri tmas eassirtctakf prkoidt
stcrtie& Ct tmct tali at wcs eidaeie tk bkdus kf mcppafiss wihh,niaf` kfhy( rctmir tmcf kf
michtm kr rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`( cfe tk bkdus kf M^L licsuris tmrku`m ilphkyii
surviys kfhy( rctmir tmcf dklnafaf` tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf watm jiy afbkrlcft
aftirvaiws& Pi easduss tmisi ristradtakfs af lkri eitcah af tmi ilparadch dmcptirs cfe tmi
easdussakf dmcptir kb tmas tmisas&
Dmcptir tmrii ixphkris tmikritadchhy cfe litmkekhk`adchhy tmi pkssanahaty bkr
c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` tk dkfstrudt
licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih dkfstrudts& Bavi dratirac bkr ivchuctaf` c``ri`ctakf
pkssanahatais cri eivihkpie? ilir`ifdi prkdissis( ribirift typi( aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs
dkibbadaifts cfe aftirrctir c`riilift& Tunsiquifthy( tmisi bavi dratirac cri cpphaie tk
surviy ectc usie af tmi tmrii rilcafaf` dmcptirs -5( 9( cfe 2! kb tmas tmisas&
Umi bkurtm dmcptir as c twk,wcvi drkss,hc``ie stuey -cvirc`i aftirvch kb twk yicrs!
kf tali pridieifdi af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi& At as cr`uie tmct bkur M^,afeudie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs
afbhuifdi kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Ceeatakfchhy( at as chsk mypktmisazie tmct ma`m
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi afbhuifdis tmi bkur kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs
tmrku`m afvistlifts af M^ prcdtadis cfe tmrku`m sa`fchaf` ibbidts& Bafchhy( at as ricskfie
tmct pkssanhy nktm prkdissis cri prisift saluhtcfikushy&Dmcptir bavi ixclafis mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf lcji sifsi kb ilphkyii surviys kf
M^L,rihctie dmcf`i prkdissis af tmi dkftixt kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres& Af pcrtaduhcr tmas
dmcptir eichs watm tmrii dmchhif`is dkrpkrcti M^ lcfc`irs cfe M^ risicrdmirs bcdi af
sittaf` up cfe lcjaf` usi kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres( a&i& bafeaf` cpprkpracti M^L
afeadctkrs( istcnhasmaf` tilpkrch rihctakfsmaps( cfe prkvaeaf` usibuh lcfc`ilift
afbkrlctakf& Umi tmrii dmchhif`is cri eicht watm af tmas dmcptir ny usaf` ilphkyii surviy
ectc cs cf afeadctkr kb bcdtkrs eravif ny M^L,rihctie aftirviftakfs( usaf` twk wcvis kb
ectc tk tist tmi cssulie tilpkrch rihctakfsmap( cfe usaf` cf ixtrcpkhctakf litmke tk
trcfshcti kur bafeaf`s -istalctis! aftk rihivcft lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf -af tmas dcsi?
Iurk afdricsi af prkbats!&
Umi saxtm dmcptir kb tmas tmisas tists wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis( wkrj
sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry kr wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli afeadctkr( as lkri
cpprkpracti tk eisdrani tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti
bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe prkeudtavaty& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf as eipadtie cs cf
aftirlieacry lidmcfasl( a&i& nktm strcti`ad dhalcti typis pksatavihy afbhuifdi prkeudtavaty
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
30
tmrku`m afdricsie wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Mkwivir( cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm su``ists tmct
wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cri eabbirift kutdkli afeadctkrs? c dhalcti bkr
ibbadaifdy hices pralcrahy tk tmi cdmaivilift kb prkeudtavaty( wmahi c dhalcti bkr sirvadi
hices pralcrahy tk tmi cdmaivilift kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf&
Af dmcptir sivif c easdussakf kb tmi risuhts as prisiftie chkf` tmi bkur aeiftabaie jiy
assuis& Ttrif`tms cfe wicjfissis kb tmi risicrdm cri easdussie& Bafchhy( alphadctakfs cfe
su``istakfs bkr buturi risicrdm cri prisiftie&
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
3=
3&9 ^ibirifdis
Cppihncul( I& ->77>!& Umi alpcdt kb fiw bkrls kb wkrj kr`cfazctakf kf wkrjirs& Af?Pkrj Ilphkylift ^ihctakfs af tmi Ma`m,Wirbkrlcfdi Pkrjphcdi -pp& 3>7,35=!& @&Lurrcy( O& Nihcf`ir( C& @ahis( " W&C& Hcpkafti -Ies&!& Hkfekf? Dkftafuul
Cppihncul( I&( Ncahiy( U&( Nir`( W& " Jchhinir`( C& ->777!& Lcfubcdturaf` cevcftc`i? Pmy ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils pcy kbb & Fiw Qkrj? Dkrfihh Yfavirsaty Wriss&
Ncrtih( C&W& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi?Ivaeifdi brkl ritcah ncfjaf`& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr ^ihctakfs ^ivaiw ( 90( >( 3=3,>74&
Nidjir( N&I& " @irmcrt( N& -3112!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift kfkr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Wrk`riss cfe prkspidts& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift
Okurfch ( 41( 001,=73&Nidjir( N&I&( Musihae( L&C&( Wadjus( W&T& " Tprctt( L&B& -3110!& M^ cs skurdi kb
smcrimkheir vchui? ^isicrdm cfe ridkllifectakfs& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift (42( 3( 41,50&
Nksihai( W&( Nriwstir( D& " Wccuwi( O& ->771!& Af sicrdm kb nchcfdi,lcfc`af` tmi euchatais
kb M^L? Cf kvirvaiw kb tmi assuis& Wirskfffih ivaiw ( 4=( 9( 523,503&Nksihai( W&( Eaitz( @& " Nkkf( D& ->779!& Dkllkfchatais cfe dkftrceadtakfs af M^L cfe
pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 20,15&Nkswihh( P&^&( Dkhvaf( C&O&T& " Ecrfkhe( U&D& ->77=!& Kr`cfazctakfch systils cfe
ilphkyii lktavctakf& Af? Pkrj lktavctakf? Wcst( prisift cfe buturi -pp& 423,577!& ^&Jcfbir( @& Dmif( " ^&E& Wratdmcre -Ies&!& Fiw Qkrj? ^kuthie`i Cdceilad&
Nkwif( E& " Kstrkbb( D& ->775!& Yfeirstcfeaf` M^L,barl pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`is? tmirkhi kb tmi ”strif`tm‑ kb tmi M^L systil& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( >1( >74,>>3&
Nkxchh( W& " Lcdjy( J& ->771!& ^isicrdm cfe tmikry kf ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils?Wrk`rissaf` tmi ma`m,afvkhvilift stricl& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 31(
3( 4,>4&Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( W& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&
Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&Nkxchh( W&( Wurdihh( O& " Pra`mt( W& ->770!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift? Tdkpi( cfchysas(
cfe sa`fabadcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift -pp& 3,32!& W&Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!& Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&
Dklns( O&( Hau( Q&( Mchh( C& " Jitdmif( E& ->772!& Mkw ludm ek ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis lcttir; C litc,cfchysas kb tmiar ibbidts kf kr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 91( 4( 973,9>=&
Dkkj( E& " Dclpnihh( E& -3101!& Sucsa,ixpiraliftctakf? Eisa`f " cfchysas assuis bkr baihe sittaf`s & Nkstkf? Mku`mtkf Labbhaf Dk&
Ecffc( J& " @rabbaf( ^&P& -3111!& Michtm cfe wihh,niaf` af tmi wkrjphcdi? C rivaiw cfesyftmisas kb tmi hatircturi& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >9( 4( 490,4=5&
Ekty( M&E& " @hadj( P&M& -311=!& Dkllkf litmkes nacs? Ekis dkllkf litmke nacs vcracfdi richhy nacs tmi risuhts; Kr`cfazctakfch ^isicrdm Litmkes ( 3( 405,572&
Iewcres( O&^& ->77=!& Uk prkspir( kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y smkuhe… kvirdklilitmkekhk`adch ncrrairs tk prk`riss& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >1( 521,513&
@crefir( U&L& " Pra`mt( W&L& ->771!& Alphadat mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift tmikry? Cpktiftach tmrict tk tmi aftirfch vchaeaty kb mulcf riskurdi prcdtadi licsuris&Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( >7( 3( 90,05&
@ihcei( @& " Aviry( L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe wkrj dhalcti kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( >( 4=4,575&
@irmcrt( N& ->779!& Mulcf riskurdis cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi? Bafeaf`s( ufcfswiriequistakfs cfe cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm& Lcfc`ilift ^ivui ( 32( >( 305,3=9&
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
31
@irmcrt( N& ->770!& Lkeihaf` M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`is& Af? Umi Kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift -pp& 99>,9=7!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&
@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L&( LdLcmcf( @&D& " Tfihh( T&C& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr afrisicrdm kf mulcf riskurdis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Mkw ludm irrkr as tmiri
cfe mkw ekis at afbhuifdi ibbidt sazi istalctis; Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 94( 5( =74,=45&@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L& " LdLcmcf( @&D& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr cfe istalctis kb
tmi M^,barl pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? Burtmir ivaeifdi cfe cfchysas& Wirskffih Wsdydmkhk`y ( 94( =99,=0>&
@rcft( C&L&( Dmrastacfskf( L&J& " Wradi( ^&M& ->770!& Mcppafiss( michtm( krrihctakfsmaps; Lcfc`irach prcdtadis cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` trceikbbs& Cdceily kb
Lcfc`ilift Wirspidtavis ( >3( 93,24&@uist( E& -3110!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe pirbkrlcfdi? C rivaiw cfe risicrdm
c`ifec& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( =( 4( >24,>20&@uist( E& -3111!& ”Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift — tmi wkrjir‑s vireadt‑& Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 35( 33( 01,12&
@uist( E& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift? Pmif risicrdm dkfbrkfts tmikry&Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 3>( 371>,3372&
@uist( E&I&( Ladmai( O&( Dkfwcy( F& " Tmiimcf( L& ->774!& Mulcf riskurdilcfc`ilift cfe dkrpkrcti pirbkrlcfdi af tmi YJ& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 53( >( >13,435&
Musihae( L&C& -3119!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift prcdtadis kf turfkvir(prkeudtavaty( cfe dkrpkrcti bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch (4=( 249,20>&
Musihae( L&C&( Nidjir( N&I& " Nictty( ^&P& ->779!& Umi wkrjbkrdi sdkridcre? Lcfc`af` mulcf dcpatch tk ixiduti strcti`y & Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh Wunhasaf` Dkrpkrctakf&
Oclis( H&^&( Dmka( D&D&( Jk( D&M&I&( LdFiah( W&J&( Laftkf( L&J&( Pra`mt( L&C& " Jal(
J& ->77=!& Kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`adch dhalcti? C rivaiw kb tmikry cfe risicrdm& Iurkpicf Okurfch kb Pkrj cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 30( 9,4>&
Jkpihlcf( ^&I&( Nraib( C&W& " @uzzk( ^&C& -3117!& Umi rkhi kb dhalcti cfe duhturi afprkeudtavaty& Af? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >=>,43=!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!&Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&
Juifza( L& " Tdmlafji( L& ->771!& Cssilnhaf` brc`lifts aftk c hifs? C rivaiw( drataqui(cfe prkpksie risicrdm c`ifec bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch wkrj dhalcti hatircturi&
Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( 49( 4( 245,030&Hcbkhhitti( P&^& " Tals( M&W& -3109!& As sctasbcdtakf rieufecft watm kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti; Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr cfe Mulcf Wirbkrlcfdi ( 34( >90,>0=&Hi``i( J& -3119!& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift? ^mitkrads cfe ^ichatais & Hkfekf( Ncsaf`stkji?
Lcdlahhcf&Fasmaa( H& " Pra`mt( W& ->77=!& Rcracnahaty watmaf kr`cfazctakfs? Alphadctakfs bkr strcti`ad
mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift& Af? Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi? Eyfclad hafjc`is nitwiif afeavaeuchs cfe kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >>9,>5=!& E&N& Tlatm -Ie&!& Fiw Qkrj? Ucyhkr cfeBrcfdas @rkup&
Krhatzjy( L& " Brifjih( T&O& ->779!& Chtirfctavi pctmwcys tk ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrjphcdis& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 32( =( 34>9,345=&
Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih? M^ prcdtadis cfekr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af r`cfazctakfs -pp& >33,>90!& J&O& Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&
Kstrkbb( D&( Jafadja( C&O& " Ucljafs( L&L& ->774!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti&
Af? Mcfenkkj kb Wsydmkhk`y -vkh& 3>( pp& 929,914!& P&D& Nkrlcf( E&^& Ah`if( " ^&O&Jhalksja -Ies&!& Mknkjif( FO? Pahiy&
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
>7
Wccuwi( O& ->775!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivaf` hkf` tirl vacnahaty & Kxbkre? KxbkreYfavirsaty Wriss&
Wccuwi( O& ->771!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivilifts( litmkekhk`adch assuis cfeprkspidts& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift Ttueais ( 52( 3( 3>1,399&
Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? wmct fixt;& Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&Wccuwi( O& " ^admcreskf( ^& -3110!& Aftrkeudtakf tk spidach assui kf M^L cfe
pirbkrlcfdi& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( =( 4( >90,>2>&Wcttirskf( L&( Pcrr( W& " Pist( L& ->775!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe dklpcfy
prkeudtavaty? Umi rkhi kb ilphkyii cbbidt cfe ilphkyii hivih& Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 00( 314,>32&
Widdia( ^& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe tmi sicrdm bkr tmi mcppy wkrjphcdi & Afcu`urchceeriss( ^kttirecl? Ircslus ^isicrdm Afstatuti kb Lcfc`ilift -I^AL!&
Wurdihh( O& " Jaffai( F& ->770!& M^L cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift -pp& 944 , 993!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt& -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&
Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? Ukwcre cdklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfc`ilift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&
^clscy( M&( Tdmkhcraks( E& " Mcrhiy( N& ->777!& Ilphkyiis kb ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils? Uistaf` afsaei tmi nhcdj nkx& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 4=( 5(973,943&
^kussicu( E& ->772!& As tmiri sudm c tmaf` cs ”Ivaeifdi ncsie lcfc`ilift‑; Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( 43( >92—>21&
^ycf( C&L&( Tdmlat( L&O& " Okmfskf( ^& -3112!& Cttatueis cfe ibbidtavifiss? Ixclafaf` rihctakfs ct cf kr`cfazctakfch hivih& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 51( =94,==>&
^yfis( T&H&( @ahuj( U&H& " Nrkwf( J&@& ->770!& Umi viry sipcrcti wkrhes kb cdceilad
cfe prcdtatakfir pirakeadchs af mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift? Alphadctakfs bkrivaeifdi,ncsie lcfc`ilift& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 97( 9( 1=0,377=&
Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( 550,501&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi& Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcf`is( W& O&( Tlatm( E& N& " Tchvc``ak( C& F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?
Ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfasctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 9( =42,=93&
Tdmuhti( L&( Kstrkbb( D&( Tmluhyacf( T& " Jafadja( C& ->771!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctidkfba`urctakfs? ^ihctakfsmaps tk dkhhidtavi cttatueis( dustklir sctasbcdtakf( cfepirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 15( 4( 23=,245&
Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach Wirbkrlcfdi; Af?
Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie!& Tcf Brcfdasdk(DC? Okssiy Ncss&
Tpcrrkw( W&^& ->773!& Eivihkpaf` eac`fkstads bkr ma`m pirbkrlcfdi kr`cfazctakfDuhturis& Af? Umi aftirfctakfch mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& =9,372!& D&H& Dkkpir( T& Dcrtwra`mt( " W&D& Icrhiy -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
Ucjiudma( ^&( Dmif( @& " Hipcj( E&W& ->771!& Umrku`m tmi hkkjaf` `hcss kb c skdachsystil? Drkss,hivih ibbidts kb ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils kf ilphkyiis‑cttatueis& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 2>( 3,>1&
Uishuj( W&( Mkblcff( E& " Sua`hiy( F& ->77>!& Afti`rctaf` tmi hafjc`is nitwiifkr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe afeavaeuch kutdklis ct wkrj& Af? Wsydmkhk`adch lcfc`ilift kb afeavaeuch pirbkrlcfdi -pp& 553,521!& T& Tkffiftc` -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
Uruss( D& " @rcttkf( H& -3115!& Ttrcti`ad mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift? C dkfdiptuchcpprkcdm& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 9( 4( 225,2=2&
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Dmcptir 3? Aftrkeudtakf
>3
Yhradm( E& -3110!& Licsuraf` mulcf riskurdis? cf kvirvaiw kb prcdtadi cfe cprisdraptakf bkr risuhts& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 42( 474,4>7&
Rcfeifnir`( ^&O&( ^admcreskf( M&C& " Icstlcf( H&O& -3111!& Umi alpcdt kb ma`mafvkhvilift wkrj prkdissis kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C sidkfe,kreirhctift vcracnhi cpprkcdm& @rkup cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Lcfc`ilift ( >5( 4( 477,441&
Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->779!& Bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi hkf`,tirl hafj watm M^ prcdtadis( wkrj dhalcti cfe okn striss& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 5(47,94&
Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr na` sdaifdi& Mulcf ^ihctakfs ( 9=( 5( 5>1,52>&
Pcrr -31=0!& Pkrj( ufilphkylift( cfe liftch michtm & Kxbkre? Dhcrifekf Wriss& Pkke( T& ->771!& M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af? Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift?
C dratadch cpprkcdm -pp& 99,05!& E&@& Dkhhaf`s( " @& Pkke -Ies&!& Hkfekf?^kuthie`i Ucykr " Brcfdas @rkup&
Pra`mt( W& " Nkswihh( P& ->77>!( Eisi`ri`ctaf` M^L? C rivaiw cfe syftmisas kb ladrk
cfe lcdrk mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift risicrdm& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >=( >50,>02&
Pra`mt( W&L& " @crefir( U&L& ->774!& Umi mulcf riskurdi,barl pirbkrlcfdirihctakfsmap? Litmkekhk`adch cfe tmikritadch dmchhif`is& Af? Umi fiw wkrjphcdi? C
`uaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433,4>=!& W& Tpcrrkw( " C&Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
Pra`mt( W&( @crefir( U&( Lkyfamcf( H& " Chhif( L& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif mrprcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( >(571,552&
Pra`mt( W&L& " Mc``irty( O&O& ->779!& Lassaf` vcracnhis af tmikrais kb strcti`ad mulcfriskurdi lcfc`ilift? Uali( dcusi( cfe afeavaeuchs//& Lcfc`ilift ^ivui ( 32( >(
325,304& Pra`mt( W&L& " LcdLcmcf( @&D& -311>!& Umikritadch pirspidtavis bkr strcti`ad mulcf
riskurdi lcfc`ilift& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( 3=( >( >19,4>7& Pra`mt( W&L& " Tfihh( T&C& -311=!& Ukwcre cf ufabyaf` brcliwkrj bkr ixphkraf` bat cfe
bhixanahaty af strcti`ad mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw (>4( 5( =42,=22&
_cpb( E( Ekrlcff( D& " Brisi L& -3112!& Hkf`atueafch stueais af kr`cfazctakfch strissrisicrdm? C rivaiw kb tmi hatircturi watm ribirifdi tk litmkekhk`adch assuis&
Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch Michtm Wsydmkhk`y ( 3( >( 359,321&
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>
M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe
Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi?
C Tystilctad ^ivaiw kb tmi Hatircturi
Umas dmcptir as ncsie kf? Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Wccuwi( O& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& M^L(Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi? C Tystilctad ^ivaiw kb tmiHatircturi& Lcfusdrapt ufeir ^ivaiw&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
>5
Cnstrcdt
Af tmi hatircturi( twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut watm rispidt tk tmi pksatakf kb ilphkyii
wihh,niaf` ct wkrj af M^L , pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as eisdranie
miri cddkreaf` tmrii ealifsakfs? mcppafiss( michtm( cfe rihctakfsmaps& Umas rivaiw
ixclafis wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis( ”lutuch `cafs‑ kr ”dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis‑ as
lkri cpprkpracti tk eisdrani tmi rkhi kb tmisi tmrii ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts cs
bkufe af ilparadch risicrdm& At dkvirs 53 stueais punhasmie brkl 3119 tk >77=& Ncsie kf
tmi quchaty kb tmi stueais cfe tmi dkfsastifdy kb tmi stuey bafeaf`s( at as dkfdhueie tmct
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tirls kb mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps bufdtakf cs lutuch `caf watm
pirbkrlcfdi& Michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`( mkwivir( siils tk bufdtakf cs dkfbhadtaf`
kutdkli watm pirbkrlcfdi& Earidtakfs bkr buturi risicrdm cfe tmikritadch eivihkpliftcri su``istie&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
>9
>&3 Aftrkeudtakf
Ttcrtaf` watm tmi `rkufe,nricjaf` stuey kb Musihae -3119! wmadm dhcalie tmct
Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift -M^L! mcs c sunstcftach alpcdt kf bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi( c hcr`i nkey kb risicrdm ixclafaf` tmi alpcdt kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi mcs niif punhasmie af tmi hcst eidcei -i&`& Nksihai( Eaitz " Nkkf( >779:
Dklns( Hau( Mchh " Jitdmif( >772!& Af tmas dkftixt M^L ribirs tk? ”Chh tmksi cdtavatais
csskdactie watm tmi lcfc`ilift kb pikphi af barls‑ -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=? 3!& Hctihy
tmiri mcvi niif dchhs tk bkdus lkri kf ilphkyii,diftirie kutdklis cfe fkt kfhy kf tmi
ibbidts kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -@uist( 3111: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!&
Nkxchh cfe Lcjdy ->771! eisdranie tmas ilir`ift risicrdm aftirist cs? Pi bafe kursihvis af
tmi laest kb c havihy eincti kvir tmi alpcdts kb M^L kf barls cfe kf wkrjirs& Tkli sdmkhcrs sii nifibats bkr nktm&&& wahi ktmirs quistakf tmi `cafs bkr barls&&& kr bkr wkrjirs&&& cfe skli( quati prkpirhy(
quistakf tmi vchui bkr nktm pcrtais&&& -pc`i 5!&
Af tmi hatircturi( twk dklpitaf` vaiws stcfe kut watm rispidt tk tmi pksatakf kb
ilphkyii kutdklis af tmi cric kb M^L — kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Af tmi
barst vaiw( ilphkyirs cfe ilphkyiis nktm nifibat brkl M^L -Cppihncul( Ncahiy( Nir`
" Jchhinir`( >777: @uist( 3110! -sk,dchhie lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi!& Af dkftrcst( af tmi
sidkfe vaiw cutmkrs cr`ui tmct M^L pcys kbb af tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi(
nut mcs fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi alpcdt kf ilphkyii aftirists -i&`& Hi``i( 3119: ^clscy(
Tdmkhcras " Mcrhiy( >777! -sk,dchhie dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi!& Dcpturaf` tmas
ilir`af` risicrdm aftirist( tmi durrift stuey ixclafis wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf`
pirspidtavis( ”lutuch `cafs‑ kr ”dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis‑( as lkri cpprkpracti& @avif tmi
ilir`af` alpkrtcfdi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af ixphcfctkry lkeihs kb tmi hafj nitwiif
M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi kf tmi kfi mcfe -i&`& Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wccuwi "
^admcreskf( 3110! cfe tmi alpkrtcfdi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cs cf alpkrtcft kutdkli
af ats kwf ra`mt kf tmi ktmir -Widdia( >775!( wi stuey ilphkyii aftirists af tirls kb
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct wkrj af tmas stuey&
Wrakr rivaiws kb ilparadch risicrdm kf tmi M^L , pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i -Nidjir "
@irmcrt( 3112: Nidjir " Musihae( 311=: Nksihai it ch&( >779: Dklns it ch&( >772: Birras(
Crtmur( Nirjskf( Jcphcf( Mcrrihh,Dkkj " Brafj( 311=: Pchh " Pkke( >779: Pkke( 3111:
Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>: Pra`mt( @crefir( Lkyfamcf " Chhif( >779! cs wihh cs rivaiws kb
ilparadch risicrdm kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct wkrj -Cppihncul(
>77>: Widdia( >775! mcvi prkvaeie us watm usibuh afbkrlctakf& Dklns it ch& ->772!dkfdhueie tmct M^L as pksatavihy rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi: kf tmi ktmir mcfe Cppihncul
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
>2
->77>! bkufe tmct at as eabbaduht tk ercw cfy eibafatavi dkfdhusakfs cnkut tmi ibbidts kb
M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Yfbkrtufctihy( ivaeifdi kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif tmi
dkfdipts kb M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi wiri rivaiwie
sipcrctihy& Cs bcr cs wi jfkw( cf upectie rivaiw af wmadm ivaeifdi kf hafjc`is nitwiif
M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as sicrdmie cfe syftmisazie
af c dratadch lcffir mcs fkt yit niif dkfeudtie& Mifdi( tmi durrift stuey prkvaeis c
rivaiw kb qucftatctavi stueais rihctaf` M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi&
Umi dkftranutakf kb tmas rivaiw as tk ixclafi wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` tmikritadch
pirspidtavis -Pchh " Pkke( >779!( lutuch `cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis( prkvaeis c
nittir bat bkr tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Ny rivaiwaf` stueais kf tmi ibbidts kb
M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi scli tali( tmas stuey dkftranutis
tk burtmir ufeirstcfeaf` kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf luhtaphi stcjimkheirs ny afdhueaf`
lcfc`ilift cs wihh cs ilphkyii,diftirie kutdklis& Umas as cf alpkrtcft assui cs tmi
prcdtadch alphadctakfs kb tmisi twk hafis kb tmku`mt eabbir& Ivaeifdi bkr lutuch `cafs
alphais tmct cekptaf` M^L cdtavatais afdricsis pirbkrlcfdi cfe ct tmi scli tali
afdricsis ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Mkwivir( ab tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi as lkri
vchae( M^L cdtavatais pksatavihy cbbidt kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut mcvi c eitraliftch
ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Uk stcrt watm( barst wi dhcraby kur cpprkcdm tk tmidkfdipts kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Tunsiquifthy(
wi ihcnkrcti kf tmi lutuch `cafs cfe dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavis( risuhtaf` af twk
dklpitaf` mypktmisis&
>&>&3 Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf`
Chtmku`m ilphkyii wihh,niaf` mcs nidkli cf alpkrtcft tkpad af sdmkhcrhy risicrdm
okurfchs( tmiri as dkfsaeircnhi vcractakf af tmi dkfdiptuchazctakf kb wihh,niaf` -Ecffc "
@rabbaf( 3111!& C barst eastafdtakf dcf ni lcei nitwiif pikphi‑s kvirchh wihh,niaf` krmcppafiss cfe lkri spidabad eklcafs kb wihh,niaf` sudm cs bclahy kr wkrj -Eaifir( Tum(
Hudcs " Tlatm( 3111!& Af tmas rivaiw tmi aftirist as kf wihh,niaf` ct wkrj( cs tmi cal kb
tmas rivaiw as tk ixclafi hafjc`is nitwiif twk ”wkrj‑ dkfdipts kb lcfc`ilift cdtavatais
-M^L!( cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct wkrj dcf nrkcehy ni
eisdranie cs tmi kvirchh quchaty kb cf ilphkyii‑s ixpiraifdi cfe bufdtakfaf` ct wkrj
-Pcrr( 31=0!&
Tidkfehy( eabbirift ealifsakfs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ct wkrj cri eastaf`uasmie af
tmi hatircturi( bkr ixclphi( okn sctasbcdtakf cfe okn striss& Patmaf tmi kr`cfazctakfch
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
>0
dkftixt( twk `ifirch typis kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri eabbiriftactie -Ecffc " @rabbaf(
3111: @rcft( Dmrastacfskf " Wradi( >770!& Af tmi barst typi( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as
bkdusie kf sunoidtavi ixpiraifdis cfe bufdtakfaf` ct wkrj& Umas ribirs tk okn,rihctie
ixpiraifdis cs kvirchh okn sctasbcdtakf( bcdit spidabad wkrj sctasbcdtakf -i&`& sctasbcdtakf
watm pcy( prklktakf kppkrtufatais!( cfe kr`cfazctakfch dkllatlift& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe
wkrj,rihctie michtm as eastaf`uasmie& Michtm af tmi wkrjphcdi ifdklpcssis nktm
pmysakhk`adch cfe psydmkhk`adch afeadctkrs rihctie tk ilphkyii michtm -Ecffc " @rabbaf(
3111!( bkr ixclphi okn strcaf( kr okn striss& Af sul( nktm ealifsakfs cri eibafie cs
prkpirtais kb tmi afeavaeuch ilphkyii&
Lkri ridifthy( @rcft it ch& ->770! ceeie skdach wihh,niaf` cs cf alpkrtcft tmare
ealifsakf& At smkuhe ni fktie tmct tmas ealifsakf as skliwmct eastafdt brkl tmi
ealifsakf kb sunoidtavi ixpiraifdis cfe tmi michtm ealifsakf& Pmirics tmisi hcttir
ealifsakfs cri afeavaeuch bkdusie( tmas ealifsakf as bkdusie kf aftircdtakfs tmct kddur
nitwiif ilphkyiis kr nitwiif ilphkyiis cfe tmiar supirvaskr kr tmi kr`cfazctakf tmiy
cri wkrjaf` bkr -i&`& trust( dkkpirctakf( lkrchi!& Pi eidaeie tk afdhuei tmas ealifsakf
kf rihctakfsmaps cs wihh( bkr tmi ricskf tmct tmas ealifsakf as briquifthy usie af
dkfdiptuch lkeihs -i&`& skdach ixdmcf`i hatircturi( M^L prkdiss lkeihs( dklpitaf`
vchuis lkeih kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti! cfe ilparadch stueais -i&`& Ncrtih(
>775: @ihcei " Aviry( >774: @uirrirk " Ncrrcue,Eaeair( >775: Lctmaiu( @ahskf "^ueey( >772!&
At as alpkrtcft tk lcji c eastafdtakf nitwiif tmisi ealifsakfs kb wihh,niaf` ct
wkrj( nidcusi af lkst kb tmi dkfdiptuch lkeihs hafjaf` M^L tk pirbkrlcfdi( eabbirift
ealifsakfs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri afdhueie& Bkr ixclphi okn sctasbcdtakf
-Cppihncul it ch&( >777: @uist( >773: Wccuwi " ^admcreskf( 3110! cfe okn striss
-Cppihncul it ch&( >777: @uist( 3111!& Lkrikvir( at as pkssanhi bkr trcei,kbbs tk ixast
nitwiif eabbirift ealifsakfs kb wihh,niaf` -@rcft it ch&( >770!& Bkr ixclphi wkrj
rieisa`f prcdtadis dcf ifmcfdi okn sctasbcdtakf( nut dcf chsk dcusi pmysadch strcaf ct tmi
scli tali -Dclpakf " LdDhihhcfe( 3114!& Cppihncul ->77>! chsk cr`uie tmct M^L
la`mt mcvi dkftrceadtkry ibbidts: M^L la`mt pksatavihy afbhuifdi dkllatlift(
sctasbcdtakf cfe trust( nut tmas la`mt ni ct tmi dkst kb afdricsie striss hivihs&
Mifdi( af tmas rivaiw stuey( ilparadch crtadhis cri dhcssabaie ny tmi bkhhkwaf` tmrii
typis kb wkrj,rihctie wihh,niaf`? michtm( mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -@rcft it
ch&( >770!& Umi kpirctakfchazctakfs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` waeihy eabbir cdrkss ilparadch
risicrdm -Ecffc " @rabbaf( 3111!& Umiribkri( tmi cnkvi aftrkeudie dcti`krazctakf sirvis
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
>=
cs cf c prakra `uaeaf` brcliwkrj( cfe tmi tmrii ealifsakfs wahh ni burtmir dhcssabaie
euraf` tmi rivaiwaf` prkdiss -tmi ixclphis prkvaeie nihkw cri bkr ahhustrctavi purpksis!&
Umi mcppafiss dklpkfift ribirs tk sunoidtavi ixpiraifdis kb ilphkyiis a&i& tmiar
psydmkhk`adch wihh,niaf`( bkr ixclphi okn sctasbcdtakf cfe kr`cfazctakfch dkllatlift&
Umi sidkfe dklpkfift( michtm( ifdklpcssis pmysakhk`adch kr psydmkhk`adch afeadctkrs
rihctie tk ilphkyii michtm -Ecffc " @rabbaf( 3111!( haji kr`cfazctakfch striss cfe fiie
bkr ridkviry& Umi rihctakfsmaps dklpkfift kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( skdach wihh,niaf`(
bkdusis kf tmi quchaty kb rihctakfs nitwiif ilphkyiis cfe tmiar ilphkyir cfe dkhhic`uis(
bkr ixclphi? trust( skdach suppkrt cfe dkkpirctakf -@rcft it ch&( >770!& Af tmas wcy tmi
dkfdiptuchazctakf kb kur wihh,niaf` dkfstrudts cddkres watm tmi wihh,niaf` typis
eastaf`uasmie af prakr hatircturi kf tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif mcppafiss cfe michtm,rihctie
wihh,niaf` -Ecffc " @rabbaf( 3111!( wmahi skdach wihh,niaf` -@rcft it ch&( >770! as af
cddkrecfdi watm durrift M^L risicrdm& Chh tmrii ealifsakfs cri afdkrpkrctie af tmi
M^L hatircturi kf lutuch `cafs cfe kf dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis&
>&>&> Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift
Cddkreaf` tk Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! M^L ribirs tk? ”Chh tmksi cdtavatais
csskdactie watm tmi lcfc`ilift kb pikphi af barls‑ -pc`i 3!& Af tmas eibafatakf( M^L as
eibafie cs lcfc`ilift cdtavatais& Umiribkri( stueais kf tmi ibbidtavifiss kb tmi M^
bufdtakf -i&`& Pra`mt( LdLcmcf( Tfihh " @irmcrt( >773! cri ixdhueie af tmas rivaiw& Umi
ibbidtavifiss kb tmi M^ bufdtakf ekis fkt bkdus kf tmi lcfc`ilift cdtavatais atsihb( nut
kf tmi rkhi kr bufdtakf kb tmi M^ eipcrtlift af eihaviraf` lcfc`ilift cdtavatais&
Tidkfehy( tmas eibafatakf strissis tmi afdkrpkrctakf kb luhtaphi lcfc`ilift cdtavatais( af
dkftrcst tk bkdusaf` kf tmi ibbidts kb c saf`hi lcfc`ilift cdtavaty askhctie brkl ktmir
lcfc`ilift cdtavatais& At as alpkrtcft tk dklnafi luhtaphi lcfc`ilift cdtavatais( cs
ilphkyii cfe kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis cri afbhuifdie ny luhtaphi lcfc`ilift cdtavatais
rctmir tmcf ny c saf`hi lcfc`ilift cdtavaty -Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>!& Mifdi( kfhy stueais watm luhtaphi lcfc`ilift cdtavatais cri afdhueie af tmas rivaiw&
Pmirics tmiri rilcafs dkfdiptuch ufdhcraty kf wmadm lcfc`ilift cdtavatais smkuhe
ni hcnihie cs M^L -Crtmur " Nkyhis( >770!( cfe tmas eavir`ifdi as lcfabistie af tmi
eabbirift hcnihs `avif tk cfe licsurilifts kb tmi sits kb lcfc`ilift cdtavatais
afvista`ctie af M^L stueais( lkri ridifthy c stricl kb wkrj dkfdiptuchazis M^L chkf`
hivihs kb cfchysas& Af c dklprimifsavi luhta,hivih lkeih Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777!
dkfdiptuchazi smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L -eibafie cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti!
cs drudach lieactaf` pmcsi nitwiif M^L systils cfe ilphkyii cttranutis& Fasmaa cfe
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
>1
Pra`mt ->77=! eisdrani tmi M^,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i cs bkhhkws? aftifeie M^ prcdtadis
-eivihkpie M^ pkhadais ny eidasakf lcjirs! afbhuifdi cdtuch M^ prcdtadis -alphiliftie
M^ prcdtadis!( ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmisi prcdtadis -pirdiavie M^ prcdtadis! cfe ricdt tk
tmil -ilphkyii kutdklis!( cfe tmisi ilphkyii kutdklis risuht af kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi& Chkf` salahcr hafis Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! dkfdiptuchazi M^L cs
lcfc`ilift aftifeie cfe alphiliftie M^ pkhadais calaf` tk nuahe cnahaty( lktavctakf
cfe kppkrtufaty tk pirbkrl ct afeavaeuch hivih( cfe calaf` tk nuahe wkrjbkrdi
dcpcnahatais( wkrj kr`cfazctakf cfe wkrj cttatueis ct dkhhidtavi hivih( cfe tmare
lcfc`ilift crtaduhcti vchuis tk afbhuifdi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs&
Mifdi( tmas rivaiw afdhueis c nrkce rcf`i kb lcfc`ilift cdtavatais ct eabbirift
hivihs kb cfchysas( i&`& kr`cfazctakf kraiftctakf tk ilphkyiis -Lahhir " Hii( >773!: bkrlch
cfe alphiliftie M^L cdtavatais -Dmcfehir( Jihhir " Hykf( >777: Jmahoa " Pcf`( >772!
ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb cdtavatais cfe ufeirhyaf` `kchs -Ncrtih( >775: Fasmaa( Hipcj "
Tdmfiaeir( >77=: Wcuh " Cfcftmcrclcf( >774: Rcf Rihemkvif( >779!&
>&>&4 Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
Kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as c luhtabcditie dkfdipt -Wccuwi( >775!& Patmaf tmi
M^L hatircturi( Eyir cfe ^iivis -3119! usi bkur ealifsakfs tk eisdrani afeadctkrs kb
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? mulcf riskurdi kutdklis( kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis(
bafcfdach kr cddkuftaf` kutdklis cfe stkdj,lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkrs& Mulcf
riskurdi kutdklis cri tmi lkst prkxalch kutdklis tk M^L bkr ixclphi ilphkyii
cttatueis( ilphkyii cnsiftiiasl( turfkvir& C sidkfe `rkup kb pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkrs cri
hcnihie kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis( sudm cs prkeudtavaty( quchaty cfe sirvadi& Umarehy(
bafcfdach kr cddkuftaf` kutdklis ribir tk bafcfdach afeadctkrs haji riturf kf afvistie
dcpatch kr riturf kf cssits& C bkurtm `rkup dkfdirfs stkdj,lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi
afeadctkrs( cs licsurie ny stkdj vchui kr smcrimkheir riturf&
Umas rivaiw cttilpts tk pat tmi twk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis kf tmi ibbidts kb M^Lkf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi c`cafst kfi cfktmir& Afdhueaf`
M^ kutdklis cs cf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi dcti`kry wkuhe risuht af dkfdiptuch
ufdhcraty af tmas stuey& Mifdi( af tmas rivaiw wi afdhuei kr`cfazctakfch( bafcfdach cfe
stkdj,lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi licsuris cs afeadctkrs kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut
sjap M^ kutdklis&
>&>&5 Lutuch @cafs Wirspidtavi
Umi lcafstricl pirspidtavi kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf nktm ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi mkhes tmct M^L mcs pksatavi kutdklis bkr tmi
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
47
kr`cfazctakf cfe bkr tmi wkrjirs cs wihh& Widdia ->775! eisdranis tmas cs ”kptalastad
pirspidtavi‑ af mas typkhk`y kf tmi alpcdt kb M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -sii chsk
Ekrifnksdm( >771!& Diftrch tk tmas pirspidtavi as tmi aeic tmct M^L as lutuchhy
nifibadach nktm bkr ilphkyiis -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! cfe ilphkyirs -kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi! -sii Ba`uri 3!&
M^L
Wirbkrlcfdi
Pihh,niaf`
*
*
*
Ba`uri 3& Lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi
Kfi kb tmi kra`afch M^L lkeihs usie tk ixphcaf c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf
ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs as tmi ”Nimcvakrch Wirspidtavi‑( wmadm stctie tmct
ilphkylift cdtavatais cri cekptie tk ihadat cfe dkftrkh ilphkyii nimcvakrs wmadm
dkftranuti tk kvirchh kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Pra`mt " LcdLcmcf( 311>!& Cfktmir
waeihy usie tmikry tk ixphcaf tmi pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf tmi mcppafiss cfe
rihctakfsmaps dklpkfift kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as tmi skdach ixdmcf`i tmikry ny Nhcu
-3125!& Ilphkyiis aftirpritie lcfc`ilift cdtavatais cs afeadctavi kb tmi kr`cfazctakfchsuppkrt cfe dcri bkr tmil( cfe ridaprkdcti cddkreaf`hy af dkllatlift( sctasbcdtakf cfe
trust -Pmatifir( >773!& C lkri eitcahie ixphcfctakf bkr c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf tmi
tmrii eastaf`uasmie wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts as prkvaeie ny Cppihncul it ch& ->777!&
Cddkreaf` tk Cppihncul it ch&‑s ->777! dkfdiptuch lkeih tmi cekptakf kb lcfc`ilift
cdtavatais -i&`& trcafaf`( okn eisa`f( dklpifsctakf( prklktakf( cfe afbkrlctakf,smcraf`!
afdricsis ilphkyiis‑ sjahhs( prkvaeis kppkrtufatais tk pcrtadapcti( cfe afdricsis
lktavctakf -sk,dchhie CLK tmikry!& Tunsiquifthy( tmas prkdiss mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf
ilphkyii wihh,niaf`: at afdricsis okn sctasbcdtakf( dkllatlift cfe trust( cfe kf tmi
ktmir mcfe at rieudis striss hivihs& Lkri ridifthy( Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! prisiftie cf
ixpcfsakf kb tmi lkeih hafjaf` M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi( tk wmadm tmiy ceeie tmi fktakf kb cdtuch M^ prcdtadis cfe ilphkyii
pirdiptakfs kb M^ prcdtadis& Cddkreaf` tk tmas prkdiss lkeih( aftifeie M^ prcdtadis
la`mt eabbir brkl cdtuch prcdtadis eui tk tmi alphiliftctakf pmcsi( cfe ilphkyiis
pirdiavi tmi cdtuch M^ prcdtadis cfe prkdiss tmi M^L afbkrlctakf af c wcy tmct nraf`s
cnkut pksatavi cttatueafch( dk`fatavi cfe nimcvakrch ricdtakfs&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
43
Umi nimcvakrch pirspidtavi( tmi prkdiss lkeih ny Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=! cfe
Cppihncul it ch&‑s ->777! lkeih alphy tmct M^L mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,
niaf` vac afeavaeuch,hivih lidmcfasls& Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! prisiftie c luhta,hivih
lkeih kb M^L& Bkhhkwaf` tmas luhta,hivih lkeih c strkf` M^L systil dcf riafbkrdi
smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs -kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti! wmadm pksatavihy cbbidt smcrie
ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs&
Af nraib( tmi `ifirch ufeirhyaf` aeic as tmct M^L bkstirs ilphkyii wihh,niaf`
-mcppafiss( michtm cfe rihctakfsmaps! risuhtaf` af alprkvie bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe
dklpitatavi cevcftc`i& Mifdi( tmi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi siis nktm ilphkyiis -af
tirls kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! cfe ilphkyirs -af tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi!
nifibataf` brkl M^L&
>&>&9 Dkfbhadtaf` Kutdklis Wirspidtavi
Cf chtirfctavi vaiw kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif
M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi as tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi& Cddkreaf` tk tmas
pirspidtavi M^L mcs fk ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( kr M^L mcs c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf
ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cddkreaf` tk Widdia‑s ->775! typkhk`y tmi ”pissalastad‑ cfe tmi
”sjiptadch vaiw‑( rispidtavihy -sii chsk Ekrifnksdm( >771! -sii Ba`uri >!&
M^L
Wirbkrlcfdi
Pihh,niaf`
*
0+ ,
7+,
Ba`uri >& Dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi
Umi sjiptadch vaiw dcf ni dhcrabaie ny tmi fktakf kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cs c
luhtaealifsakfch dkfstrudt -Wccuwi( >775!& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` as dmcrcdtirazie cs c
pcrchhih kr`cfazctakfch kutdkli fixt tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=!
cr`uie tmct ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cri twk `kchs
afbhuifdie ny eabbirift sits kb M^ prcdtadis& Cddkreaf` tk Widdia ->775! M^ prcdtadis
tmct lcxalazi ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( la`mt fkt ni tmi kfis tmct lcxalazi kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( kr`cfazctakfs lcy fiie tk lcji c trcei,kbb af tirls kb wmadm
kutdkli tk cdmaivi watm prakraty( cfe bkdus kf tmas kutdkli& Ncsie kf tmas dklpitaf`,
kutdkli fktakf Suaff cfe ^kmrncu`m -31=4! eivihkpie tmi dklpitaf` vchuis
brcliwkrj& Umiar dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj alphais tmct kr`cfazctakfs dmcrcdtirazie
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
4>
ny c rctakfch `kch cfe aftirfch strudturi dhalcti bkdus pralcrahy kf cdmaivaf` prkeudtavaty(
wmahi kr`cfazctakfs dmcrcdtirazie ny c mulcf rihctakfs cfe kpif systil dhalcti bkdus
pralcrahy kf cdmaivaf` ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Bkhhkwaf` tmas
ricskfaf`( lcfc`ilift cdtavatais bkdusie kf cdmaivaf` ma`m kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi
mcvi fk alpcdt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&
C lkri dratadch alphadctakf -tmi pissalastad vaiw! kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe
bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi nktm cs kutdklis as tmi aeic kb c trcei,kbb nitwiif ilphkyii wihh,
niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? ifmcfdilifts af kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cri
cdmaivie ct tmi dkst kb rieudie ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Ncsie kf hcnkr prkdiss tmikry
@kecre ->773! dkfdhueie tmct tmi nifibats kb wkrj prcdtadis tife tk eidhafi kr ivif tk
ealafasm( nidcusi kb ma`mir striss hivihs& Af cf kr`cfazctakf calie ct bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi ilphkyiis dcf ixpiraifdi hkwir hivihs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cs c risuht kb
afdricsaf` wkrj aftifsabadctakf cfe okn strcaf -^clscy it ch&( >777!& Diftrch tk tmas vaiw as
tmi ixphkatctavi fcturi kb M^L -Hi``i( 3119!: M^L mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi istcnhasmie tmrku`m fi`ctavi ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ibbidts&
Af nraib( tmi `ifirch ufeirhyaf` aeic as tmct M^L risuhts af alprkvie bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi cfe dklpitatavi cevcftc`i( mkwivir wkrjirs ek fkt nifibat brkl M^L&
Mifdi( tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi siis ilphkyirs -af tirls kb kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi! nifibataf` brkl M^L( mkwivir( M^L as fkt nifibadach cfe af bcdt lcynimcrlbuh bkr ilphkyiis -af tirls kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`!&
>&>&2 Dklpitaf` Mypktmisis
Umas stuey cals tk tist wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis -Pchh " Pkke( >779!(
”ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cs lutuch `cafs‑ kr ”ilphkyii wihh,
niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cs dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis‑( as lkri cpprkpracti tk
eisdrani tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Umi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi stctie tmct M^L as nifibadachbkr kr`cfazctakfs cfe bkr wkrjirs: mifdi M^L as ixpidtie tk mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf
ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Mkwivir( tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi cr`uie tmct M^L
mcs fk kr ivif c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& M^L risuhts af fk kr -uf!
bcvkrcnhi kutdklis af tirls kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umi twk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis
eipadtie af Ba`uri 3 cfe > wiri trcfshctie aftk tmi bkhhkwaf` risicrdm quistakf?
^isicrdm quistakf 3? As tmiri lkri ilparadch suppkrt af tmi risicrdm hatircturi bkr
lutuch `cafs -a&i& pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf wihh,niaf`! kr as
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
44
tmiri lkri suppkrt bkr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis -a&i& fk kr c
fi`ctavi ibbidt kb M^L kf wihh,niaf`!;
Cddkreaf` tk tmi twk pirspidtavis( M^L mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi cfe ct tmi scli tali mcs c fi`ctavi( fk( kr pksatavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umi ufeirhyaf` aeic kb tmi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi mkhes tmct tmi
rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as istcnhasmie tmrku`m
afdricsie ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Talahcrhy( tmi pissalastad vaiw -dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis
pirspidtavi! stctis tmct tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as
istcnhasmie tmrku`m eidricsie ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Ivaeifdi bkr tmas typi kb ricskfaf`
riquaris stueais tmct afdhuei M^L( cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( kfhy stueais tmct afdhuei M^L( wihh,niaf` cs wihh cs pirbkrlcfdi
afeadctkrs wiri afdhueie af tmas rivaiw& Af ceeatakf( ivaeifdi bkr tmi typi kb ricskfaf` wi
hcae ekwf af tmi aftrkeudtakf prisulis c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi& Pi tmiribkri bkrluhctie c sidkfe risicrdm quistakf tk ixphkri tmi ibbidts
kb M^L kf wihh,niaf` prkvaeie wmif tmiri as kr as fkt c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi?
^isicrdm quistakf > ? Uk wmct ixtift as tmi ivaeifdi bkr lutuch `cafs cfe
dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis -risicrdm quistakf 3! eipifeift kf c
pksatavi ibbidt nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi;
>&4 Litmke
>&4&3 Hatircturi Ticrdm cfe Tihidtakf
C systilctad hatircturi sicrdm af aftirfctakfch ribiriie okurfchs af lcfc`ilift(
kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakr( wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y( cpphaie psydmkhk`y( cs wihh
cs ktmir okurfchs jfkwf bkr tmiar ixphadat M^L,rihctie bkdus wcs dkfeudtie& Pi
dklphitie kur hatircturi sicrdm ny drkss dmidjaf` tmas hast watm tmi ribirifdi sidtakfs kb
33 rivaiw stueais -a&i& Cppihncul( >77>: Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Nidjir " Musihae(
311=: Nksihai it ch&( >779: Dklns it ch& >772: Birras it ch&( 3111: Widdia( >775: Pchh "
Pkke( >779: Pkke( 3111: Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Kfhy crtadhis
punhasmie brkl 3119 tk >77= wiri sicrdmie& Umi yicr 3119 as dmksif cs tmi icrhaist ecti
kb aftirist nidcusi at wcs af 3119 tmct Musihae punhasmie mas piir rivaiwie ilparadch
lahistkfi stuey cnkut M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Pi kfhy afdhueie stueais usaf` luhtaphi
lcfc`ilift cdtavatais( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` licsuris( cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
49
Ttueais wiri dhcssabaie cs ixdihhift quchaty stueais wmif tmiy mce c sdkri kb 4 kr 5 kf
chh bkur aeiftabaie dratirac& Ttueais tmct sdkrie 3 kf twk -kr lkri! dratirac: kr sdkrie 3 cfe
> kf twk -kr lkri! dratirac wiri dhcssabaie cs cvirc`i quchaty stueais& Umi rilcafaf` af
nitwiif stueais? stueais tmct eae fkt bchh aftk dcti`kry cvirc`i kr ixdihhift wiri hcnihie
cs `kke quchaty stueais&
>&4&4 Tyftmisas kb Ivaeifdi
Ncsie kf tmi quchaty kb tmi stueais cfe tmi dkfsastifdy kb tmi knsirvie bafeaf`s( tmi
hivih kb ivaeifdi bkr tmi risicrdm quistakfs as cssissie& Pi dmidjie tmi ibbidts ripkrtie
nitwiif M^L cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` kutdklis& Pi ncsie kur dkfdhusakfs kf tmi
ibbidts kb tmi lkst cevcfdie cfchysas ripkrtie af tmi stuey& Ab ibbidts nitwiif M^L cfe
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts wiri fkt ixphadathy ripkrtie( wi rihaie kf eisdraptavi
stctastads afstice kb lkri cevcfdie cfchysis& Ab lkri tmcf kfi wihh,niaf` ealifsakf kr
lkri tmcf kfi licsuri kb c saf`hi wihh,niaf` typi wcs ixclafie( risuhts wiri ripkrtie
sipcrctihy af tirls kb ectc pkafts& Af dcsi kb luhtaphi hafjc`is ripkrtie nitwiif sipcrcti
M^L cdtavatais cfe kutdklis( wi eidaeie tk ncsi kur dkfdhusakf kf tmi risuhts kb tmi
lcokraty kb ripkrtie ibbidts& Af dcsi kb stueais ripkrtaf` nktm ibbidts kb sipcrcti M^L
cdtavatais cfe ibbidts kb cf kvirchh M^L afeix( wi afdhueie tmi ibbidts kb tmi afeix& Pi
ihcnkrcti kf tmi eabbirifdis bkufe nitwiif sipcrcti cfe afeix ibbidts af tmi easdussakf&
Af dcsi kb luhtaphi kutdklis( wi ncsie kur dkfdhusakf kf tmi lkst prkxalch
kr`cfazctakfch kutdkli ripkrtie& Af ceeatakf( wi dmidjie bkr cfe ripkrt kf eabbiriftach
ibbidts kb M^L kf eabbirift kutdkli typis&
Uk cfswir kur barst risicrdm quistakf wi dchduhctie tmi rctak kb ectc pkafts
suppkrtavi kb icdm pirspidtavi tk tmi tktch fulnir kb ectc pkafts pir wihh,niaf`
ealifsakf& Burtmirlkri( wi dmidjie wmitmir tmi risuhts kb tmi ixdihhift quchaty stueais
wiri af hafi watm tmi kutdkli kb tmas rctak& Nisaeis( tk smie ha`mt kf tmi ixtift tk wmadm
tmi risuhts cri eipifeift kf M^L , kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ibbidts -ribhidtaf` kursidkfe risicrdm quistakf!( wi ripkrtie tmi rctak kb ectc pkafts suppkrtavi kb icdm
pirspidtavi prkvaeie tmiri as c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
>&5 ^isuhts
>&5&3 Eisdraptakf kb tmi Ttueais
Umi hatircturi sicrdm risuhtie af 53 stueais& C dkfsaeircnhi fulnir kb stueais wiri
punhasmie af M^,bkdusie okurfchs( i&`& tmi Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift cfe tmi Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch& Ktmir stueais wiri
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
42
punhasmie af okurfchs af lcfc`ilift -i&`& Nratasm Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift! cs wihh cs af
psydmkhk`y -i&`& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y( Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y!&
Ucnhi 3 `avis afbkrlctakf kf tmi fcturi cfe sazi kb tmi stuey pkpuhctakf( tmi
licsurilift kb M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi
quchaty rctaf`& Fafi stueais dkuhe ni dhcssabaie cs ixdihhift quchaty stueais: 32 stueais cs
`kke quchaty stueais cfe 32 stueais cs cvirc`i quchaty stueais& Ucnhi > `avis afbkrlctakf
kf tmi licsurilifts kb tmi tmrii wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts&
Umrii stueais ny Mcrtir( Tdmlaet cfe Mcyis ->77>!( Tdmfiaeir( Mcf`is( Tlatm cfe
Tchvc``ak ->774! cfe Nifjmkbb -311=! afdhueie nktm M^L cfe mcppafiss licsuris(
mkwivir tmiy eae fkt ripkrt kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif tmisi twk dkfdipts& Umiribkri
tmisi stueais wiri fkt tcjif aftk cddkuft af tistaf` kur risicrdm quistakf( cfe cri fkt
ripkrtie af Ucnhi >&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
53
Ucnhi >& Eisdraptakf kb Pihh,niaf` Dklpkfifts
Pihh,niaf` typi-fulnir kb ectc pkafts!
Kpirctakfchazctakf-fulnir kb stueais!
Barst cutmkr stuey -ribirifdi fulnir!
Mcppafiss ->9!
Tctasbcdtakf
^akrecf ->2! _if` _mku -53! Jmahoa
-30! Rcfmchc -42! @kuhe,Pahhacls-33! Mkqui -39! Rcrlc -40!
Dkllatlift
^akrecf ->2! Rcf Rihemkvif -4=! Pra`mt -41! Cmlce -3! Wcuh ->5!^clscy ->9! Pra`mt -57! @kuhe,
Pahhacls -33! Mkqui -39!Dkllatlift
dklnafie watmsctasbcdtakf
Fasmaa ->3! Krhatzjy ->>! Rcfeifnir` -49!
If`c`ilift Tchcfkvc ->1!
Cttatueis
@kecre -1! @kecre -37! Jctku -32!
Wcrj ->4! @uist -34!
^ihctakfsmaps ->>!
Urust Uzcbrar -4x!-45! Dkhhafs -9! Krhatzjy ->>! Brifjih -2! @kuhe,Pahhacls->x! -33!
Pkrj dhalctiNcrtih ->! @ihcei -=! @uirrirk -3>!^k`` ->0! ^uaz,Lkrifk ->=!Buhlir -0! Tdmustir -43!
Lkrchi Uruss -44!Dkkpirctakf Dkhhafs -9! Hclnkkao -3=!
Uicl + Dklpcfy prkdissis
Lctmaiu -31! Lahhir ->7! Wcuh ->5!
Tkdach ixdmcf`i Ucdjiuda -4>!
Michtm -=!
Ttrcaf Rcf Rihemkvif -4=! Krhatzjy ->>!^clscy ->9!
PkrjhkceDmcfehir -5! uaz,Lkrifk ->=!
Uruss -44!
Pkrj aftifsabadctakf Krhatzjy ->>!
Ilktakfchixmcustakf
Rcfmchc -42!
Af c tktch kb >> stueais csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf` wiri
afvista`ctie( risuhtaf` af >9 ectc pkafts -tmrii stueais afdhueie lkri tmcf kfi
licsurilift kb mcppafiss? ^akrecf it ch& ->779!( @kuhe,Pahhacls ->774!( cfe Mkqui
-3111!!& Csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` wiri ixclafie af 3=
stueais( risuhtaf` af >> ectc pkafts -tmrii stueais afdhueie lkri tmcf kfi licsurilift kb
rihctakfsmaps? Dkhhafs cfe Tlatm ->772!( @kuhe,Pahhacls ->774!( Uzcbrar ->779!!&
^ihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe michtm wihh,niaf` wiri ripkrtie af kfhy sivif stueais&
Krhatzjy cfe Brifjih ->779! afdhueie twk licsurilifts kb michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`(
risuhtaf` af ia`mt ectc pkafts bkr tmas wihh,niaf` typi&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
54
Umi tmrii ixdihhift quchaty stueais istcnhasmie pksatavi ibbidts kb M^L kf mcppafiss&
_if`m _mku( Ha( _mku cfe Tu ->77=! bkufe sa`fabadcft pksatavi rihctakfs kb hiceirsmap
quchaty cfe lcrjit kraiftctakf duhturi kf sctasbcdtakf af 3=7 Dmafisi barls& Rcf
Rihemkvif ->779! istcnhasmie pksatavi rihctakfs nitwiif ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb
hiceirsmap( dkkpirctakf( pcy sctasbcdtakf cfe okn siduraty( cfe dkllatlift af c sclphi kb
>>4 nrcfdmis kb c bafcfdach sirvadi kr`cfazctakf& ^akrecf it ch& ->779! bkufe pksatavi
ibbidts kb ilphkyii afvkhvilift dhalcti kf sctasbcdtakf cfe dkllatlift usaf` c sclphi
kb afsurcfdi dklpcfais& Taxtiif ectc pkafts brkl cvirc`i cfe `kke quchaty stueais chsk
smkwie pksatavi csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L licsurie ny aftifeie( alphiliftie(
pirdiavie M^ prcdtadis cfe M^L systils( cfe c vcraity kb mcppafiss kutdklis -i&`&
ilphkyii cttatueis( dkllatlift( sctasbcdtakf( if`c`ilift!&
Bavi ectc pkafts eae fkt smkw sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe mcppafiss
-licsurie ny sctasbcdtakf( dkllatlift cfe cttatueis!& Chtmku`m tmisi stueais smkwie
pksatavi csskdactakfs nitwiif skli kb tmi afdhueie M^L bcdtkrs cfe mcppafiss( tmi
lcokraty kb hafjc`is stueaie nitwiif M^L bcdtkrs cfe mcppafiss wiri bkufe tk ni fkf,
sa`fabadcft miri& Rcfmchc cfe Uukla ->772! bkufe tmct tmrii kut kb saxtiif afdhueie M^
licsuris wiri rihctie tk sctasbcdtakf& @uist cfe Widdia ->773! istcnhasmie fk sa`fabadcft
rihctakfsmaps nitwiif lkst kb tmi afdhueie M^L dklpkfifts cfe ilphkyii cttatueis&
Hajiwasi( Wcuh cfe Cfcftmcrclcf ->774! bkufe tmct lkst kb tmi M^L prcdtadis wirifkt csskdactie watm kr`cfazctakfch dkllatlift& Bkr lkst kb tmi M^L rihctie ribkrl
prk`rclli ealifsakfs @kecre -311= cfe >773! chsk istcnhasmie fk alprkvie cttatuei
ibbidts& Fk stueais afeadctie c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe mcppafiss&
Af smkrt( tmiri as lkeircti tk strkf` ivaeifdi tmct M^L as rihctie tk mcppafiss?
ia`mty pirdift kb chh ectc pkafts ->7+>9! afeadcti c pksatavi csskdactakf& Umi afeadctie
ma`m,quchaty stueais chsk smkwie c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf mcppafiss wihh,niaf`&
Mifdi( tmi risuhts cri af hafi watm c lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi&
>&5&4 M^L cfe ^ihctakfsmaps Cspidts kb Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf`
Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` wcs ixclafie af >>
ectc pkafts& Patmaf tmas kutdkli dcti`kry( licsuris kb trust( dhalcti( dkkpirctakf( ticl
prkdissis( lkrchi cfe skdach ixdmcf`i wiri afdhueie&
Bavi ixdihhift quchaty stueais chh istcnhasmie pksatavi ibbidts kb M^L kf rihctakfsmaps
wihh,niaf`& Ncrtih ->775! istcnhasmie pksatavi rihctakfs nitwiif tmrii M^L afeadis kb
sjahhs( pirbkrlcfdi cfe riwcre cfe dkllufadctakf( cfe dhalcti usaf` nrcfdmis af c
bafcfdach sirvadi kr`cfazctakf& Talahcrhy( @ihcei cfe Aviry ->774! bkufe suppkrt bkr c
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
55
pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L ealifsakfs stcbbaf`( kvirtali( cfe prkbissakfch eivihkplift kf
dhalcti af c sclphi kb 340 nrcfdmis& Ma`m afvkhvilift prcdtadis wiri chsk bkufe tk ni
pksatavihy rihctie tk wkrj dhalcti af c sclphi kb 3=7 Brifdm kr`cfazctakfs -@uirrirk "
Ncrrcue,Eaeair( >775!& Dkhhafs cfe Tlatm ->772! smkwie tmct dkllatlift,ncsie M^
prcdtadis wiri pksatavihy rihctie tk trust cfe dkkpirctakf af c baihe stuey kb 342
tidmfkhk`y barls& Bafchhy( Lctmaiu it ch& ->772! istcnhasmie c pksatavi ibbidt nitwiif ticl
ilpkwirlift prcdtadis -i&`& M^ prcdtadis( wkrj eisa`f( hiceirsmap! cfe ticl prkdissis&
Ihivif ectc pkafts brkl cvirc`i cfe `kke quchaty stueais smkwie chsk pksatavi
csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L licsurie ny aftifeie( alphiliftie( pirdiavie M^ prcdtadis
cfe M^L systils( cfe c vcraity kb rihctakfch kutdklis -a&i& trust( dkkpirctakf( ticl
prkdissis cfe dhalcti!& Kfhy Uruss ->773! bkufe af c dcsi,stuey tmct lkrchi eidricsie
kvir c twk,yicr tali pirake af wmadm c fulnir kb M^ prcdtadis wiri alphiliftie&
Umi rilcafaf` bkur ectc pkafts bcahie tk smkw sa`fabadcft csskdactakfs nitwiif M^L
cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`& Uzcbrar ->779! smkwie pksatavi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^
prcdtadis cfe tmrii typis kb trust( mkwivir tmi lcokraty kb M^ prcdtadis wiri fkt
sa`fabadcfthy rihctie tk twk kut kb tmrii trust typis& Hajiwasi( Wcuh cfe Cfcftmcrclcf
->774! bkufe tmct lkst kb tmi M^ prcdtadis wiri fkt rihctie tk ticlwkrj& Hclnkkao(
Tcfeirs( Jkstir cfe _wairs ->772! istcnhasmie fk sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L
cfe dkkpirctakf&Af smkrt( tmi stueais smkw tmct M^L as prieklafcfthy pksatavihy csskdactie watm
rihctakfsmaps cspidts kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Pi bkufe tmct 00 pirdift -30+>>! kb tmi
afdhueie ectc pkafts prkvaeie ivaeifdi bkr c lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi: lkrikvir risuhts
kb chh bavi ixdihhift quchaty stueais wiri chsk af hafi watm c lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi&
>&5&5 M^L cfe Michtm, rihctie Pihh,niaf`
^ihctavihy biw stueais afdhueie c michtm,rihctie dklpkfift& Kfhy sivif stueais
afvista`ctie rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe c michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` licsuri -a&i& wkrjhkce prissuri( okn strcaf( ilktakfch ixmcustakf( wkrj aftifsabadctakf!& Kfi stuey ny
Krhatzjy cfe Brifjih ->779! afdhueie twk typis kb michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`& Tuppkrt bkr
c fi`ctavi csskdactakf nitwiif M^L cfe michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` wcs bkufe bkr bavi
ectc pkafts& At wcs bkufe tmct M^L as rihctie tk afdricsie strcaf( wkrjhkce cfe wkrj
aftifsabadctakf& Rcf Rihemkvif ->779! cfe Rcfmchc cfe Uukla ->772! nktm bkufe skli
sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif afdhueie M^L bcdtkrs cfe strcaf cfe ilktakfch
ixmcustakf( mkwivir( tmi lcokraty kb rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L bcdtkrs cfe michtm wiri
bkufe tk ni fkf,sa`fabadcft& Kfhy ^uaz,Lkrifk( @crdac,Lkrchis cfe Hhkrifs,Lkftis
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
59
->770! istcnhasmie c pksatavi ibbidt nitwiif lcfc`ilift suppkrt cfe wkrjhkce af c
sclphi kb >7> kr`cfazctakfs&
Tullcrazie( == pirdift -0+=! kb tmi afdhueie ectc pkafts smkw fk kr c fi`ctavi
rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`& Umi hcr`ist pcrt 24 pirdift
-9+=! kb tmi ectc pkafts smkwie tmct M^L as fi`ctavihy csskdactie watm michtm,rihctie
wihh,niaf`& Eui tk tmi slchh fulnir kb stueais afdhueaf` michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`( tmi
bafeaf`s smkuhe ni aftirpritie watm dcutakf&
>&5&9 Eipifeifdy kb M^L cfe Pihh,niaf` Ibbidts kf ^ihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe Wirbkrlcfdi
Kur sidkfe risicrdm quistakf dkfdirfie tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi ivaeifdi bkr
lutuch `cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis eipifes kf c pksatavi rihctakfsmap bkufe nitwiif
M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi bkufe tmct af chlkst tmarty pirdift kb tmi 4=
afdhueie stueais fk rihctakfsmap wcs istcnhasmie nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Af dcsi
kb luhtaphi hafjc`is ripkrtie nitwiif sipcrcti M^L cdtavatais cfe kutdklis( wi ncsie
kur dkfdhusakf kf tmi risuhts kb tmi lcokraty kb ripkrtie ibbidts&
Cs ri`cres mcppafiss wihh,niaf`( bkr =7 pirdift kb tmi ectc pkafts ->7+>9! wi bkufe
ivaeifdi tmct M^L as pksatavihy csskdactie watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf(
ixdipt kfi chh ectc pkafts chsk smkwie ct tmi scli tali c pksatavi rihctakfsmap watm
mcppafiss wihh,niaf`& Bkr 3= -kut kb >>! ectc pkafts kb rihctakfsmaps ilphkyii wihh,niaf`
wi bkufe ivaeifdi tmct M^L as pksatavihy csskdactie watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
Umi risuhts kb tmi lcokraty kb tmisi ectc pkafts cri af hafi watm c lutuch `cafs
pirspidtavi& Kfhy Uruss ->773! bkufe c pksatavi pirbkrlcfdi cfe fi`ctavi rihctakfsmaps
wihh,niaf` ibbidt& Wcuh cfe Cfcftmcrclcf ->774! bkufe tmct tmi lcokraty kb M^ prcdtadis
wiri rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi( cfe fkt rihctie tk rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`& Uzcbrar ->779!
chsk bkufe tmct tmi lcokraty kb M^ prcdtadis mce c pksatavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi cfe kf kfi ealifsakf kb trust& Mkwivir Uzcbrar ->779! chsk bkufe tmct tmi
lcokraty kb M^ prcdtadis wcs fkt rihctie tk twk ktmir ealifsakfs kb trust& Mifdi( bkrmcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` wi bkufe ivif strkf`ir ivaeifdi bkr lutuch `cafs
prkvaeie c pksatavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? 19 cfe 0= pirdift kb
tmi ectc pkafts smkwie c pksatavi rihctakf nitwiif M^L cfe wihh,niaf`( rispidtavihy&
Bkr ilphkyii michtm( c sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi wcs
kfhy istcnhasmie af tmrii kut kb ia`mt ectc pkafts -^clscy it ch&( >777: ^uaz,Lkrifk it ch&(
>770: Uruss( >773!& ^clscy it ch& ->777! cfe Uruss ->777! dkfdhueie tmct M^L wcs
pksatavihy rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( mkwivir ct tmi scli tali fi`ctavihy
rihctie tk michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`& Af dkftrcst( ^uaz,Lkrifk it ch& ->770! bkufe tmct
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
52
M^L wcs pksatavihy csskdactie watm pirbkrlcfdi cfe michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf`& Umi
ivaeifdi kntcafie bkr michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` cs dkfbhadtaf` kutdkli as hiss strkf`(
prkvaeie tmiri as c rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi&
>&9 Easdussakf
Umas dmcptir dkftranutis tk tmi M^L hatircturi ny ixphkraf` tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf
lcfc`ilift, cs wihh cs kf ilphkyii,diftirie kutdklis& Af tmas rivaiw c eastafdtakf mcs
niif lcei nitwiif twk mypktmisis af risicrdm kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L(
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af pcrtaduhcr( tmas rivaiw tistie
wmadm kb tmi twk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis( lutuch `cafs kr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis nist
eisdranie tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umrii typis kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` wiri
eastaf`uasmie? mcppafiss( rihctakfsmaps cfe michtm& Umi lcaf risuht kb tmas rivaiw as tmct tmi cpprkpracti rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`
eipifes kf tmi wihh,niaf` typi stueaie& Bkr tmi wihh,niaf` typis mcppafiss cfe
rihctakfsmaps wi bkufe lkri suppkrt bkr lutuch `cafs tmcf bkr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis& Af
dkftrcst( bkr michtm wi bkufe lkri suppkrt bkr dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis tmcf bkr lutuch
`cafs& Umas alphais tmct tmiri cri eabbiriftach ibbidts prisift? M^L as pksatavihy csskdactie
watm mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -af hafi watm tmi lcafstricl kptalastad
M^L,pirbkrlcfdi vaiw!( cfe fi`ctavihy csskdactie watm michtm -af hafi watm tmi
pissalastad vaiw!& M^L as nifibadach bkr ilphkyii mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps( nut ct tmi
scli tali la`mt ni eitraliftch bkr ilphkyii michtm& Umas risuht as af hafi watm stueais ny
^clscy it ch& ->777!( cfe Krhatzjy cfe Brifjih ->779!& Umisi stueais saluhtcfikushy
ixclafie cfe dkfbarlie tmi ”pksatavi‑ cfe ”fi`ctavi‑ dkfsiquifdis kb tmi scli sit kb
M^L cdtavatais kf luhtaphi ilphkyii wihh,niaf` typis& Mifdi( tmiri la`mt ni twk ibbidts
ct wkrj ct tmi scli tali? lutuch `cafs bkr mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`( cfe cs
c saei ibbidt dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis bkr michtm& Afvista`ctaf` tmi ibbidts kf chh tmrii typis
saluhtcfikushy dkuhe prkvaei burtmir vchaectakf kb tmas risuht&
Ny afdhueaf` kfhy stueais tmct afvista`ctie ibbidts nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,
niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi( wi dcf ihcnkrcti kf tmi bafeaf`s prkvaeie M^L as csskdactie
watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Barst( nktm pirspidtavis -lutuch `cafs cfe dkfbhadtaf`
kutdklis! ixpidt c pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf pirbkrlcfdi& Chtmku`m( c lafkraty kb
M^L cdtavatais dkuhe mcvi cf ibbidt kf pirbkrlcfdi af stueais ripkrtaf` hafjc`is
nitwiif sipcrcti M^L cdtavatais cfe pirbkrlcfdi( wi bkufe tmct af tmarty pirdift kb tmi
41 afdhueie stueais fk rihctakfsmap wcs istcnhasmie nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Umasrisuht quistakfs tmi aeichazie fktakf kb c ”ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi‑ wkrj systil( wmadm tcjis c
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
50
pksatavi rihctakf kb M^L kf pirbkrlcfdi bkr `rcftie& Tidkfehy( bkr mcppafiss cfe
rihctakfsmaps cspidts kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` tmi risuhts kntcafie prkvaeie c pksatavi
rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi( wiri ivif lkri suppkrtavi kb c lutuch
`cafs pirspidtavi& Umas prkvaeis afatach suppkrt bkr tmi aeic tmct tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif
M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as -pcrthy! istcnhasmie tmrku`m ats ibbidt kf
ilphkyii mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`& Af tmrii kut kb ia`mt ectc pkafts kb tmi
michtm dklpkfift kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( c sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe
pirbkrlcfdi wcs istcnhasmie& Bkr kfhy kfi ectc pkaft at wcs bkufe tmct M^L afbhuifdie
pirbkrlcfdi pcrthy vac michtm ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( tmi ktmir twk ectc pkafts ripkrtie fk
rihctakfs nitwiif ilphkyii michtm cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( tmi ricskfaf` tmct M^L mcs
c pksatavi ibbidt kf bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi wmadm as istcnhasmie tmrku`m fi`ctavi
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ibbidts ekis fkt siil tk mkhe miri& Ilphkyii michtm,rihctie wihh,
niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty siil tk bufdtakf lkri cs pcrchhih kr`cfazctakfch
kutdklis&
Umrii ktmir knsirvctakfs cri wkrtm liftakfaf`& Umi barst dkfdirfs tmi eabbirifdi
nitwiif ”cvirc`i‑ cfe ”ixdihhift‑ quchaty stueais& Af tirls kb risuhts( tmi ixdihhift stueais
chh dkftranuti tk kur dkfdhusakf kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Aftiristaf` cri tmi
risuhts kb tmi twk ”ixdihhift‑ quchaty hkf`atueafch stueais afdhueie af tmas rivaiw& Nktm
Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! cs wihh cs Rcf Rihemkvif ->779! bkufe rivirsie dcusctakfnitwiif pirbkrlcfdi( M^L cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`m prkbats
la`mt rivich c `rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af M^L tmcf tmksi tmct ek fkt mcvi ma`m
prkbats -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117!& Af ceeatakf( ma`m pirbkrlcfdi
sa`fchs tmct tmi kr`cfazctakf as pirbkrlaf` wihh cfe mcs bafcfdach riskurdis( cfe tmus
la`mt ni pirdiavie ny ilphkyiis cs c pksatavi sa`fch cs ri`cres ilphkylift siduraty
-Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779!( c`caf mcvaf` cf upwcre afbhuifdi kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&
C sidkfe assui afvkhvie tmi hivih kb cfchysas& Uwifty,bavi stueais ixclafie
rihctakfsmaps ct tmi kr`cfazctakfch hivih( = ct nusafiss ufat, kr phcft hivih -Cmlce "
Tdmrkieir( >774: Ncrtih( >775: @ihcei " Aviry( >774: Wcrj it ch&( >774: Tchcfkvc it ch&(
>779: Rcf Rihemkvif( >779: Pra`mt it ch&( >774 cfe >779!( kfi ct ticl hivih -Lctmaiu it
ch&( >772! cfe kfi ct afeavaeuch hivih -@kuhe,Pahhacls( >774!& Umrii stueais usie c
dklnafctakf kb hivihs( tmi afeavaeuch, cfe kr`cfazctakf hivih -Hclnkkao it ch&( >772:
Rcfmchc " Uukla( >772! cfe tmi afeavaeuch, cfe nusafiss ufat, kr phcft hivih -Fasmaa it
ch&( >77=!& Umi kvir,rihacfdi kf kr`cfazctakfch,hivih kb cfchysas as rilcrjcnhi bkr tmas baihe
kb risicrdm& Eabbirift M^L cdtavatais cri drictie cfe kpirctaf` ct eabbirift hivihs( i&`&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
5=
bkrlch cfe alphiliftie M^L cdtavatais( ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L -Fasmaa "
Pra`mt( >77=!& Af ceeatakf( tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri lcafhy
ixphcafie ny lidmcfasls kpirctaf` ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih&
Umi tmare assui as tmi afdhusakf kb luhtaphi licsurilifts kb M^L -saf`hi prcdtadis
kr cf afeix! cs wihh cs pirbkrlcfdi -tmi afdhusakf kb luhtaphi typis!& Eabbirifdis cri
bkufe nitwiif ibbidts kb saf`hi prcdtadis cfe afeadis kb prcdtadis& Bkr ixclphi Lctmaiu
it ch& ->772! bkufe tmct cf kvirchh ticl ilpkwirlift dkfstrudt as pksatavihy csskdactie
watm pirbkrlcfdi tmrku`m rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`& Umi dklpkfifts kb tmas ticl
ilpkwirlift dkfstrudt( mkwivir( smkwie eabbiriftach rihctakfsmaps watm ilphkyii wihh,
niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Fasmaa it ch& ->77=! chsk dkfbarlie eabbiriftach ibbidts( af tmiar
stuey ixphkatctakf cttranutakfs wiri fi`ctavihy rihctie tk dkllatlift cfe sctasbcdtakf(
wmirics quchaty ifmcfdilift cttranutakfs wiri pksatavihy rihctie& Cs ri`cres
licsurilift kb pirbkrlcfdi( c fulnir kb stueais afdhueie luhtaphi pirbkrlcfdi
kutdklis( a&i& c dklnafctakf kb kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis( bafcfdach kr cddkuftaf`
kutdklis cfe stkdj,lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkrs& Ta`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps wiri bkufe
nitwiif eabbirift kutdkli typis -i&`& @uist " Widdia( >773: Wcuh " Cfcftmcrclcf(
>774: Pra`mt it ch&( >774 cfe >779!& Umisi cutmkrs dkfdhueie tmct M^L cfe wihh,niaf`
mce lkri alpcdt kf lkri prkxalch -kr`cfazctakfch! kutdklis tmcf kf eastch -bafcfdach!
kutdklis&
>&9&3 Halatctakfs
Umi barst halatctakf kb tmas rivaiw stuey dkfdirfs tmi dmkadi kb quchaty dratirac
cpphaie af tmas rivaiw& Umi bkur dratirac usie? -3! sclphi sazi cfe rispkfsi rcti: ->! quchaty
kb risicrdm eisa`f: -4! rihacnahaty cfe vchaeaty kb tmi M^L( wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi
licsuris( cfe -5! tmi ceiqucdy kb stctastadch tist( ribhidt dkllkf afsa`mts kntcafie brkl
risicrdm af tmi baihe kb M^L -Nidjir " Musihae( 3119: @irmcrt( >770: @uist( >773: Pchh
" Pkke( >779: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Mkwivir( ktmir dratirac crichsk pkssanhi& Kfi sudm dratirakf dkfdirfs tmi afdhusakf kb dkftrkh vcracnhis& At mcs niif
cr`uie tmct ispidachhy af drkss,sidtakfch risicrdm tmiri as tmi fiie tk dkftrkh bkr tmare
bcdtkrs( bkr ixclphi kr`cfazctakfch sazi kr trcei ufakf afvkhvilift -Pchh " Pkke(
>779!& Cfktmir rihctie quchaty dratirakf as wmitmir aftircdtakf ibbidts cri tistie bkr& At
wkuhe ni aftiristaf` tk sii ufeir wmadm dkfeatakfs tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf wihh,niaf`
cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cri strif`tmifie kr wicjifie&
Umas rivaiw as fcrrctavi af fcturi: c litc,cfchysas mcs fkt niif dkfeudtie& Ny litc,
cfchyzaf` tmi ilparadch stueais( tmi sazi kb tmi rihctakfsmaps dkuhe ni lkri cddurctihy
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
51
istalctie( cfe tmi mypktmisazie lkeihs dkuhe ni tistie lkri earidthy& Mkwivir( ct tmas
pkaft af tali( wi eidaeie tk pirbkrl c fcrrctavi rivaiw& Umas typi kb rivaiw lcjis at
pkssanhi tk afdhuei chh tmi ilparadch stueais -chsk tmi cvirc`i quchaty stueais!( tmiriny
`avaf` c riprisiftctavi vaiw kb tmi wmkhi nkey kb risicrdm kf M^L( ilphkyii wihh,
niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Nisaeis( `avif tmi ifkrlkus vcracfdi af M^L(
wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi licsuris( cs wihh cs af hivih kb cfchysas kb tmi stueais(
c``ri`ctaf` tmi risuhts kb tmi stueais usaf` litc,cfchysas ekis fkt siil suatcnhi ct tmas
stc`i& Burtmirlkri( `avif tmct kur mypktmisis cri tistie bkr tmrii wihh,niaf` typis( usaf`
c halatie fulnir kb stueais( litc,cfchysas risuhts wkuhe ni nacsie eui tk tmi slchh
fulnir kb ectc pkafts&
Umare( chtmku`m c dkfsaeircnhi fulnir kb stueais kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf
mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi wiri bkufe( tmi fulnir kb
stueais kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi wcs slchh&
Umas ristradtie tmi kppkrtufaty tk lcji strkf` afbirifdis cnkut tmi rkhi kb michtm,rihctie
wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( tmi bafeaf`s brkl
michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` smkuhe ni aftirpritie watm dcutakf&
C bafch halatctakf kb tmas rivaiw as tmct wi afdhueie risuhts brkl c fulnir kb tmi
afdhueie stueais luhtaphi talis -stueais watm luhtaphi licsuris kb c saf`hi wihh,niaf`
dklpkfift kr stueais tmct ripkrtie ibbidts kb luhtaphi wihh,niaf` typis!& Brkl tmi 4=stueais afdhueie af tmas rivaiw( 34 stueais prkvaeie lkri tmcf kfi ectc pkaft& Umi tktch
fulnir kb ectc pkafts bkr chh wihh,niaf` typis tk`itmir wcs 99& C rihctie halatctakf as tmct
skli kb tmi stueais wiri pcrthy ncsie kf tmi scli ectc sit -i&`& @kecre( 311= cfe >773:
Pra`mt it ch&( >774 cfe Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Umas alphais tmct afdhusakf kb tmisi stueais
cfe tmi afdhusakf kb luhtaphi ectc pkafts kut kb kfi stuey ek fkt prkvaei afeipifeift
ivaeifdi ri`creaf` kur risicrdm quistakf kf tmi ibbidts kb M^L kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&
>&9&> ^idkllifectakfs bkr Buturi ^isicrdm Kf tmi ncsas kb tmas rivaiw wi aeiftabaie tmrii assuis tmct fiie lkri cttiftakf af
buturi risicrdm kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi&
3& Hkf`atueafch risicrdm & Lkri hkf`atueafch risicrdm as fiieie& Barst( wmirics at as
waeihy cdjfkwhie`ie tmct pirbkrlcfdi la`mt afbhuifdi M^L cfe wihh,niaf` -tmi
pkssanahaty kb rivirsie dcusctakf! -Pchh " Pkke( >779: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!( lkst kb tmi
ilparadch stueais cri drkss,sidtakfch af fcturi& Umas typi kb risicrdm eisa`f ekis fkt
chhkw cfy dkfdhusakfs kf tilpkrch kreir& Tidkfehy( tmi trui alpcdt kb sunstcftach M^L
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
97
dmcf`is kf wkrjir, cfe kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis -alprkvilift kr eidhafi! lcy kfhy ni
vasanhi kvir c hkf`ir pirake& Mifdi( burtmir hkf`atueafch risicrdm watm ripictie licsuris
smkuhe afvista`cti tmi eyfclad aftirphcy nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe
pirbkrlcfdi& Af hafi watm tmas ridkllifectakf( c hkf`atueafch eisa`f as cpphaie af
dmcptirs 5 tmrku`m 2 kb tmas tmisas&
>& Uistaf` dklpitaf` mypktmisis & Lkri risicrdm smkuhe tist dklpitaf` mypktmisis& ^ctmir
tmcf bkrluhctaf` cfe tistaf` c saf`hi mypktmisas wmadm dcf afeudi dkfbarlctakf nacs(
stueais smkuhe pat dklpitaf` pirspidtavis c`cafst kfi cfktmir ilparadchhy -Pchh " Pkke(
>779!& ^isicrdm tmct ixclafis tmi rkhi kb michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakf
nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi af pcrtaduhcr( as sdcrdi& Lkri risicrdm as
fiieie tmct pats tmi lutuch `cafs virsus tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavis ny tistaf`
lkeihs tmct afdhuei M^L( michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` cs wihh cs kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi& Kfhy tmas typi kb risicrdm dcf tist wmitmir M^L risuhts af alprkvie
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi wmahi ct tmi scli tali niaf` nifibadach kr eitraliftch tk
ilphkyii michtm wihh,niaf`& Af ceeatakf( lkri risicrdm as fiieie kf eabbiriftach ibbidts
kb M^L kf wkrjir cfe kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis& Af pcrtaduhcr( skli lcfc`ilift
cdtavatais la`mt mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe ct tmi scli tali mcvi
fk kr c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( wmahi ktmir lcfc`ilift cdtavatais
la`mt mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( nut mcvi fk kr c fi`ctaviibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Umi eabbiriftach ibbidts kb dhalcti kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf`
cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as tistie af dmcptir 2 kb tmas tmisas&
4& Luhta,skurdi + Luhta,rctir risicrdm & Bafchhy( lkri risicrdm as fiieie tmct afdhueis
luhta,skurdi cfe luhta,rctir ectc& Patm ri`cre tk luhta,skurdi ectc( buturi risicrdm dkuhe
nifibat ny usaf` sipcrcti afbkrlcfts bkr M^L( wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi licsurilifts& Af pcrtaduhcr( risicrdm usaf` saf`hi lcfc`irs ripkrtaf` kf
M^L( cfe kf tmiar pirdiptakfs kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi
as sunoidt tk dkllkf litmke nacs cfe tk rctir nacsis -@irmcrt( >770!& Af pcrtaduhcr(
risicrdm usaf` lcfc`irs‑ sihb,ripkrts kf M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi lcjis at
eabbaduht tk ivchucti tmi rkhi kb mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps cspidts kb wihh,niaf`& C
rihctie assui dkfdirfs tmi rihacfdi kf saf`hi afbkrlcfts& Umas rcasis vchaeaty quistakfs&
Mkwivir( tmas as fkt kfhy c litmkekhk`adch assui( cs ilphkyiis ufeirstcfe( pirdiavi cfe
rispkfe eabbirifthy tk M^L -Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >775: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!& Mifdi(
buturi risicrdm smkuhe ceeriss sudm quistakfs( tk kntcaf c buhhir ufeirstcfeaf` kb mkw
ilphkyiis pirdiavi cfe ricdt tk M^L& Af tmi rilcafaf` bavi dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas luhta,
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93
rctir ectc brkl ilphkyiis cri usie& Af ceeatakf( luhta,skurdi ectc cri usie af dmcptirs 5
tmrku`m 2&
>&9&4 Dkfdhusakf
Umas rivaiw afvista`ctie tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiifM^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Af sul( wi bafe lkri ivaeifdi bkr tmi kptalastad tmcf bkr tmi
pissalastad kr sjiptadch vaiw& Umi ibbidts kb M^L kf mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,
niaf` cri af hafi watm c lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi& Michtm( mkwivir( siils tk bufdtakf
lkri cs c dkfbhadtaf` kutdkli& Af tirls kb prcdtadch alphadctakfs tmas alphais tmct
cekptaf` M^L cdtavatais pksatavihy alpcdts rihctakfsmaps cfe mcppafiss ilphkyii wihh,
niaf`& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe M^L cdtavatais la`mt mcvi c eitraliftch ibbidt kf michtm,
rihctie ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Brkl c lcfc`ilift pirspidtavi alphiliftaf` M^L
cdtavatais as nifibadach bkr ilphkyiis af tirls kb mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`
cfe bkr tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb tmi kr`cfazctakf cs wihh& Mkwivir( lcfc`ilift chsk fiies
tk pcy cttiftakf tk tmi pkssanhi fi`ctavi saei ibbidts kf ilphkyii michtm: tmas dcf nidkli
dksthy nktm bkr ilphkyiis cfe kr`cfazctakfs af tmi hkf` ruf af tirls kb cnsiftiiasl cfe
turfkvir&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
9>
>&2 ^ibirifdis
/ Ttueais afdhueie af rivaiw
/Cmlce( T& " Tdmrkieir( ^&@& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift
prcdtadis kf kpirctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? ^idk`fazaf` dkuftry cfe afeustry eabbirifdis& Okurfch kb Kpirctakfch Lcfc`ilift ( >3( 31,54&
Cppihncul( I& ->77>!& Umi alpcdt kb fiw bkrls kb wkrj kr`cfazctakf kf wkrjirs& Af?Pkrj Ilphkylift ^ihctakfs af tmi Ma`m,Wirbkrlcfdi Pkrjphcdi -pp& 3>7 , 35=!& @&Lurrcy( O& Nihcf`ir( C& @ahis( " W&C& Hcpkafti -Ies&!& Hkfekf? Dkftafuul
Cppihncul( I&( Ncahiy( U&( Nir`( W& " Jchhinir`( C& ->777!& Lcfubcdturaf` cevcftc`i? Pmy ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils pcy kbb & Fiw Qkrj? Dkrfihh Yfavirsaty Wriss&
Crtmur( O&N& " Nkyhis( U& ->770!& Rchaectaf` tmi mulcf riskurdi systil strudturi? Chivihs,ncsie strcti`ad M^L cpprkcdm& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( 30( 00,1>&
/Ncrtih( C&W& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi?
Ivaeifdi brkl tmi ritcah ncfjaf`& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr ^ihctakfs ^ivaiw ( 90( >( 3=3,>74&
Nidjir( N&I& " @irmcrt( N& -3112!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift kfkr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Wrk`riss cfe prkspidts& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift
Okurfch ( 41( 001,=73&Nidjir( N&I& " Musihae( L& -311=!& Ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils cfe barl
pirbkrlcfdi? C syftmisas kb risicrdm cfe lcfc`irach alphadctakfs& ^isicrdm af Wirskffih cfe Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 32( 3( 94,373&
/Nifjmkbb( N& -311=!& C tist kb tmi M^L lkeih? `kke bkr ilphkyirs cfe ilphkyiis&Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch 0( 5( 55,27&
Nhcu( W&L& -3125!& Ixdmcf`i cfe pkwir af skdach habi & Fiw Qkrj? Pahiy&
Nksihai( W&( Eaitz( @& " Nkkf( D& ->779!& Dkllkfchatais cfe dkftrceadtakfs af M^L cfepirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 20,15&
Nkwif( E&I& " Kstrkbb( D& ->775!& Yfeirstcfeaf` M^L,barl pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`is? Umirkhi kb tmi strif`tm kb tmi M^L systil& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( >1( >74,>>3&
Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( W& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&
Nkxchh( W& " Lcdjy( J& ->771!& ^isicrdm cfe tmikry kf ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils?Wrkdissaf` tmi ma`m,afvkhvilift stricl& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 31( 3(4,>4&
Nrkwf( L&W&( Tturlcf( L&D& " Talliraf`( L&O& ->774!&Dklpifsctakf pkhady cfe
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Umi ibbadaifdy( kpirctakfch( cfe bafcfdachalphadctakfs kb pcy hivihs cfe pcy strudturi& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 2( 2(09>,02>&
Dclpakf( L&C& " LdDhihhcfe( D&H& -3114!& Bkhhkw,up cfe ixtifsakf kb tmiaftireasdaphafcry dksts cfe nifibats kb ifhcr`ie okns& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (0=( 4( 441,493&
/Dmcfehir( @&( Jihhir( D& " Hykf( E&P& ->777!& Yfrcvihaf` tmi eitirlafcfts cfedkfsiquifdis kb cf affkvctakf,suppkrtavi kr`cfazctakfch duhturi& Iftriprifiursmap? Umikry cfe prcdtadi ( 4( 91,02&
/Dkhhafs( D&O& " Tlatm( J&@& ->772!& Jfkwhi`ei ixdmcf`i cfe dklnafctakf? Umi rkhi kb mulcf riskurdi prcdtadis af tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb ma`m,tidmfkhk`y barls& Cdceily
kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 51( 4( 955,927&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
94
Dklns( O&( Hau( Q&( Mchh( C& " Jitdmif( E& ->772!& Mkw ludm ek ma`m, pirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis lcttir; C litc,cfchysas kb tmiar ibbidts kf kr`cfasctakfchpirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 91( 4( 973,9>=&
Ecffc( J& " @rabbaf( ^&P& -3111!& Michtm cfe wihh,niaf` af tmi wkrjphcdi? C rivaiw cfesyftmisas kb tmi hatircturi& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >9( 4( 490,4=5&
Eaifir( I&( Tum( I&L&( Hudcs( ^&I& " Tlatm( M&H& -3111!& Tunoidtavi wihh,niaf`? Umriieidceis kb prk`riss& Wsydmkhk`adch Nuhhitaf ( 3>9( >( >02,47>&
Ekrifnksdm( H& ->771!& Lcfc`ilift ny vatchaty & Wm&E& eassirtctakf( Uahnur`? Uahnur` Yfavirsaty&
Eyir( H& " ^iivis( U& -3119!& Brkl mulcf riskurdi strcti`ais cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Pmct ek wi jfkw cfe wmiri ek wi fiie tk `k; Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`lift ( 2( 4( 290,220&
Birras( @&^&( Crtmur( L&L&( Nirjskf( M&L&( Jcphcf( E&L&( Mcrrihh,Dkkj( @& " Brafj(E&E& -311=!& Ukwcre c skdach dkftixt tmikry kb tmi mulcf riskurdilcfc`ilift,kr`cfazctakf ibbidtavifiss rihctakfsmap& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( =( 4( >49,>25&
/Brifjih( T& " Krhatzjy( L& ->779!& Kr`cfazctakfch trustwkrtmafiss cfe wkrjphcdi hcnkrprkeudtavaty? Uistaf` c fiw tmikry& Csac Wcdabad Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdis ( 54( 3(45,93&
/Buhlir( A&T&( @irmcrt( N& " Tdktt( J&T& ->774!& Cri tmi 377 nist nittir; Cf ilparadchafvista`ctakf kb tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif c ”`rict phcdi tk wkrj‑ cfe barlpirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( 5( 129,114&
/@ihcei( @& " Aviry( L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe wkrj dhalcti kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( >( 4=4,575&
@irmcrt( N& ->770!& Lkeihaf` M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`is& Af? Umi Kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift -pp& 99>,9=7!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&
/@kecre( O& -311=!& Pkrjphcdi ribkrls( lcfc`irach knoidtavis cfe lcfc`irach kutdklis? Umi pirdiptakfs kb Dcfceacf A^+M^L lcfc`irs& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 1( 3( 3=,57&
/@kecre( O& ->773!& Niykfe tmi ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi pcrcea`l; Cf cfchysas kb vcractakf afDcfceacf lcfc`irach pirdiptakfs kb ribkrl prk`rclli ibbidtavifiss& Nratasm
Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 41( 3( >9,9>&/@kuhe,Pahhacls( O& ->774!& Umi alpkrtcfdi kb M^ prcdtadis cfe wkrjphcdi trust af
cdmaivaf` supirakr pirbkrlcfdi? C stuey kb punhad,sidtkr kr`cfazctakfs&Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 35( 3( >=,95&
@rcft( C&L&( Dmrastacfskf( L&J& " Wradi( ^&M& ->770!& Mcppafiss( michtm( krrihctakfsmaps; Lcfc`irach prcdtadis cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` trceikbbs& Cdceily kb
Lcfc`ilift Wirspidtavis ( >3( 93,24&/@uirrirk( T& " Ncrrcue,Eaeair( R& ->775!& Ma`m,afvkhvilift prcdtadis cfe pirbkrlcfdi
kb Brifdm barls& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 39( =( 357=,35>4&
@uist( E& -3110!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe pirbkrlcfdi? c rivaiw cfe risicrdmc`ifec& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( =( >24,>02&
@uist( E& -3111!& ”Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift — tmi wkrjir‑s vireadt‑& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 35( 33( 01,12&
@uist( E& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift? Pmif risicrdm dkfbrkfts tmikry&Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 3>( 371>,3372&
/@uist( E&I& " Widdia( ^& ->773!& Wcrtfirsmap ct wkrj? Lutuchaty cfe tmi nchcfdi kb
cevcftc`i& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 41( >( >70,>42&
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95
/Mcrtir( O&J&( Tdmlaet( B&H& " Mcyis( U& ->77>!& Nusafiss,ufat,hivih rihctakfsmap nitwiifilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( ilphkyii if`c`ilift( cfe nusafiss kutdklis? C litc,cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( >( >2=,>01&
/Mkqui( J& -3111!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe pirbkrlcfdi af tmi YJ mktihafeustry& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 40( 4( 531,554&
Musihae( L&C& -3119!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift prcdtadis kf turfkvir(prkeudtavaty( cfe dkrpkrcti bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch (4=( 249,20>&
/Jctku( C& " Nuemwcr( W&T& ->772!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift systils cfekr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? C tist kb c lieactaf` lkeih af tmi @riij lcfubcdturaf` dkftixt& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 30( 0(3>>4,3>94&
/Jmahoa( T&I& " Pcf`( ]& ->772!& 'Aftifeie' cfe 'alphiliftie' M^L? Umi lassaf` hafdmpaf af strcti`ad mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift risicrdm& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 30( 0( 3303,33=1&
/Hclnkkao( L&( Tcfeirs( J&( Jkstir( B& " _wairs( L& ->772!& Mulcf riskurdi prctadis
cfe kr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Dcf tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i ni ixphcafieny tmi dkkpirctavi nimcvakurs kb ilphkyiis; Lcfc`ilift ^ivui 30( 4( >>4,>57&
Hi``i( J& -3119!& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift? ^mitkrads cfe ^ichatais & Lcdlahhcf?Ncsaf`stkji( Hkfekf&
/Lctmaiu( O&I&( @ahskf( H&H& " ^ueey( U&L& ->772!& Ilpkwirlift cfe ticlibbidtavifiss? Cf ilparadch tist kb cf afti`rctie lkeih& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 13( 3( 10,37=&
/Lahhir( E& " Hii( O& ->773!& Umi pikphi lcji tmi prkdiss? dkllatlift tk ilphkyiis(eidasakf lcjaf`( cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >0( 324,3=1&
/Fasmaa( H&M&( Hipcj( E&W& " Tdmfiaeir( N& ->77=!& Ilphkyii cttranutakfs kb tmi ”wmy‑ kb mr prcdtadis? tmiar ibbidts kf ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs( cfe dustklir
sctasbcdtakf& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 974,959&Fasmaa( H& " Pra`mt( W& ->77=!& Rcracnahaty watmaf kr`cfazctakfs? Alphadctakfs bkr strcti`ad
mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift& Af? Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi? Eyfclad hafjc`is nitwiif afeavaeuchs cfe kr`cfazctakfs & E&N& Tlatm -Ie&!& Fiw Qkrj? Ucyhkr cfe Brcfdas@rkup&
/Krhatzjy( L& " Brifjih( T&O& ->779!& Chtirfctavi pctmwcys tk ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrjphcdis& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 32( =( 34>9,345=&
Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih? M^ prcdtadis cfekr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >33,>90!& J&O Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&
Wccuwi( O& ->775!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi ? Cdmaivaf` hkf` tirl vacnahaty& Kxbkre? Kxbkre
Yfavirsaty Wriss&Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? wmct fixt;& Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&Wccuwi( O& " ^admcreskf( ^& -3110!& Aftrkeudtakf tk spidach assui kf M^L cfe
pirbkrlcfdi& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( =( 4( >90,>2>&/Wcrj( M&O&( Latsumcsma( M&( Biy( D&B& " Nokrjlcf( A& ->774!& Umi ibbidt kb mulcf
riskurdi lcfc`ilift prcdtadis kf Ocpcfisi LFD sunsaeacry pirbkrlcfdi? Cpcrtach lieactaf` lkeih& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 35( =(3413,3572&
/Wcuh( C&J& " Cfcftmcrclcf( ^&F& ->774!& Alpcdt kb pikphi lcfc`ilift prcdtadis kfkr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Cfchysas kb c dcusch lkeih& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb
Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 35( 0( 3>52,3>22&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
99
Widdia( ^& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe tmi sicrdm bkr tmi mcppy wkrjphcdi & Afcu`urchceeriss( ^kttirecl? Ircslus ^isicrdm Afstatuti kb Lcfc`ilift -I^AL!&
Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? Ukwcre cdklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfc`ilift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&
/^clscy( M&( Tdmkhcraks( E& " Mcrhiy( N& ->777!& Ilphkyiis kb ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils? Uistaf` afsaei tmi nhcdj nkx& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 4=( 5(973,943&
/^akrecf( D&L&( Rcfeifnir`( O& " ^admcreskf( M&C& ->779!& Ilphkyii afvkhviliftdhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 55( 5( 503,5==&
/^k``( J&H&( Tdmlaet( E&N&( Tmuhh( D& " Tdmlatt( F& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi prcdtadis(kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >0( 543,551&
/^uaz,Lkrifk( C&^&( @crdac,Lkrchis( R&O& " Hhkrifs,Lkftis( B&O& ->770!& Umilkeirctaf` ibbidt kb kr`cfazctakfch shcdj kf tmi rihctakf nitwiif pirdiptakfs kb
suppkrt bkr affkvctakf cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Wirskffih ivaiw ( 40( 9( 971,9>9&/Tchcfkvc( L&( C`ut( T& " Wiark( O&L& ->779!& Hafjaf` kr`cfazctakfch riskurdis cfe wkrj
if`c`ilift tk ilphkyii pirbkrlcfdi cfe dustklir hkychty? Umi lieactakf kb sirvadi dhalcti& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 17( 2( 3>30,3>>0&
/Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcf`is( W&O&( Tlatm( N& " Tchvc``ak( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?Ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb
Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 9( =42,=93&/Tdmustir( B&I&( Euffaf`( J&I&( Lkreif( E&H&( Mc`cf( D&L&( Ncjir( U&I& " LdJcy( A&T&
-3110!& Lcfc`ilift prcdtadi( kr`cfazctakf dhalcti( cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cfixphkrctkry stuey& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Nimcvakrch Tdaifdi ( 44( >( >71,>>2&
Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach Wirbkrlcfdi; Af?
Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie!& Tcf Brcfdasdk(DC? Okssiy Ncss&
/Ucjiudma( ^&( Hipcj( E&W&( Pcf`( M& " Ucjiudma( J& ->770!& Cf ilparadch ixclafctakfkb tmi lidmcfasls lieactaf` nitwiif ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils cfe tmipirbkrlcfdi kb Ocpcfisi kr`cfazctakfs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 1>( 5( 3721,37=4&
/Uruss( D& ->773!& Dklphixatais cfe dkftrkvirsais af hafjaf` M^L watm kr`cfazctakfchkutdklis& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift Ttueais ( 4=( =( 33>3,3351&
/Uzcbrar( T&T& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif trust( M^L prcdtadis cfe barlpirbkrlcfdi& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 32( 1( 3277,32>>&
/Rcfeifnir`( ^&O&( ^admcreskf( M&C& " Icstlcf( H&O& -3111!& Umi alpcdt kb ma`m
afvkhvilift wkrj prkdissis kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C sidkfe,kreirhctift vcracnhi cpprkcdm& @rkup cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Lcfc`ilift ( >5( 4( 477,441&
/Rcfmchc( T& " Uukla( J& ->772!& M^L( dklpcfy pirbkrlcfdi cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Lcfc`ilift ^ivui ( 30( 4( >53,>99&
/Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->779!& Bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi hkf`,tirl hafj watm M^ prcdtadis( wkrj dhalcti cfe okn striss& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 5(47,94&
/Rcrlc( C&( Nictty( ^&P&( Tfiair( D&I& " Yhradm( E&K& -3111!& Ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils? Ixdataf` easdkviry kr pcssaf` bce; Mulcf ^iskurdi Whcffaf` ( >>( 3( >2,40&
Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr na` sdaifdi& Mulcf ^ihctakfs ( 9=( 5( 5>1,
52>& Pcrr -31=0!& Pkrj( ufilphkylift( cfe liftch michtm & Kxbkre? Dhcrifekf Wriss&
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Dmcptir >? M^L( Ilphkyii Pihh,niaf` cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wirbkrlcfdi
92
Pmatifir( I&L& ->773!& Ek ”ma`m dklatlift‑ mulcf riskurdi prcdtadis cbbidt ilphkyiidkllatlift; Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >0( 939,949&
Pkke( T&O& -3111!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiws ( 3( 420,534&
Pra`mt( W& " Nkswihh( P& ->77>!( Eisi`ri`ctaf` M^L? C rivaiw cfe syftmisas kb ladrk
cfe lcdrk mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift risicrdm& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >=( >50,>02&
Pra`mt( W&L& " @crefir( U&L& ->774!& Umi mulcf riskurdi,barl pirbkrlcfdirihctakfsmap? litmkekhk`adch cfe tmikritadch dmchhif`is& Af? Umi fiw wkrjphcdi? C
`uaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433,4>=!& E& Mkhlcf( U&E& Pchh( D&P& Dhi``( W& Tpcrrkw( " C& Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
/Pra`mt( W&L&( @crefir( U&L& " Lkyfamcf( H&L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb M^ prcdtadis kftmi pirbkrlcfdi kb nusafiss ufats& Mulcf riskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch( 34( 4( >3,42&
/Pra`mt( W&L&( @crefir( U&L&( Lkyfamcf( H&L& " Chhif( L&^& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmapnitwiif mr prcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( 571,552&
Pra`mt( W&L& " LcdLcmcf( @&D& -311>!& Umikritadch pirspidtavis bkr strcti`ad mulcfriskurdi lcfc`ilift& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( 3=( >( >19,4>7&
Pra`mt( W&L&( LdLcmcf( @&D&( Tfihh( T&C& " @irmcrt( N& ->773!& Dklpcraf` hafi cfe M^ ixidutavis' pirdiptakfs kb mr ibbidtavifiss? Tirvadis( rkhis( cfe dkftranutakfs&Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 57( >( 333,3>4&
/_if`m _mku( J&_&( Ha( O&O&( _mku( F& " Tu( D& ->77=!& Lcrjit kraiftctakf( oknsctasbcdtakf( prkeudt quchaty( cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ivaeifdi brkl Dmafc&Ttrcti`ad Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( >1( 1=9,3777&
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4
Eivihkplift cfe Cpphadctakf kb
Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc tk
tmi Nusafiss Yfat Hivih
Umas dmcptir as ncsie kf? Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O&Eivihkplift cfe Cpphadctakf kb Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc tk tmi NusafissYfat Hivih& Lcfusdrapt af Wripcrctakf bkr Tunlassakf&
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
9=
Cnstrcdt
Umas dmcptir ixphkris nktm tmikritadchhy cfe litmkekhk`adchhy tmi pkssanahaty bkr
c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` tk dkfstrudt
licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih licsuris& Bavi dratirac bkr ivchuctaf` c``ri`ctakf
pkssanahatais cri eivihkpie? ilir`ifdi prkdissis( ribirift typi( twk typis kb aftrcdhcss
dkrrihctakfs dkibbadaifts cfe aftirrctir c`riilift& Tunsiquifthy( tmisi bavi dratirac cri
cpphaie tk surviy ectc kf M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` usie af tmi tmrii rilcafaf`
dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas& Umi dmcptir as dkfdhueie ny prisiftaf` cfe easdussaf` tmi
suppkrt bkufe bkr c``ri`ctakf kb afeavaeuch surviy ectc aftk licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,
hivih dkfstrudts&
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
91
4&3 Aftrkeudtakf
Ilphkyii surviys dkfstatutaf` c skurdi kb afbkrlctakf kf wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch
bcdtkrs cfe prkdissis cri pirakeadchhy cvcahcnhi af lcfy kr`cfazctakfs fkwcecys -Yhradm(
3110!( cfe cri afdricsaf`hy afdhueie af licsurilift cpprkcdmis( sudm cs nchcfdie cfe
wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres -i&`& Nidjir( Musihae " Yhradm( >773: Musihae( Nidjir " Nictty(
>779: Lcyk( >773: Wmahaps( Ttkfi " Wmahaps( >773!& Umi ufeirhyaf` aeic kb alphiliftaf`
licsurilift cpprkcdmis as bafeaf` kut af c dcusi,cfe,ibbidt hk`ad tmi jiy prkdissis kb
mkw mulcf riskurdis -ilphkyiis! watmaf cf kr`cfazctakf cee vchui -bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi! -i&`& Musihae it ch&( >779: Jcphcf " Fkrtkf( >773!&
Alphiliftie wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres bcdahatcti dklpcraskf kb wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch
bcdtkrs cfe prkdissis ny licfs kb ilphkyii surviys cfe kutdklis watmaf dklpcfais(cfe prkvaeie tmi systil rilcafs af usi: sudm systils bcdahatcti dklpcraskf kb sdkris
cdrkss tali& Alphiliftie licsurilift cpprkcdmis prkvaei nusafiss ufat lcfc`irs watm
lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf wmadm ifcnhis tmil tk jiip trcdj kb wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch
bcdtkrs cfe prkdissis watmaf tmiar nusafiss ufat cfe tmiar ibbidts upkf dratadch nusafiss
ufat kutdklis& Umas typi kb afbkrlctakf as kb `rict alpkrtcfdi( cs lcfc`ilift cdtavatais
usuchhy kddur ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih( cfe dratadch kutdklis bkr wmadm lcfc`irs cri
cddkuftcnhi cri kbtif hkdctie ct tmas hivih& Dkfsiquifthy( lcfc`irs watmaf dklpcfais
tife tk bkdus lkri kf afbkrlctakf ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih tmcf ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih&
Nidcusi wkrjbkrdi systils prkvaei afbkrlctakf ct eipcrtliftch,( nusafiss ufat
hivih( kr ivif ct ma`mir hivihs watmaf cf kr`cfazctakf( afeavaeuch surviy afbkrlctakf mcs tk
ni c``ri`ctie tk sdkris ct tmi ma`mir hivihs watmaf tmi kr`cfazctakf tk ifcnhi afdhusakf kb
tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf af licsurilift systils& Dkhhidtaf` cfe c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch
surviy ectc tk licsuri `rkup,hivih pmifklifc mcs niif easdussie waeihy brkl c
litmkekhk`adch cf`hi af luhtahivih hatircturi -i&`& Dmcf( 311=: Mkusi( ^kussicu "
Umklcs,Muft( 3119: Jhiaf( Ecfsiricu " Mchh( 3115: Jhiaf " Jkzhkwsja( >777:
Lkr`iskf " Mkbblcf( 3111: ^kussicu( 31=9!& Bkr ixclphi Jhiaf cfe Jkzhkwsja ->777?
39! stctie? Lcfy pmifklifc af kr`cfazctakfs mcvi tmiar tmikritadch bkufectakf af tmi dk`fatakf( cbbidt(
nimcvakr cfe dmcrcdtirastads kb afeavaeuchs( wmadm ,tmrku`m skdach aftircdtakf( ixdmcf`i cfe clphabadctakf,
mcvi ilir`ift prkpirtais tmct lcfabist ct ma`mir hivihs&
Ma`mir hivih dkfstrudts ilir`ie brkl afeavaeuch surviy ectc kf dk`fatakfs cfe
cbbidt mcvi niif ixphkrie ispidachhy af tmrii sunbaihes kb KN cfe M^L hatircturi? tmi
risicrdm trceatakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti as eibafie cs smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb nimcvakrs
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
2>
Tunsiquifthy( wi ihcnkrcti kf mkw tmisi afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis ilir`i
aftk ma`mir hivih dkfstrudts cs ixphcafie af tmi tmrii risicrdm trceatakfs kb M^L( dhalcti
cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf`&
4&>&3 Dkfdiptuch Licfaf` Ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L mcvi tmiar rkkts af tmi afeavaeuch ilphkyii wmk
pirdiavis cfe ixpiraifdis mas kr mir wkrj satuctakf& Wirdiptakfs kb M^L cri
dkfdiptuchazie ct tmi afeavaeuch,hivih kb cfchysas -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa "
Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Mkwivir( Fasmaa cfe
Pra`mt ->77=!( Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! cfe Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! ilpmcsazi tmct
afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L dcf ni smcrie watmaf c ufat kr kr`cfazctakf& Nkxchh cfe
Wurdihh ->77=! prkpksi tmct M^L pkhadais cri alphiliftie tk nuahe dkhhidtavi wkrjbkrdi
dcpcnahatais( wkrj kr`cfazctakf cfe wkrj cttatueis( cfe tmct M^L dkllufadctis vchuis
risuhtaf` af smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L& Af ceeatakf( Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif
->777! cr`ui tmct M^L dcf risuht af smcrie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L -af tmiar
lkeih ribirrie tk cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti!&
Dhalcti risicrdm ixclafis ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmiar wkrj ifvarkflift&
Wsydmkhk`adch dhalcti ribhidts cf afeavaeuch cssisslift kb tmi wkrj ifvarkflift af tirls
kb tmi psydmkhk`adch licfaf` tk tmi afeavaeuch -Oclis " Oclis( 31=1!& Af dklpcraskf(
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ribirs tk ilphkyiis‑ smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb nimcvakrs
cfe cdtakfs tmct cri riwcreie cfe suppkrtie ny tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s pkhadais( prcdtadis( cfe
prkdieuris -Tdmfiaeir( 3117!& Pmirics psydmkhk`adch dhalcti ribhidts afeavaeuch
pirdiptakfs( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti riprisifts smcrie pirdiptakfs clkf` lilnirs kb tmi
scli ufat -i&`& @hadj( 31=9: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti lcy mcvi
iatmir c `hknch kr strcti`ad bkdus -`hknch dhalcti virsus bcdit,spidabad dhalcti! -i&`& Oclis(
Dmka( Jk( LdFiah( Laftkf( Pra`mt( Jal it ch&( >77=: Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!&
Jkpihlcf( Nraib cfe @uzzk -3117! aeiftabaie tmi bkhhkwaf` bavi ealifsakfs? `kchilpmcsas licfs ilpmcsas( riwcre kraiftctakf( tcsj suppkrt cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt(
cs dkllkf ihilifts kb cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Af dkftrcst( Tdmfiaeir -3109!
aftrkeudie tmi ”dhalcti bkr sklitmaf`‑ cpprkcdm& Umas ”sklitmaf`‑ ribirs tk tmi bkdus kb
aftirist( cfy strcti`ad nusafiss `kch& Umas hafi kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti hatircturi bkdusis
kf spidabad dhalctis( sudm cs dhalcti bkr scbity -_kmcr( 31=9!( dhalcti bkr sirvadi
-Tdmfiaeir( 3117!( dhalcti bkr affkvctakf -Cfeirskf " Pist( 311=!&
Hajiwasi( chtmku`m wihh,niaf` as tmikritadchhy eibafie cs c dmcrcdtirastad kb
afeavaeuchs( afeavaeuch cbbidtavi cttatueis dcf mcvi ilir`ift prkpirtais ct ma`mir hivihs kb
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cfchysas -Jhiaf " Jkzhkwsja >777!& Umi `rkup‑s smcrie cbbidtavi cttatuei dcf ni
aeiftabaie cs c `rkup,hivih dmcrcdtirastad wmadm smcpis ufaqui `rkup prkdissis cfe
kutdklis -Lcskf " @rabbaf( >77>!& Uwk smcrie mcppafiss wihh,niaf` dkfstrudts cri
prkpksie af tmi hatircturi& @ikr`i -3112? 0=! eibafie `rkup cbbidtavi tkfi cs dkfsastift
kr mklk`ifikus cbbidtavi ricdtakfs watmaf c `rkup& Talahcrhy( Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->77>?
>=5! eibafie `rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf cs tmi `rkup‑s smcrie cttatuei tkwcres ats tcsj cfe
tmi csskdactie wkrj ifvarkflift& Umiri as cf alpkrtcft eabbirifdi nitwiif `rkup tcsj
sctasbcdtakf cfe `rkup cbbidtavi tkfi( mkwivir& @rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf tifes tk ni lkri
dkfdirfie watm wkrj,rihctie sctasbcdtakf( wmirics `rkup cbbidtavi tkfi ekis fkt
fidisscrahy mcvi c spidabadchhy wkrj,rihctie kra`af? at as tmi cbbidt tmct lcttirs( fkt ats
dcusis af tmi wkrj dkftixt&
Cf alpkrtcft licsurilift dkfsaeirctakf as mkw tk riprisift tmi uppir,hivih
dkfstrudts kb pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf` ncsie kf tmi
rispkfsis ct tmi hkwir hivih -afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs cfe biihaf`s!& Dmcf -311=! aftrkeudie
c typkhk`y kb dklpksatakf lkeihs wmadm spidaby tmi bufdtakfch rihctakfsmaps clkf`
dkfstrudts ct eabbirift hivihs kb cfchysas& Umisi cri ceeatavi( earidt,dkfsifsus( ribirift,
smabt( easpirsakf cfe prkdiss lkeihs& Umi ceeatavi( earidt,dkfsifsus cfe ribirift,smabt
lkeihs cri lkst rihivcft tk kur easdussakf kb pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe
mcppafiss wihh,niaf`( cfe wi aftrkeudi kfhy tmisi lkeihs& Cf ceeatavi dklpksatakf lkeih cvirc`is hkwir hivih sdkris ri`crehiss kb tmi hivih kb
c`riilift watmaf tmi ufat& Dmcf -31=1! ricskfie tmct af tmas lkeih tmi vcracfdi kb hkwir
hivihs ufats as kb fk tmikritadch dkfdirf bkr c``ri`ctaf` tmi afeavaeuch,hivih dkfstrudt tk
riprisift c ufat,hivih dkfstrudt& Mkwivir( smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis cri tmi
bkufectakfs kb ufat pirdiptakfs kb M^L( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe ufat cttatueis& Umi
earidt,dkfsifsus lkeih cfe tmi ribirift,smabt lkeih nktm riquari c`riilift watmaf
sdkris nibkri c``ri`ctakf& Umisi lkeihs eabbir af tmi brcli kb ribirifdi usie -tmi
nusafiss ufat( tmi hiceir kr sihb!& Af tmi earidt,dkfsifsus lkeih afeavaeuchs rispkfe cs tk
tmiar kwf pirdiptakf kr cttatuei( wmirics af tmi ribirift,smabt lkeih afeavaeuchs rispkfe
cs tk tmiar pirdiptakfs kr cttatueis kb c ufat kr hiceir& Af tmas wcy( ufat M^L pirdiptakfs(
dhalcti cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf` dklpksie kb smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis cri
dkfdiptuchhy eastafdt ivif tmku`m tmiy cri eiravie brkl afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs cfe
cttatueis -Dmcf( 311=!&
C stcfecre bkr ribirift,smabt kr earidt,dkfsifsus mcs fkt ilir`ie yit af tmi
hatircturi kf pirdiptakfs kb M^L -Crtmur " Nkyhis( >770!( dhalcti -Juifza " Tdmlafji(
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>771! cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf` -Lcskf " @rabbaf( >77>!& Mkwivir( cddkreaf` tk @hadj
-31=9!( usaf` ribirift,smabt typkhk`y alprkvis tmi cddurcdy cfe dkfstrudts vchaeaty& Af
tmas dcsi rispkfeifts cri trictie cs jiy afbkrlcfts( eisdranaf` tmiar wkrj ifvarkflift
cfe fkt tmiar kwf ixpiraifdis& Talahcrhy( Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->77>! cr`uie tmct `rkup,
hivih sctasbcdtakf smkuhe cpphy tk cfe ni smcrie ny chh `rkup lilnirs( cfe cddkreaf`hy
atils smkuhe ni brclie watm c `rkup ribirift& Mifdi( tk tist tmi c``ri`ctakf pkssanahatais
kb tmi afdhueie surviy sdchis tmi typi kb ribirifdi -sihb( hiceir kr nusafiss ufat! wahh ni
ixclafie af tmas dmcptir&
4&>&> Ilir`ifdi Wrkdissis Nktm smcrie pirdiptakfs kb M^L( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf`
ilir`i brkl mklk`ifkus pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis kb ufat lilnirs& Nktm tmi earidt,
dkfsifsus cfe ribirift,smabt lkeih eibafi watmaf `rkup c`riilift cs pririquasati bkr
smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis& Umiribkri( c sidkfe tmikritadch assui ceerissie miri
dkfdirfs tmi ilir`ifdi kb ma`mir hivih dkfstrudts& Eabbirift ixphcfctakfs mcvi niif
kbbirie cnkut mkw afeavaeuchs‑ pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis cri trcfsbkrlie aftk ma`mir
hivih ufat dkfstrudts -sk,dchhie ilir`ifdi prkdissis! -i&`& Csmbkrtm( 31=9: Nkwif "
Kstrkbb( >775: @ikr`i( 3112: Lcskf " @rabbaf( >77>: Famsaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb it
ch&( >774: Tdmfiaeir( 31=0!&
Umi prkdiss lkeihs kb M^L -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wurdihh
" Jaffai( >770! suppksi tmct cdtuch prcdtadis -prcdtadis tmct cri alphiliftie! risuht af
ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmksi prcdtadis& Af tmas prkdiss tmi rkhi kb hiceirs as drudach
-Eif Mcrtk`( Nksihai " Wccuwi( >775: Wurdihh " Mutdmafskf( >770!& Hiceirs cri tmi
alphiliftirs kb M^L prcdtadis( cfe tmiriny afbhuifdi smcrie pirdiptakfs kb cfe smcrie
ricdtakfs tk M^ prcdtadis -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!& Af ceeatakf tk tmi lkri bufdtakfch +
afstruliftch rkhi kb alphiliftaf` M^ prcdtadis( hiceirs chsk dkllufadcti tk ilphkyiis
tmi fcturi kb tmi barl( tmiar vchui cfe tmi nimcvakrs tmct cri ixpidtie -Nkxchh " Wurdihh(>77=: Wurdihh " Mutdmafskf( >770: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!& Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=!
prkpksi tmct skdach aftircdtakf clkf` ufat lilnirs cfe dkllkf ixpiraifdis kb M^L
hice tk tmi eivihkplift kb smcrie pirdiptakfs& Burtmirlkri( Fasmaa cfe Pra`mt ->77=!
rihy kf tmi CTC,prafdaphi -Tdmfiaeir( 31=0! tk ixphcaf tmi eivihkplift kb smcrie
pirdiptakfs& Nkwif cfe Kstrkbb ->775! prkpksi tmct wmif ilphkyiis ixpiraifdi cf M^
systil tmct as ma`m kf eastafdtavifiss( dkfsastifdy cfe dkfsifsus( tmas wahh risuht af
smcrie pirdiptakfs -ribirrie tk cs dhalcti!& Nisaeis( ncsie kf dhalcti hatircturi( Nkwif
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
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cnkut tmiar wkrjaf` ifvarkflift& Lkrikvir( tmrku`m `rkup skdachazctakf prkdissis
lilnirs kb c wkrj sittaf` hicrf wmct as cpprkpracti af c sittaf`( risuhtaf` af dkfsastifdy
af cbbidt cfe nimcvakrs -@ikr`i( 3112!& Bafchhy( ilktakfch dkftc`akf( tmi prkdiss kb
laladjaf` icdm ktmirs biihaf`s as put bkrwcre cs c bcdtkr tmct wahh risuht af mklk`ifiaty
kb ixpiraifdis watmaf c `rkup -Lcskf " @rabbaf( >77>!&
Uk ixphkri tmi suatcnahaty kb c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe
mcppafiss wihh,niaf` tk nusafiss ufat,hivih licsuris kfi fiies tk ixclafi rihctakfsmaps
watm bcdtkrs tmct cri ixpidtie tk dricti dkfsifsus af afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs kb M^L(
dhalcti cfe mcppafiss wihh,niaf`& Af tmas pcpir wi bkdus kf tmrii sudm bcdtkrs& Barst(
ncsie kf strudturch cfe dkftixtuch ixphcfctakfs cfe prakr ilparadch risicrdm -@kfzchiz,
^klc( Wiark " Ukreirc( >77>: Jkzhkwsja " Ekmirty( 31=1: Hurac( >77=: _kmcr "
Uiffi,@czat( >77=! wi ixpidt tmct afsparctakfch hiceirsmap as pksatavihy rihctie tk
dkfsifsus& Tidkfehy( ncsie kf Tdmfiaeir‑s -31=0! CTC,brcliwkrj wi afvista`cti tmi
ibbidt kb turfkvir kf tmi ilir`ifdi kb smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis& Pi ixpidt
tmct wmif tmi turfkvir rcti as ma`m watmaf c nusafiss ufat( tmiri as hiss rkkl bkr
dkfsifsus eivihkplift& Umare( wi ixpidt tmct skdach aftircdtakf as pksatavihy rihctie tk
smcrie pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis& Tivirch stueais bkufe c pksatavi hafj nitwiif skdach
aftircdtakf cfe dkfsifsus -@kfzchiz,^klc( Wiark " Ukreirc( >77>: Hurac( >77=: Lcskf(
>772: _kmcr " Uiffi,@czat( >77=!&
4&4 Eivihkplift kb Dratirac? Litmkekhk`adch Assuis
Uk oustaby tmi c``ri`ctakf kb afeavaeuch,hivih surviy ectc tk `rkup,hivih dkfstrudts
twk typis kb afeadis cri dkllkfhy usie af tmi luhtahivih hatircturi -Nhaisi( >777:
HiNritkf " Tiftir( >77=: Rcf Lairhk it ch&( >77=!& Umi barst sit kb afeadis as ribirrie tk cs
”`rkup,hivih rihacnahatais‑& Umi sidkfe sit kb afeadis as ribirrie tk cs ”aftirrctir c`riilift‑&
Nktm afeadis ceeriss quistakfs kf wmitmir kr fkt sdkris brkl kfi rctir cri ”salahcr‑ tk
sdkris kb kfi kr lkri ktmir rctirs: mkwivir tmiy eabbir af tmi eibafatakf kb aftirrctir
salahcraty -Hinritkf " Tiftir( >77=!& Umi `rkup,hivih rihacnahaty afeadis tcji tmi
dkfsastifdy af rispkfsis kb lilnirs kb tmi scli `rkup dklpcrie tk lilnirs kb
eabbirift `rkups( wmahi aftirrctir c`riilift afeadis tcji tmi ei`rii tk wmadm `rkup
lilnirs prkvaei salahcr rctaf`s -Rcf Lairhk it ch&( >77=!& Uk ahhustrcti tmi eabbirifdi
nitwiif tmi twk typis cssuli tmi bkhhkwaf` dcsi& ^ctaf`s burfasmie ny lilnirs kb tmi
scli `rkup cri tk c hcr`i ixtift salahcr( cfe tmi licfs vcry hatthi brkl `rkup tk `rkup&
Af tmas dcsi c risicrdmir usaf` aftirrctir c`riilift licsuris dkfdhueis tmct c``ri`ctakfas oustabaie( `avif ma`m aftirrctir salahcraty& Mkwivir c risicrdmir usaf` `rkup,hivih
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20
rihacnahaty licsuris dkfdhueis tmct c``ri`ctakf as fkt oustabaie( `avif tmi hcdj kb
eabbirifdis nitwiif `rkups& Mifdi( tk tist tmi c``ri`ctakf pkssanahatais kb tmi afdhueie
surviy sdchis nktm typis wahh ni ixclafie af tmas dmcptir&
4&4&3 @rkup,hivih ^ihacnahaty Af tmi KN hatircturi rihacnahaty kb `rkup licfs as dkllkfhy cssissie ny licfs kb
aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakf dkibbadaifts -ADD3( ADD>! dchduhctie brkl c kfi wcy rcfekl ibbidts
CFKRC& Umi ADD3 dcf ni eibafie cs tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi af afeavaeuch ilphkyii
sdkris cttranutcnhi tk tmi `rkup -Nhaisi( >777!& ADD3 as eibafie cs -Nhaisi( >777? 499!?
- !Z \ LTP j LTN
LTP LTN ADD
/33
∞*
∞<
Af tmi bkrluhc( LTN as tmi nitwiif,`rkup licf squcri( LTP as tmi watmaf,`rkup
licf squcri( cfe j as tmi `rkup sazi& Umi ADD> pcrclitir dcf ni aftirpritie cs tmi
rihacnahaty kb dklpcraskfs nitwiif licf `rkup sdkris -Nhaisi( >777!& ADD> as eibafie cs
-Nhaisi( >777? 492!?
LTN
LTP LTN ADD
∞<>
Uk oustaby c``ri`ctakf ADD3 smkuhe yaihe sa`fabadcft vchuis( cfe ADD> smkuhe yaihe
cddiptcnhi vchuis -Rcf Lairhk it ch&( >77=!& Umi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ADD3 licsuri as
cssissie watm cf B,tist -kb tmi CFKRC usie tk dchduhcti ADD3 cfe ADD> sdkris!? c
sa`fabadcft B,tist afeadctis tmct tmi nitwiif,`rkup vcracfdi as hcr`ir tmcf tmi watmaf,
`rkup vcracfdi -Nhaisi( >777!& At smkuhe ni fktie tmct hkw tk lkeist ADD3 vchuis cri af
tmilsihvis fkt prknhilctad ab tmi F kb dcsis as hcr`i ifku`m -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Cs
ri`cres cddiptcnhi vchuis kb ADD>( ADD> vchuis dcf ni aftirpritie cs cfy ktmir rihacnahaty
licsuri& Cs ri`cres ADD>( Jhiaf it ch& ->777! afeadctie tmct ADD> vchuis cnkvi &07 cri
cddiptcnhi( vchuis nitwiif &97 cfe &07 cri lcr`afch( cfe vchuis nihkw &97 cri pkkr&
4&4&>& Aftirrctir C`riilift
Umi lkst briquifthy usie licsuri kb aftirrctir c`riilift as Oclis( Eilcrii cfe
Pkhb‑s -31=5! ^w` cfe ^w` -O! afeadis -Nhaisi( >777: HiNritkf " Tiftir( >77=!& Umi barst
liftakfie ^w` as eisa`fie bkr c saf`hi atil: tmi sidkfe liftakfie ^w` -O! as eisa`fie
bkr luhta,atil sdchis& Umi ^w` -O! afeadis cri cssissie ny dklpcraf` tmi knsirvie
vcracfdi watmaf c `rkup watm tmi ixpidtie vcracfdi ab `rkup lilnirs wkuhe rispkfe
rcfeklhy -Oclis it ch&( 31=5!& Cf ^w` -O! sdkri dcf ni dklputie bkr icdm `rkup&
Uk oustaby c``ri`ctakf ncsie kf ^w` -O! sdkris( risicrdmirs smkuhe lcji oue`liftsncsie kf tmi lc`fatuei cfe tmi pcttirf kb tmi ^w` -O! vchuis -Hinritkf " Tiftir( >77=!&
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21
4&9 Cpphadctakf kb Dratirac? Litmkes
4&9&3 ^isicrdm Dkftixt
Umas tmisas usis ectc brkl c hcr`i bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf af tmi Fitmirhcfes&
Umi hcr`ist pcrt kb tmas kr`cfazctakf dkfsasts kb cpprkxalctihy 477 hkdch nrcfdmis watm
49(777 ilphkyiis& At as kfhy tmi hkdch nrcfdmis af tmi Fitmirhcfes wmadm pcrtadapcti af
tmas tmisas& Umi spmiri kb cdtavaty kb icdm nrcfdm as halatie tk ats `ik`rcpmadch cric& Icdm
nrcfdm as rispkfsanhi bkr tmi smcpaf` kb pkhadais( prkdieuris cfe prcdtadis watmaf at&
Af >777 tmi kr`cfazctakf aftrkeudie c nchcfdie sdkridcre typi kb lcfc`ilift
systil bkr tmrii lcokr crics? bafcfdi( dustklir cfe ilphkyii -Jcphcf " Fkrtkf( 3112:
Wcyfi( Mkht " Brkw( >773!( af kreir tk prkvaei nrcfdmis watm suatcnhi lcfc`ilift
afbkrlctakf& Af tmas sdkridcre bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh afbkrlctakf as eiravie brkl knoidtavi
ri`astrctakfs kb bafcfdach trcfscdtakfs( dustklir afbkrlctakf as eiravie brkl rkutafi
lcrjit risicrdm cdtavatais( cfe ilphkyii afbkrlctakf as `ctmirie ny licfs kb surviy
risicrdm cfe knoidtavi ri`astrctakfs kf pirskffih& Umas systil prkvaeie us tmi ufaqui
kppkrtufaty tk c dkhhidtakf kb ectc cdrkss bavi yicrs( cfe tmiriny ifcnhaf` us tk usi c
hkf`atueafch eisa`f af tmi rilcafaf` tmrii ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmisas& Chh dmcptirs usi c
twk,wcvi eisa`f? surviy ealifsakfs cfe kutdklis cri icdm licsurie twadi& Nihkw tmi
eitcahs kb tmi surviy afbkrlctakf cri eisdranie&
Af tmi ilphkyii surviy systil 303 nrcfdmis pcrtadapctie kf twk kddcsakfs nitwiif>777 cfe >779 -54 pirdift kb tmi tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb >774!& Ct tali pkaft 3 -U3!
quistakffcari ectc kf 35(500 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi& Umi cvirc`i rispkfsi rcti af tmi
ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs 00&9 pirdift& Umi cvirc`i fulnir kb
pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm wcs =5&0& Ct tali pkaft > -U>! quistakffcari ectc kf 35(=27
ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi& Ct tmi nrcfdm hivih tmi cvirc`i rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii
surviys wcs =5&0 pirdift& Umi cvirc`i fulnir kb pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm wcs =2&1&
Chtmku`m nrcfdm pcrtadapctakf af tmi surviy systil as fkt dklpuhskry( pcrtadapctakf
as strkf`hy prklktie ny tmi suprc,hkdch kr`cfazctakf cfe dcf ni siif cs pcrt kb tmi
ri`uhcr wcy kb lcfc`af` ilphkyiis watmaf tmas kr`cfazctakf& Uk ixdhuei sihidtavaty kb tmi
sclphi( wi dmidjie tmi riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi -U3 ectc cs kb >773( U> ectc cs
kb >774! ct nktm tmi nrcfdm cfe tmi afeavaeuch hivih& Ct nrcfdm hivih( riprisiftctavifiss
kb tmi sclphi bkr tmi tktch pkpuhctakf af tmi kr`cfazctakf wcs dmidjie af tirls kb ri`akf
af tmi Fitmirhcfes( cfe nrcfdm sazi& Ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih( riprisiftctavifiss wcs
dmidjie af tirls kb c`i dhcss -bavi hivihs? >9 yicrs cfe ufeir( >9,49 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs(
49,59 yicrs( 59,99 yicrs cfe 99 yicrs cfe kheir! fulnir kb wkrjaf` mkurs+wiij -ufeir
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
07
42 mkurs( 42 mkurs( kvir 42 mkurs!( cfe `ifeir& Pi bkufe tmct tmi sclphi dkuhe ni
ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi tktch kr`cfazctakf ct nktm hivihs cfe nktm tali pkafts
af tirls kb tmi vcracnhis liftakfie: tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif kur sclphi cfe tmi
pkpuhctakf wcs ct c lcxalul bavi pirdift bkr icdm dcti`kry kb tmi cnkvi,liftakfie
vcracnhis&
4&9&> Turviy Tdchis
Umi ilphkyii surviy dkvirs c waei rcf`i kb tkpads kf M^L( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti(
wkrj cttatueis( cfe psydmkskdach okn dkfeatakfs dcpturaf` tmi tmrii risicrdm trceatakfs kb
M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf`& Af cddkrecfdi watm tmi risicrdm quistakfs dkvirie af
dmcptir 5 tmrku`m 2( c halatie fulnir kb surviy sdchis cri usie&
Bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti baihe( sdchis kf quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss
kraiftctakf( dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( pikphi kraiftie
hiceirsmap( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf cri sihidtie& Cs pirdiavie
M^L cdtavatais pcy sctasbcdtakf( eivihkplift( okn siduraty( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( `kch
ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf cfe quchaty kraiftctakf cri afdhueie& Cs ri`cres wihh,niaf`( c
wkrj phicsuri sdchi cfe c okn sctasbcdtakf atil cri sihidtie -ribhidtaf` tmi mcppafiss
dklpkfift kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -@rcft it ch&( >770!!& Tkli sdchis cri ribirrie tk nktm
cs M^L bcdtkr cfe cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti bcdtkr: tmas ribhidts tmi afdricsaf` dkfdiptuch
kvirhcp nitwiif tmisi twk risicrdm trceatakfs -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt(
>77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777!& Lkrikvir( tmas kvirhcp ribhidts cf afti`rctie( prc`lctad
brcliwkrj bkr ectc dkhhidtakf cfe cfchysas cs prklktie af nchcfdie cfe wkrjbkrdi
sdkridcres -Rcf Rihemkvif( >779!& Ucnhi > dkftcafs sclphi quistakfs bkr chh tmi surviy
sdchis cfe afeadctis tmi dmcptir-s! af wmadm tmi surviy sdchis cri afdhueie& Umi surviy
sdchis cri eisdranie nihkw&
3& Suchaty kraiftctakf as c tmrii,atil sdchi ncsie kf tmi Eutdm BKDYT quistakffcari
-Rcf Luaoif( Jkkplcf( Ei Patti " Ncst( 3112! wmadm licsuris kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Umas afstrulift as ncsie kf Suaff‑s dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m(
31=4!& Atil dkftift as dklpcrcnhi tk tmi quchaty sdchi af tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti
Afviftkry afsparie ny tmi scli dklpitaf` vchuis lkeih -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!&
^ispkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi atils kf c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcf`af` brkl ”A dklphitihy
c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc sdkris bkr tmas ealifsakf cri &02 -U3!
cfe &05 -U>!&
>& @kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf as cssissie watm c tmrii,atil sdchi& Dkftift as dklpcrcnhi
tk tmi Eutdm BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif it ch&( 3112!( cfe tmi ribhixavaty sdchi kb
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
03
tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!( nktm kb wmadm cri ncsie kf
Suaff‑s dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Bavi,pkaft rispkfsi
sdchis wiri usie tk afeadcti tmi ixtift kb c`riilift watm c stctilift -A dklphitihy c`rii(
A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Drkfncdm‑s
chpmc sdkris bkr tmas ealifsakf cri &09 -U3! cfe &04 -U>!&
4& Dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf as licsurie watm c fafi,atil sdchi ncsie kf tmi Eutdm
BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif it ch&( 3112!& Atil dkftift as dklpcrcnhi tk tmi
kutwcre bkdus sdchi af tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!( cfe
dhalcti bkr sirvadi eibafie ny Tdmfiaeir -3117!& ^ispkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi atils kf
c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcf`af` brkl ”A dklphitihy c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑& Drkfncdm‑s
chpmc sdkris bkr tmas ealifsakf cri &13 -U3! cfe &17 -U>!&
5& Afbkrlctakf smcraf` as cssissie watm c bavi,atil sdchi chsk ncsie kf tmi Eutdm
BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif it ch&( 3112! wmadm licsuris kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti&
Atil dkftift as dklpcrcnhi tk tmi dhcraty kb kr`cfazctakfch `kchs sdchi af tmi
Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!& ^ispkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi
atils kf c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcf`af` brkl ”A dklphitihy c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑&
Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi cri &0= -U3! cfe &01 -U>!&
9& Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap& Umas bavi,atil sdchi licsurie tmi ixtift tk wmadm
ilphkyiis cri trictie watm rispidt ny tmiar supirvaskrs ny smkwaf` afeavaeuchaziedkfsaeirctakf& Umi sdchi as ncsie kf Eif Mcrtk` -3110!( wmk cecptie at brkl tmi LHS
ny Ncss cfe Cvkhak -31=1!& Ilphkyiis cri csjie tk dkllift kf tmi `ifirch tifeifdy kb
tmiar hiceir tk `avi tmil pirskfch cttiftakf cfe tk staluhcti tmil& Bavi,pkaft rispkfsi
sdchis wiri usie tk afeadcti tmi ixtift kb c`riilift watm c stctilift -A dklphitihy c`rii(
A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Drkfncdm‑s
chpmc bkr tmas sdchi as &1> ct nktm tali pkafts&
2& Wcy sctasbcdtakf & Umas bavi,atil sdchi wcs dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe
Liaolcf -3115!& Atil dkftift as eiravie brkl Tlatm( Jifechh cfe Muhaf -3121! cfe
Mcdjlcf cfe Khelcf -3109!& Ysaf` c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif(
Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!( rispkfeifts cri csjie tk ivchucti durrift pcy af sivirch wcys(
afdhueaf` skdach dklpcraskf& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi cri &=4 -U3! cfe &=9 -U>!&
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
04
0& Eivihkplift dkfsasts kb twk atils& Umi barst atil csjs rispkfeifts tk rcti tmi
`ifirch tifeifdy kb tmiar hiceir tk staluhcti tmi eivihkplift kb tmiar tchifts kf c bavi,
pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -A dklphitihy c`rii( A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct
easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Umi sidkfe atil dkfdirfs tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi
kr`cfazctakf kbbirs kppkrtufatais bkr wkrj,rihctie trcafaf`& Umas atil wcs cssissie usaf`
c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!& Ttcfecreazie
-nitwiif 7 cfe 377! atil sdkris( wiri cvirc`ie tk `it c eivihkplift ealifsakf sdkri&
Umi dkrrihctakf nitwiif tmisi twk atils cri &41 -U3! cfe &4= -U>!&
=& Okn siduraty as licsurie watm c bkur,atil sdchi dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe
Liaolcf -3115!& Umi sdchi csjs rispkfeifts tk rcti tmiar fiie bkr lkri siduraty watm
ri`cre tk sivirch okn cttranutis( sudm cs tmi dkftafuaty kb tmiar dkftrcdt kr tmiar okn stctus&
Bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchis wiri usie bkr cf ivchuctakf af tirls kb briquifdy -Chwcys(
Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi as &15 ct nktm tali pkafts&
1& Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj& Umas 33,atil sdchi as dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe
Liaolcf -3115!( ncsie kf icrhair wkrj ny Jcrcsij -31=9!& Atil dkftift as eieadctie tk
psydmkskdach okn eilcfes( nut kfhy af c qucftatctavi sifsi? mkw ludm wkrj as tmiri( cfe
af mkw ludm tali ekis at mcvi tk ni ekfi; Lkri risicrdm kf tmas sdchi dcf ni bkufe af
stueais kb Ei Drkkf( Thuatir( Nhkfj( Nrkirsif cfe Braf`s,Erisif ->775! cfe Rcf Qpirif
cfe Ocfssif ->77>!& Umas sdchi mce twk,pkaft cfswiraf` dcti`krais kb tmi Qis+Fk typi&Drkfncdm‑s chpmc as &=1 ct nktm tali pkafts&
37& Pkrj phicsuri as licsurie watm c 1,atil wkrj phicsuri sdchi -Rcf Rihemkvif "
Liaolcf( 3115!& Umas sdchi mce twk,pkaft cfswiraf` dcti`krais kb tmi Qis+Fk typi&
Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi cri &03 -U3! cfe &0> -U>!&
33& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf as cssissie watm c saf`hi atil& ^ispkfeifts wiri csjie tk
dkllift kf tmi quistakf? ”Chh tmaf`s dkfsaeirie( A cl sctasbaie watm wkrjaf` bkr tmas
nrcfdm‑ kf c bavi,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi& C saf`hi atil licsuri kb kvirchh sctasbcdtakf mcs
cddiptcnhi rihacnahaty kb ct lafalul &20 -Pcfkus( ^iadmirs " Muey( 3110!&
4&9&4 Ceeatakfch Licsuris
Bkr tmi purpksi kb tistaf` tmi ilir`ifdi kb ufat,hivih dkfstrudts( -sii dratirakf 3!
twk sdchis cfe kfi knoidtavi afeadctkr wiri usie& Aftircdtakf watmaf c nusafiss ufat wcs
licsurie watm 2,atil dkkpirctakf nitwiif eipcrtlifts sdchi& Umas sdchi afeadctis mkw
wihh ilphkyiis watmaf c nrcfdm cri wkrjaf` tk`itmir tk cdmaivi dkhhidtavi `kchs& Atils
wiri licsurie kf c Hajirt,typi sdchi tmct rcf`ie brkl 3 -strkf`hy c`rii! tk 9 -strkf`hy
easc`rii!& C sclphi stctilift as? ”Ilphkyiis wkrj wihh tk`itmir tk `it tmi okn ekfi‑&
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
05
Drkfncdm‑s chpmc cri &=0 -U3! cfe &== -U>!& Afsparctakfch hiceirsmap wcs licsurie watm c 1,
atil hiceirsmap sdchi& Ilphkyiis cri csjie tk dkllift kf tmi `ifirch tifeifdy kb tmiar
hiceir tk prkvaei c vasakf cfe afspari tmil& Umi sdchi as ncsie kf Eif Mcrtk` -3110!(
wmk cecptie at brkl tmi LHS ny Ncss cfe Cvkhak -31=1! cfe tmi RNHS ny Mkusi(
Eihnidq cfe Ucras -3110!& C sclphi stctilift as? ”Ly hiceir drictis tmi biihaf` tmct wi
wkrj tkwcres cf alpkrtcft `kch + lassakf‑& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc as &19 ct nktm tali pkafts&
Uurfkvir wcs eibafie cs tmi kutbhkw kb BUI‑s euraf` c yicr& Umas fulnir wcs dchduhctie
ny eavaeaf` tmi fulnir kb BUI tmct hibt tmi nrcfdm af c yicr ny tmi fulnir kb BUI af c
nrcfdm ct tmi ife kb c yicr&
4&2 Cpphadctakf kb Dratirac? isuhts
Uk vchaecti tmi c``ri`ctakf kb tmi afeavaeuch,hivih surviy sdchis tk ufat,hivihdkfstrudts( barst( wi ixclafie rihctakfsmaps nitwiif dkkpirctakf nitwiif eipcrtlifts(
afsparctakfch hiceirsmap cfe turfkvir( cfe tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyii surviy
ealifsakfs cri smcrie watmaf c ufat -licsurie ny ^w` -O! vchuis!& Ucnhi 4 eipadts
navcracti dkrrihctakfs nitwiif tmi tmrii prieadtkrs cfe tmi ^w` -O! vchuis bkr icdm sdchi&
Pi dchduhctie dkrrihctakfs ct nktm tali pkafts( sk tmi risuhts dcf ni dkfsaeirie cs risuhts
kb twk sipcrcti sclphis( kfi bkr icdm tali pkaft& Ct nktm tali pkafts( ilphkyii surviy
ectc cfe tmi mypktmisazie prieadtkrs wiri dkuphie dkftilpkrcfikushy&
Ucnhi 4& ^isuhts kb Ilir`ifdi Wrkdissis
Tdchi Uurfkvir Dkkpirctakf Hiceirsmap3& Suchaty kraiftctakf ,&>53/ ,&7=0 &954/ &49>/ &>03/ &3=2/>& @kch ibbidtavifisskraiftctakf
,&7=9 ,&3=3/ &475/ &4>4/ &>11/ &>59/
4& Dustklir sirvadikraiftctakf
,&>=2/ ,&321/ &90=/ &931/ &>41/ &>12/
5& Afbkrlctakf smcraf` ,&>33/ ,&374 &274/ &494/ &97>/ &525/9& Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap ,&>95/ ,&715 &599/ &447/ &904/ &272/
2& Wcy sctasbcdtakf ,&719 ,&75> &>51/ &744 &302/ &7>90& Eivihkplift ,&344 ,&725 &415/ &43=/ &501/ &942/=& Okn siduraty &710 &775 &3=0/ &707 &77> &79=1& Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj ,&337 ,&757 &4>0/ &3>= &34> &7=537& Pkrj phicsuri ,&>>=/ ,&310/ &53>/ &3=7/ &475/ &479/33& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf ,&7== ,&>>2/ &554/ &5>3/ &>20/ &410/
Fktis / p 8 7&79 F < 303
Umi risuhts afeadcti tmct turfkvir as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk bavi cfe bkur ilphkyii
surviy ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >( rispidtavihy& Dustklir sirvadi
kraiftctakf cfe wkrj phicsuri cri dkrrihctie ct nktm tali pkafts& Bkr quchaty kraiftctakf(`kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap cfe wkrj
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
09
sctasbcdtakf sa`fabadcft dkrrihctakfs cri bkufe ct kfi tali pkaft& Bkr tmi rilcafaf` surviy
ealifsakfs fk sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps wiri istcnhasmie& Bkr dkkpirctakf nitwiif
eipcrtlifts( tmi sidkfe mypktmisazie cftidieift( lkri suppkrt wcs bkufe& Ct tali
pkaft 3 chh surviy ealifsakfs smkwie pksatavi rihctakfsmaps watm dkkpirctakf nitwiif
eipcrtlifts& Ct tali pkaft > pcy sctasbcdtakf( okn siduraty cfe pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj
mce fk rihctakfsmap watm dkkpirctakf nitwiif eipcrtlifts& Bafchhy( afsparctakfch
hiceirsmap wcs pksatavihy rihctie tk fafi cfe ia`mt ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs ct tali
pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >( rispidtavihy& Fk rihctakfsmaps wiri bkufe bkr tmi surviy sdchis
kf okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj -nktm tali pkafts! cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf -tali
pkaft >!&
Umi sidkfe dratirakf dkfdirfie tmi typi kb ribirift usie& Miri wi lcei c
eastafdtakf nitwiif sihb( hiceir( kr nusafiss ufat -sii Ucnhi 5!&
Ucnhi 5& ^ibirift Uypi
^ibirift Tdchi
Nusafiss ufatSuchaty kraiftctakf( kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf(afbkrlctakf smcraf`( dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf
Hiceir Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap
Laxie( lcokraty nusafiss
ufatEivihkplift
Laxie( lcokraty sihb Wcy sctasbcdtakf
Tihb Okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( wkrj phicsuri( wkrj sctasbcdtakf
At wcs bkufe tmct tmi atils kb tmi surviy ealifsakfs quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch
ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( cfe dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf usie
nusafiss ufat cs ribirift& ^ispkfeifts wiri csjie tk prkvaei rctaf`s kb tmiar nusafiss
ufat& Bkr hiceirsmap( chtmku`m rispkfeifts cri csjie cnkut tmiar kwf satuctakf -i&`& ly
hiceir tricts li( cfe hastifs tk ly dkfdirfs!( rispkfeifts cri csjie tk rcti tmiar hiceir&
Umiribkri( tmi hiceir wcs usie cs ribirift bkr tmi atils kb tmas sdchi& Wcy sctasbcdtakf cfe
eivihkplift( usie c lax kb nusafiss ufat, cfe sihb,ribirifdie atils& Bkr eivihkplift(
kfi atil wcs kf tmi `ifirch tifeifdy kb tmi hiceir tk staluhcti tmi eivihkplift kb tmiar
tchifts( tmi ktmir atil dkfdirfie tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi nusafiss ufat kbbirs
kppkrtufatais bkr wkrj,rihctie trcafaf`& Bkr pcy sctasbcdtakf( rispkfeifts wiri csjie tk
ivchucti tmiar pcy& ^ispkfeifts wiri csjie tk rcti tmiar nusafiss ufat -> atils! cfe tmiar
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
02
kwf satuctakf -4 atils!& Umi lcokraty kb atils wiri sihb ribirifdie& Umi surviy sdchis kf
okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( wkrj phicsuri( wkrj sctasbcdtakf afdhueie sihb,
ribirifdie atils& ^ispkfeifts wiri csjie tk rcti tmiar kwf satuctakf kr biihaf`s
ri`creaf` wkrj&
Umi bafch sit kb dratirac cpphaie dkfdirfie stctastadch prkdieuris tk cssiss tmi
cpprkpractifiss bkr c``ri`ctakf& Umi barst licsuris dchduhctie wiri tmi aftrcdhcss
dkrrihctakf dkibbadaifts -ADD3 cfe ADD>!( wmadm afeadcti tmi rihacnahaty kb tmi nusafiss
ufat,licf sdkris -sii Ucnhi 9!&
Ucnhi 9& Aftrcdhcss Dkrrihctakf Dkibbadaifts
Tdchi ADD3 B,tist ADD>
U3 U> U3 U> U3 U>
Suchaty kraiftctakf &703 &707 0&5=/ 0&55/ &=0 &=0@kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf &707 &70> 0&40/ 0&24/ &=2 &=0Dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf &7=5 &795 =&0>/ 9&19/ &=1 &=4Afbkrlctakf smcraf` &3>0 &37> 34&>2/ 37&01/ &1> &13Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap &757 &741 5&9>/ 5&55/ &0= &00Wcy sctasbcdtakf &750 &7>5 9&39/ 4&3>/ &=3 &2=Eivihkplift &753 &755 5&2>/ 5&13/ &0= &=7
Okn siduraty &757 &745 5&9>/ 4&11/ &0= &09Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj &742 &750 5&30/ 9&>>/ &02 &=3
Pkrj phicsuri &741 &749 5&5=/ 5&33/ &0= &02 Pkrj sctasbcdtakf &734 &734 >&32/ >&71/ &95 &9>
Fkti?
/ p 8 7&79
Cs smkw af Ucnhi 9( chh tmi B,tists cri sa`fabadcft& Umas afeadctis tmct tmi nusafiss
ufat vcracfdi as hcr`ir tmcf tmi watmaf, nusafiss ufat vcracfdi bkr chh surviy ealifsakf&
Umi ADD3 vchuis wiri nitwiif 3 cfe 34 pirdift&
Umisi vchuis cri fkt ma`m( mkwivir tmi B,tist afeadctie tmct tmi vcracfdi
dklpkfifts cttranutcnhi tk tmi nusafiss ufat wiri stctastadchhy sa`fabadcft& Umi ADD>
vchuis wiri nitwiif &9> cfe &1>& ADD> vchuis kntcafie bkr quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch
ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( dustklir sirvadi kraiftctakf cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` smkwie`kke rihacnahaty -tmi sdkris wiri cnkvi &=7!& Bkr pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap( eivihkplift(
okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( cfe wkrj phicsuri cddiptcnhi rihacnahaty sdkris
wiri bkufe -tmi sdkris rcf`ie nitwiif &07 cfe &=7!& Wcy sctasbcdtakf smkwie `kke
rihacnahaty ct tali pkaft 3 -&=3!( mkwivir ct tali pkaft > tmi rihacnahaty erkppie tk &2=& Bkr
tmi saf`hi sctasbcdtakf atil wi bkufe lcr`afch vchuis kb &9> cfe &95&
Hcst( wi dchduhctie cf aftirrctir c`riilift licsuri -^w` -O!! bkr chh surviy
ealifsakfs -sii Ucnhi 2!&
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
0=
Ucnhi 0& Ivchuctakf kb tmi Cpprkpractifiss kb C``ri ctakf
Tdchi Ilir`ifdi ^ibirift ADD3 ADD> ^w`
3& Suchaty kraiftctakf-U3!////-U>!///
//// //// //// ////
>& @kch ibbidtavifisskraiftctakf
-U3!///-U>!////
//// //// //// ////
4& Dustklir sirvadikraiftctakf
//// //// //// //// ////
5& Afbkrlctakf smcraf` -U3!////-U>!///
//// //// //// ////
9& Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap-U3!////-U>!///
/// //// //// ////
2& Wcy sctasbcdtakf-U3!///
-U>!/// //// //// ////
0& Eivihkplift /// /// //// ////-U3!////
-U>!///
=& Okn siduraty -U3!//-U>!/
/ //// ////-U3!//
-U>!///
1& Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj -U3!//-U>!/
/ //// //// ////
37& Pkrj phicsuri //// / //// //// ////
33& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf-U3!///
-U>!///// //// ///
-U3!////-U>!///
Af tmas dmcptir wi cpphaie tmi dratirac twadi -tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >!( tmi
risuhts dcf ni dkfsaeirie cs risuhts kb twk sipcrcti sclphis& Tkli surviy ealifsakfs
ridiavie eabbirift rctaf`s ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >& Umas as ribhidtie af tmi
cssa`flift kb twk sdkris -tmi tali pkaft as `avif nitwiif pcriftmisis!& Ucnhi 0 prisifts
tmi sdkris kb tmi ihivif surviy ealifsakfs kf tmi bavi dratirac& Umi fulnir kb stcrs
vcraie cdrkss tmi eivihkpie dratirac( ixdipt bkr ADD3& Chh tmi surviy sdchis mce sa`fabadcft
ADD3 vchuis( afeadctie ny tmi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi B,tist& Uk aftirpritie tmisi vchuis wi
eidaeie tk dklpcri tmi lc`fatuei kb tmi ADD3 vchuis bkufe af tmas dmcptir watm ADD3
vchuis bkufe af prakr ilparadch wkrj kf pirdiptakfs kb M^L( kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfemcppafiss wihh,niaf`& Umi ihivif surviy ealifsakfs dkuhe nrkcehy ni eavaeie af tmrii
dcti`krais ncsie kf tmi bavi ivchuctakf dratirac? skdach kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs( wkrj, cfe
okn hivih,rihctie cspidts cfe okn cttatueis&
4&0&3 Ivchuctakf kb tmi Cpprkpractifiss kb C``ri`ctakf tk tmi Nusafiss Yfat Hivih
Umi barst sit kb surviy ealifsakfs kntcafie bkur stcrs kf chlkst chh bavi dratirac(
afeadctaf` strkf` suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf& Umisi cri tmi surviy ealifsakfs afeadctaf`
skdach kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs? quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( dustklir
sirvadi kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf` cfe pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap& Cs ixpidtie
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
=7
Tchvc``ak ->774! ripkrtie cf ADD3 vchui kb &39 bkr c sctasbcdtakf watm pcy sdchi( mkwivir(
tmas wcs c`caf ncsie kf vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk tmi kr`cfazctakf& Dklpcrie watm ^w` -O!
vchuis ripkrtie ny ^ycf( Tdmlaet cfe Okmfskf -3112! bkr sctasbcdtakf watm trcafaf` -^w`
-O! wcs &2=!( tmi ^w` -O! vchui bkufe bkr eivihkplift af tmas dmcptir siilie ricskfcnhi&
Umi ^w` -O! sdkris bkr pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj smkwie viry strkf` c`riilift( wmirics
tmi ^w` -O! sdkris bkr okn siduraty smkwie wicj tk lkeircti c`riilift& Umisi rihctavihy
hkw sdkris -&51 cfe &93! la`mt ni dcusie ny tmi halatie fulnir kb atils cfe cfswir
dcti`krais bkr tmi okn siduraty sdchi& Umi ADD3 vchuis bkufe bkr pcdi cfe clkuft kb
wkrj -cvirc`i as &75! cri kf tmi hkw saei dklpcrie tk tmi &3> ripkrtie ny Kstrkbb -311>!&
Mkwivir( dklpcrie watm ^w` -O! vchuis ripkrtie ny ^ycf it ch& -3112! bkr wkrj striss
-^w` -O! wcs &03!( tmi ^w` -O! vchui bkufe bkr pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj af tmas dmcptir as
rihctavihy ma`m& Bkr okn siduraty tmi cvirc`i ADD3 vchui wcs &75& Dklpcrie watm tmi ADD3
vchui kb &31 ripkrtie ny Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! bkr tmi sctasbcdtakf watm siduraty sdchi tmas
as kf tmi hkw saei& Cs afeadctie cnkvi( c barst ixphcfctakf as pkssanhy tmi risicrdm sittaf`(
af tmas dmcptir surviy sdkris cri c``ri`ctie aftk nusafiss ufat dkfstrudts( af Tdmfiaeir it
ch&‑s ->774! stuey surviys cri c``ri`ctie aftk kr`cfazctakf sdkris& Tidkfehy( af tmas
dmcptir tmi ribirift bkr chh tmi okn siduraty atils wcs sihb( wi csjie rispkfeifts mkw
tmiy biih cnkut( cfe ab tmiy fiie lkri siduraty ri`creaf` c fulnir kb okn cttranutis& Af
dkftrcst( Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! csjie rispkfeifts tk rcti tmiar dklpcfy af prkvaeaf` oknsiduraty& ^isicrdm mcs smkwf tmct usaf` cf kr`cfazctakf ribirift virsus c li ribirift
risuhtie af `rictir watmaf `rkup c`riilift cfe lkri nitwiif,`rkup vcracnahaty -Jhiaf it
ch&( >773!&
Bafchhy( tmi wkrj phicsuri sdchi cfe tmi wkrj sctasbcdtakf atil dkuhe ni `rkupie
tk`itmir& Nktm smkwie lkeircti suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf& Nktm sdchis smkwie suppkrt
bkr c``ri`ctakf af tirls kb sa`fabadcft ADD3 vchuis cfe sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif
turfkvir( hiceirsmap cfe dkkpirctakf( cfe tmi ilir`ifdi kb tmisi dkfstrudts& Umi ^w`
-O! sdkris bkr wkrj phicsuri cfe tmi ADD> vchuis smkwie strkf` suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf(
wmirics tmi ^w` -O! cfe ADD> sdkris bkr okn sctasbcdtakf smkwie lkeircti suppkrt bkr
c``ri`ctakf& Umisi rihctavihy hkw sdkris bkr okn sctasbcdtakf la`mt ni dcusie ny tmi usi kb
c saf`hi atil& Umi ADD3 vchuis kb wkrj phicsuri cfe okn sctasbcdtakf -&740 cfe &734(
rispidtavihy! cri kf tmi hkw saei dklpcrie tk prakr wkrj ny Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774!(
Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->779!( cfe Rcf Rihemkvif it ch& ->77>!& Umi ADD3( mkwivir( as
dklpcrcnhi watm aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cs ripkrtie af c stuey ny Lcrjhufe( Nkhaf cfe
Rkf Issif ->77=!&
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
=3
4&0&> Dkfdhusakf
Umas dmcptir eivihkpie c brcliwkrj bkr ivchuctaf` tmi suatcnahaty kb c``ri`ctaf`
afeavaeuch,surviy ectc aftk licfaf`buh nrcfdm,hivih dkfstrudts& Tunsiquifthy( tmas
brcliwkrj wcs tistie kf surviy sdchis kf pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe mcppafiss
ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&
Barst( tmi risuhts smkwie tmct tmi pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe dhalcti dkuhe nrkcehy ni
eavaeie aftk twk `rkups& Umi barst `rkup smkwaf` strkf` suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf as kf
skdach kr`cfazctakfch cspidts? quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss kraiftctakf( dustklir
sirvadi kraiftctakf( cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` cfe hiceirsmap& Umi sidkfe `rkup dkftcafs
wkrj, cfe okn hivih,rihctie cspidts? eivihkplift cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf( okn siduraty cfe
pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj& Umas `rkup smkwie hiss suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf tmcf prakr
M^L stueais ny Ucdjiudma it ch& ->774! cfe Pra`mt it ch& ->779!& Mkwivir( wi fiie tk
tcji aftk cddkuft tmct tmi licsuris kb Ucjiudma it ch& ->770! cfe Pra`mt it ch& ->779!
bkdusie kf ilphkyii pirdiptakfs& Umiy csjie ilphkyiis tk prkvaei c eisdraptakf kb
prcdtadis ifcdtie cfe alphiliftie af tmiar kr`cfazctakf kr nusafiss ufat( rispidtavihy(
wmirics tmi sdchis kf M^L pirdiptakfs csjie bkr eisdraptakf çfe cf ivchuctakf kb tmi
prcdtadis& Umas la`mt ni afeadctaf` tmct tmisi sdchis cri dkfdiptuchhy nittir suatie tk tmi
afeavaeuch kr okn rctmir tmcf tmi nusafiss ufat hivih( cs tmisi sdchis ixphadathy csjie bkr
ilphkyiis‑ pirskfch ixpiraifdis& Af tmas risicrdm dkftixt at as ricskfcnhi tk ixpidt tmcteabbirift ilphkyii `rkups( bkr ixclphi tihhirs cfe hafi lcfc`irs pirdiavi cfe ixpiraifdi
wkrj bcdtkrs eabbirifthy&
Cs ri`cres mcppafiss wihh,niaf`( wi bkufe lkeircti suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf -bkr
wkrj phicsuri cfe okn sctasbcdtakf!& Chtmku`m tmi twk dklpkfifts kb mcppafiss wihh,
niaf` smkwie sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps watm ixpidtie prieadtkrs( cfe smkwie `kke ADD>
cfe ^w` -O! vchuis( tmi ADD3 vchuis wiri kf tmi hkw saei& Cf ixphcfctakf la`mt ni tmct
af tmi prisift dmcptir tmi bkdus as kf nrcfdm sdkris eiravie brkl ilphkyii oue`lifts
cnkut afeavaeuch okns -tmi ribirift as tmi afeavaeuch!& Kf tmas pkaft( kur aftirpritctakf
eabbirs brkl tmct kb Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->77>! wmk eibafi `rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf cs tmi
`rkup‑s cttatuei tkwcres ats wkrj ifvarkflift& Mkwivir( chtmku`m Lcskf cfe @rabbaf
->77>! cr`uie tmct `rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf bufdtakfs eabbirifthy brkl licf hivih okn
sctasbcdtakf( tmas wcs fkt dkfbarlie af rihctakf tk `rkup pirbkrlcfdi -tmi kutdkli kb
aftirist af tmi rilcafaf` dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas!&
Afeavaeuch surviy afbkrlctakf as briquifthy c``ri`ctie tk sdkris ct ma`mir hivihs
watmaf tmi kr`cfazctakf tk ifcnhi afdhusakf kb tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf af wkrjbkrdi
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
=>
systils& Af tmas dmcptir bavi dratirac cri prisiftie tmct dcf ni usie bkr eivihkpaf`
ilphkyii surviys cfe bkr cfchyzaf` surviy afbkrlctakf ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih& C barst
ridkllifectakf as tmi afdhusakf kb licsuris kf skdach kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs wmadm csj
ilphkyiis tk rcti tmiar ufat kf tmi ufat `kchs kr tmiar hiceir& Cs ri`cres tmi wkrj, cfe
okn hivih,rihctie cspidts( cfe tmi ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts( c ridkllifectakf
dkuhe ni tk csj tmi ilphkyii tk rcti mas kr mir nusafiss ufat( cfe fkt tk prkvaei
afbkrlctakf kf mas kr mir kwf ixpiraifdi& Umas wkuhe prkncnhy risuhts af mklk`ifkus
cssisslifts kb wmitmir M^L prcdtadis( dhalcti ealifsakfs kr wihh,niaf` ixasts af tmi
nusafiss ufat cs c wmkhi& Mkwivir( tmi scli typi kb quistakfs dkuhe prkncnhy ni
cfswirie ny barst hafi lcfc`irs& Lkri alpkrtcfthy( tmas wkuhe rieudi tmi radmfiss kb
afbkrlctakf kf mkw ilphkyiis pirdiavi( ixpiraifdi( cfe aftirprit bcdtkrs af tmiar wkrj
cfe okn ifvarkflift( cfe kf mkw tmiy biih cnkut tmiar wkrj& Cfktmir kptakf as tk stuey
tmisi dkfdipts cfe tmiar ibbidts ct okn hivih& Hatircturi kf okn dmcrcdtirastads cfe M^L
-i&`& Jcrcsij " Umikrihh( 3117: Hipcj " Tfihh( >77>! ilpmcsazi tmi alpkrtcfdi tk stuey
wkrj cfe kr`cfazctakfch bcdtkrs cfe tmiar dkfsiquifdis ct tmi okn hivih& Burtmirlkri( at
as alpkrtcft tk litmkekhk`adchhy dmidj tmi cpprkpractifiss kb c``ri`ctakf ny dchduhctaf`
twk typis kb afeadis nibkri ripkrtaf` cfe aftirpritaf` licf sdkris cfe hafjc`is nitwiif
tmisi sdkris cfe kutdklis&
Af tmi rilcafaf` tmrii ilparadch dmcptirs -5 tmrku`m 2! kb tmas tmisas wi c``ri`ctihkf`atueafch surviy ectc kf M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` tk tmi nusafiss ufat hivih af
kreir tk stuey rihctakfsmaps watm knoidtavi nusafiss ufat kutdklis& Kvirchh( tk c `rict
ixtift tmi bafeaf`s af tmas dmcptir suppkrt tmi usi kb c``ri`ctie surviy sdchis tk licsuri
licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih dkfstrudts& Ttrkf` suppkrt wcs bkufe bkr tmi surviy sdchis
kf dhalcti cfe bkr tmi lcokraty kb M^L pirdiptakfs( lkeircti suppkrt -cs ri`cres ADD3
vchuis! wcs bkufe bkr okn siduraty( pcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj( wkrj phicsuri cfe okn
sctasbcdtakf& Mkwivir( ncsie kf ADD> cfe ^w` -O! vchuis wi dkfdhueie tmct c``ri`ctakf
wcs chsk oustabaie bkr tmisi sdchis&
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
=4
4&= ^ibirifdis
Cfeirskf( F&^& " Pist( L&C& -311=!& Licsuraf` dhalcti bkr wkrj `rkup affkvctakf?eivihkplift cfe vchaectakf kb ticl dhalcti afviftkry& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( 31( >49,>9=&
Crtmur( O&N& " Nkyhis( U& ->770!& Rchaectaf` tmi mulcf riskurdi systil strudturi? Chivihs,ncsie strcti`ad cpprkcdm& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( 30( 00,1>&
Csmbkrtm( N&I& -31=9!& Dhalcti bkrlctakf? Assuis cfe ixtifsakfs& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 37( =40,=50&
Csmjcfcsy( F&L&( Paheirkl( D& " Witirskf( L&B& ->777!& Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti & Hkfekf? Tc`i&
Ncss( N&L& " Cvkhak( N&O& -31=1!& Lcfuch bkr tmi Luhtabcdtkr Hiceirsmap Suistakffcari & Wchk Chtk( DC? Dkfsuhtaf` Wsydmkhk`asts Wriss&
Ncss( N&L&( Cvkhak( N&O&( Ouf`( E&A& " Nirskf( Q& ->774!& Wrieadtaf` ufat pirbkrlcfdi ny cssissaf` trcfsbkrlctakfch cfe trcfscdtakfch hiceirsmap& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( >( >70,>3=&
Nidjir( N&I&( Musihae( L&C& " Yhradm( E& ->773!& Umi M^ sdkridcre? Hafjaf` pikphi( strcti`y cfe pirbkrlcfdi & Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh&
Nhaisi( W&E& ->777!& Patmaf,`rkup c`riiilift( fkf,afeipifeifdi( cfe rihacnahaty?Alphadctakfs bkr ectc c``ri`ctakf cfe cfchysas& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& 451,4=>!& J& O& Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& TcfBrcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&
Nkwif( E&I& " Kstrkbb( D& ->775!& Yfeirstcfeaf` M^L,barl pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`is? Umirkhi kb tmi strif`tm kb tmi M^L systil& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( >1( >74,>>3&
Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( W& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&
Dmcf( E& -311=!& Bufdtakfch rihctakfs clkf` dkfstrudts af tmi scli dkftift eklcaf cteabbirift hivihs kb cfchysas? C typkhk`y kb dklpksatakf lkeihs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( >( >45,>52&
Dmif( @& " Nhaisi( W&E& ->77>!& Umi rkhi kb eabbirift hivihs kb hiceirsmap af prieadtaf` sihb, cfe dkhhidtavi ibbadcdy? Ivaeifdi bkr easdkftafuaty& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( 4( 951,992&
Dmif( @&( Jarjlcf( N&H&( Jcfbir( ^&( Chhif( E& " ^ksif( N& ->770!& C luhtahivih stuey kb hiceirsmap( ilpkwirlift( cfe pirbkrlcfdi af ticls& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (>( 443,452&
Dkhquatt( O&C&( Fki( ^&C& " Ocdjskf( D&H& ->77>!& Oustadi af ticls? Cftidieifts cfedkfsiquifdis kb prkdieurch oustadi dhalcti& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 99( 3( =4,371&
Ei Drkkf( I&L&( Thuatir( O&J&( Nhkfj( ^&P&N&( Nrkirsif( O&W&O& " Braf`s,Erisif( L&M&P&->775!& Ttrissbuh wkrj( psydmkhk`adch strcaf( cfe turfkvir? C >,yicr prkspidtavidkmkrt stuey kb trudj eravirs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =1( 55>,595&
Eif Mcrtk`( E&F& -3110!& Afsparctakfch Hiceirsmap& Wm&E& eassirtctakf( Clstirecl? BriiYfavirsaty&
Eif Mcrtk`( E&F&( Nksihai( W& " Wccuwi( O& ->775!& Wirbkrlcfdi lcfc`ilift? C lkeihcfe risicrdm c`ifec& Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y? Cf aftirfctakfch ^ivaiw ( 94( 5( 992,921&
@ikr`i( O& -3117!& Wirskfchaty( cbbidt( cfe nimcvakr af `rkups& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (09( >( 370,332&
@ikr`i( O&L& -3112!& @rkup cbbidtavi tkfi& Af? Mcfenkkj kb wkrj`rkup psydmkhk`y -pp& 00,15!&L& C& Pist -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
@irmcrt( N& ->779!& Mulcf riskurdis cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi? Bafeaf`s( ufcfswiriequistakfs cfe cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm& Lcfc`ilift ^ivui ( 32( >( 305,3=9&
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
=2
Wurdihh( O& " Mutdmafskf( T& ->770!& Brkft,hafi lcfc`irs cs c`ifts af tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi dcusch dmcaf? Umikry( cfchysas cfe ivaeifdi& Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 30( 3( 4,>7&Wurdihh( O& " Jaffai( F& ->770!& M^L cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb
mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift -pp& 944,993!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt& -Ies&!&
Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&Wmahhaps( O&O&( Ttkfi( ^&E& " Wmahhaps( W&W& ->773!& Umi mulcf riskurdis sdkridcre? licsuraf` tmi
riturf kf afvistlift& Nkstkf( LC? Nuttirwkrtm — Miafilcff&Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? tkwcre c
dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfc`ilift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&
^knirskf( S& ->772!& Oustadi af ticls? Umi cdtavctakf cfe rkhi kb sifsilcjaf` af tmiilir`ifdi kb oustadi dhalctis& Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr cfe Mulcf Eidasakf Wrkdississ (377( 300,31>&
^kussicu( E&L& -31=9!& Assuis kb hivih af kr`cfazctakfch risicrdm? Luhta,hivih cfe drkss,hivih pirspidtavis& ^isicrdm af Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( 0( 3,40&
^ycf( C&L&( Tdmlat( L&O& " Okmfskf( ^& -3112!& Cttatueis cfe ibbidtavifiss? Ixclafaf` rihctakfs ct cf kr`cfazctakfch hivih& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 51( =94,==>&
Tchcfdaj( @&^& " Wbibbir( O& -310=!& C skdach afbkrlctakf prkdissaf` cpprkcdm tk okncttatueis cfe tcsj eisa`f& Celafastrctavi Tdaifdi Suctirhy ( >4( >>5,>94&
Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( 550,501&Tdmfiaeir( N& -31=0!& Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi& Wirskffih Wsdymkhk`y ( 57( 540,594&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi & Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcf`is( W&O&( Tlatm( E&N& " Tchvc``ak( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst(
ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( =42, =93&
Tdmfiaeir( N& " ^iadmirs( C&I& -31=4!& Kf tmi itakhk`y kb dhalctis& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 42(
31,41&Tillir( F&( _cpb( E& " @riab( T& -3112!& ”Tmcrie okn strcaf‑? C fiw cpprkcdm bkr
cssissaf` tmi vchaeaty kb okn striss licsurilifts& Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 21( >14,437&
Tavcsunrclcfacl( F&( Lurry( P&E&( Cvkhak( N&O& " Ouf`( E&A& ->77>!& C hkf`atueafchlkeih kb tmi ibbidts kb ticl hiceirsmap cfe `rkup pktifdy kf `rkuppirbkrlcfdi& @rkup cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Lcfc`ilift ( >0( 3( 22,12&
Tlatm( W&( Jifechh( H& " Muhaf( D& -3121!& Umi licsurilift kb sctasbcdtakf af wkrj cfe ritarilift? c strcti`y bkr tmi stuey kb cttatueis & Dmadc`k? ^cfe LdFchhy&
Ucjiudma( ^&( Hipcj( E&W&( Pcf`( M& " Ucjiudma( J& ->770!& Cf ilparadch ixclafctakf kb tmi lidmcfasls lieactaf` nitwiif ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils cfe tmi
pirbkrlcfdi kb Ocpcfisi kr`cfazctakfs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 1>( 5( 3721,37=4&
Yhradm( E& -3110!& Licsuraf` mulcf riskurdis? cf kvirvaiw kb prcdtadi cfe cprisdraptakf bkr risuhts& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 42( 474,4>7&
Rcf Lairhk( M&( Rirluft( O&J& " ^utti( D&@& ->771!& Dklpksaf` `rkup,hivih dkfstrudtsbrkl afeavaeuch,hivih surviy ectc& Kr`cfazctakfch ^isicrdm Litmkes ( 3>( >( 42=,41>&
Rcf Luaoif( O( Jkkplcf( W( Ei Patti( J " Ncst( N& -3112!& Bkdus kp kr`cfasctaiduhtuur? mit dkfdurrifei wccreiflkeih if mit litif if vircfeirif vcf kr`cfasctaiduhtuur & Tdmkkfmkvif?
Cdceilad Tirvadi& Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->779!& Bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi hkf`,tirl hafj watm M^
prcdtadis( wkrj dhalcti cfe okn striss& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 5(
47,94&
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Dmcptir 4? Dratirac bkr C``ri`ctaf` Turviy Ectc
=0
Rcf Rihemkvif( L&( Ei Okf`i( O&( Nrkirsif( T&( Jklpair( L& " Liaolcf( U& ->77>!&Tpidabad rihctakfsmaps nitwiif psydmkskdach okn dkfeatakfs cfe okn,rihctie striss?
C tmrii,hivih cfchytadch cpprkcdm& Pkrj cfe Ttriss ( 32( 4( >70,>>=& Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Liaolcf( U&B& -3115!& Mit litif vcf psydmkskdachi crniaesnihcstaf` lit
iif vrc`ifhaost? ei vrc`ifhaost nihivaf` if nikkreihaf` vcf ei crniae -RNNC!& Clstirecl?
Fieirhcfes Afstatuut vkkr Crniaesklstcfea`mieif& Rcf Qpirif( F&P& " Ocfsif( K& ->77>!& Bcta`uie cfe eassctasbaie kr bcta`uie nut
sctasbaie; @kch kraiftctakfs cfe rispkfsis tk ma`m okn eilcfes& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 59( 3323,3303&
Rcf Qpirif( F&P& " Tfaoeirs( U&C&N& ->777!& C luhtahivih cfchysas kb tmi eilcfes,dkftrkh lkeih? As striss ct wkrj eitirlafie ny bcdtkrs ct tmi `rkup hivih kr tmiafeavaeuch hivih; Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch Michtm Wsydmkhk`y ( 9( 3( 3=>,317&
Pchtir( B& " Nrudm( M& ->77=!& Umi pksatavi `rkup cbbidt sparch? C eyfclad lkeih kb tmiilir`ifdi kb pksatavi cbbidtavi salahcraty af wkrj `rkups& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >1( >41,>23&
Pcfkus( O&W&( ^iadmirs( C&I& " Muey( L&O& -3110!& Kvirchh okn sctasbcdtakf( mkw `kke cri
saf`hi, atil licsuris; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =>( >50,>9>& Pra`mt( W&L&( @crefir( U&L&( Lkyfamcf( H&L& " Chhif( L&^& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmap
nitwiif mr prcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( 571,552&
_kmcr( E& -31=9!& Tcbity dhalcti af afeustrach kr`cfazctakfs? Umikritadch cfe cpphaiealphadctakfs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 29( 3( 12,37>&
_kmcr( E& " Uiffi,@czat( K& ->77=!& Urcfsbkrlctakfch hiceirsmap cfe `rkup aftircdtakfcs dhalcti cftidieifts? C skdach fitwkrj cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 14(5( 055,090&
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Dmcptir 5? Uali Wridieifdi
13
5&3 Aftrkeudtakf
Lcfc`irs cfe risicrdmirs mcvi niif cssulaf` tmct kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti mcs cf
alpkrtcft ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -i&`& Csmjcfcsy( Paheirkl " Witirskf(
>777: Tdmfiaeir( 3117!& Umi ufeirhyaf` prkdiss as `ifirchhy eisdranie cs bkhhkws? mulcf
riskurdi lcfc`ilift prcdtadis afbhuifdi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmiar wkrjaf`
ifvarkflift cfe ilphkyii nimcvakrs( cfe tmisi nimcvakrs af turf wahh risuht af alprkvie
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -i&`& Nkrudja " Nurji( 3111: Jkpihlcf( Nraib " @uzzk(
3117: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777!& @ihcei cfe Aviry ->774! bkufe tmct tmi ibbidts kb M^
prcdtadis kf pirbkrlcfdi wiri lieactie ny kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Hiss cttiftakf as
niaf` pcae af tmi hatircturi tk tmi pkssanahaty tmct kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi la`mt chsk
afbhuifdi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Mkwivir( Taimh cfe Lcrtaf -3117! cr`uie bkr sudmrivirsi dcusctakf? ma`m pirbkrlaf` kr`cfazctakfs mcvi tmi riskurdis tmrku`m wmadm tmiy
dcf eivihkp kr sustcaf cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Cfktmir chtirfctavi vaiwpkaft as tmct
nktm earidtakfs kb dcuschaty cri prisift ct tmi scli tali -Oclis " Okfis( 3102: Kstrkbb(
Jafadja " Ucljafs( >774! a&i& kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi cfe ct tmi scli tali kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti&
Lkst kb tmi ilparadch stueais bcah tk prkvaei c eisa`f tk eilkfstrcti tmct tmi ibbidt
kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi as cdtuchhy dcusch? kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti risuhts af ma`mir kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Wcttirskf( Pcrr " Pist( >775!&
Ixdiptakfs cri stueais ny ^ycf( Tdmlat cfe Okmfskf -3112! cfe Tdmfiaeir( Pmati cfe
Wcuh -311=!& Nktm stueais mcvi prkvaeie laxie risuhts? rivirsi dcusctakf cfe euch
dcuschaty wcs bkufe& Tk( ufdirtcafty ixasts cnkut tmi tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap
nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Nisaeis( ^ycf it ch&
-3112! usie ilphkyii cttatueis afstice kb cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti licsuri cfe
Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=! usie dustklir pirdiptakfs af dkftrcst tk knoidtavi ectc cs c
pirbkrlcfdi kutdkli& Cpprkpractihy tistaf` tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi pkssanhi ridursavi fcturi kb tmas
rihctakfsmap riquaris c drkss,hc``ie eisa`f -Dkkj " Dclpnihh( 3101! watm licsurilift
kb nktm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe knoidtavi pirbkrlcfdi kvir tali& Uk ecti( cs bcr cs wi
jfkw( sudm c risicrdm eisa`f mcs fkt niif usie af tmas spidabad hatircturi&
Umas pcpir ripkrts c twk,wcvi stuey -cvirc`i aftirvch twk yicrs! tmct afvista`ctis tmi
tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif bkur `ifirchazie kr`cfazctakfch dhalctiealifsakfs cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Umas stuey usis crdmavch kr`cfazctakfch
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14
Barst( af ludm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti risicrdm prkeudtavaty as kfhy pcrtachhy licsurie(
kfhy kfi kr c biw afputs cri licsurie( bkr ixclphi hcnkr prkeudtavaty kr fkf,
dkftrkhhcnhi dksts -Jkys( >773!( kr skli afearidt istalctis kb kutputs cri usie( bkr
ixclphi dustklir sctasbcdtakf -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=!& Tk( af lkst kb tmi stueais c prkxy
bkr licsuraf` prkeudtavaty as usie& Umi buhh prkeudtavaty rctak -kutputs cfe afputs! as
sihekl cssissie af tmi dhalcti hatircturi -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!&
C sidkfe dmchhif`i dkfdirfs tmi hivih kb cfchysas& Af skli risicrdm tmi rihctakfsmap
nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi as stueaie ct tmi dkrpkrcti hivih
-Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=!& Dklpcraf` pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss dklpcfais af eabbirift afeustrais
la`mt ni prknhilctad eui tk afeustry ibbidts -Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Patmaf afeustry
stueais risicrdmaf` vcracfdi af pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih prkvaei tmi
kppkrtufaty tk dkftrkh bkr afeustry cfe dklpcfy ibbidts&
Af tmas stuey wi wahh usi cf knoidtavi prkeudtavaty licsuri -af tirls kb buhh dksts cfe
rivifuis! kb nusafiss ufats watmaf c hcr`i bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf& Pi stuey tk
wmct ixtift nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi dcf ni prieadtie ny kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( cfe
tmi ktmir wcy crkufe& Af tmi fixt sissakf wi wahh aftrkeudi tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
dkfdipt&
5&>&> Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti
^isicrdmirs bcdi c fulnir kb dkfdiptuch dmchhif`is af tmi licsurilift kb
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti -i&`& Wcttirskf( Pist( Tmcdjhitkf( Ecwskf( Hcwtmkl( Lcathas it ch&(
>779!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ribirs tk ilphkyiis‑ smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb
nimcvakrs cfe cdtakfs tmct cri riwcreie cfe suppkrtie ny tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s pkhadais(
prcdtadis( cfe prkdieuris -Tdmfiaeir( 3117!& Tmcraf` licfs tmct tmiri as ifku`m
pirdiptuch c`riilift nitwiif afeavaeuch ilphkyiis( sk tmct dhalcti pirdiptakfs dcf ni
trictie cs cf kr`cfazctakfch,hivih dkfstrudt -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!& Chtmku`m wi dcf
eibafi tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti dkfdipt cs smcrie ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs kb cspidts aftmiar wkrjaf` ifvarkflift( tmiri as stahh hatthi c`riilift kf tmi spidabad ihilifts kb cf
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti&
Af tmas dmcptir wi dmkksi tk cekpt bavi `hknch ealifsakfs? `kch ilpmcsas( licfs
ilpmcsas( riwcre kraiftctakf( tcsj suppkrt cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt( cs dkllkf
ihilifts kb cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117!
cr`uie mkw tmisi bavi dkri ealifsakfs cdt cs pirbkrlcfdi riskurdis kb tmi wkrjaf`
ifvarkflift fiieie bkr kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Lkrikvir( tmisi kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti ihilifts cri cpphadcnhi cdrkss luhtaphi wkrj ifvarkflifts cfe strcti`ad bkda&
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Dmcptir 5? Uali Wridieifdi
15
Ceeatakfchhy( chh tmi bavi ealifsakfs cri ma`mhy rihivcft brkl cf M^ pirspidtavi cs wihh&
Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! ixphadathy eisdranie mkw sax M^ prcdtadis? maraf`( phcdaf`(
riwcreaf`( lkfatkraf`( eivihkpaf` cfe prklktaf` afbhuifdi tmi dhalcti ealifsakfs&
Nisaeis( Jkpihlcf it ch&‑s -3117! cpprkcdm as briquifthy usie af privakus stueais cs c
ncsas bkr ixphkraf` tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi( bkr ixclphi af brcliwkrjs kb Tpcrrkw ->773! cfe kb Uishuj( Mkblcff
cfe Sua`hiy ->77>!& Bafchhy( tmas cpprkcdm as chsk briquifthy usie bkr aftirpritaf`
ilparadchhy knsirvie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti dcti`krais -@ihcei " Aviry( >774!& Jkpihlcf
it ch& -3117? >12! eibafie tmi bavi dkri ihilifts cs bkhhkws?
3& @kch ilpmcsas — tmi ixtift tk wmadm lcfc`ilift lcjis jfkwf tmi typis kb
kutdklis cfe stcfecres tmct ilphkyiis cri ixpidtie tk cddklphasm
>& Licfs ilpmcsas — tmi ixtift tk wmadm lcfc`ilift lcjis jfkwf tmi
litmkes cfe prkdieuris tmct ilphkyiis cri ixpidtie tk usi af pirbkrlaf`
tmiar okns
4& ^iwcre kraiftctakf — tmi ixtift tk wmadm vcrakus kr`cfazctakfch riwcres cri
pirdiavie tk ni chhkdctie kf tmi ncsas kb okn pirbkrlcfdi
5& Ucsj suppkrt — tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmct tmiy cri niaf`
supphaie watm tmi lctirachs( iquaplift( sirvadis cfe riskurdis fidisscry tk
pirbkrl tmiar okns
9& Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt — tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmct tmiar
pirskfch wihbcri as prktidtie ny c jafe( dkfsaeircti( cfe `ifirchhy mulcfi
lcfc`ilift
Chtmku`m tmi dkfstrudts cri cpphadcnhi cdrkss luhtaphi wkrj dkftixts( tmi dkftift
bkdus kb tmi ealifsakfs( af pcrtaduhcr kb tmi `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ealifsakfs as
rihctie tk tmi strcti`ad bkdus af tmi wkrj dkftixt -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!& Af tmi
kr`cfazctakf stueaie miri quchaty bkdus as tmi lkst alpkrtcft strcti`ad `kch bkr chh
nusafiss ufats( nut ct tmi scli tali ludm ilpmcsas as phcdie ny tmi kr`cfazctakf kf
ibbadaifthy eihaviraf` ma`m quchaty sirvadi tk dustklirs -^cnkncfj( >777!& Umiribkri( tmi
ealifsakfs kb `kch ilpmcsas cfe licfs ilpmcsas cri dklnafie aftk kfi ealifsakf
calie ct tmi strcti`ad `kchs kb tmi nusafiss ufat cfe tmi wcy tmiy cri cdmaivie&
C sidkfe dmchhif`i dhalcti risicrdmirs bcdi af tmi licsurilift kb kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti as wmitmir tk dklnafi tmi ealifsakfs aftk kfi `ifirch dhalcti afeix kr tk
afdhuei spidabad dhalcti ealifsakfs af tmi cfchysas& Af tmas stuey wi eidaeie tk afdhueitmi ealifsakfs kb kur dhalcti dkfstrudt sipcrctihy& Pi ricskfie tmct dkfstrudtaf` kfi
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Dmcptir 5? Uali Wridieifdi
19
dhalcti afeix dkuhe maei rihctakfsmaps nitwiif spidabad dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe
prkeudtavaty& Lkrikvir( Kstrkbb it ch& ->774! cr`uie tmct tmiri as c fiie tk stuey tmi
rihctavi alpkrtcfdi kb dhalcti ealifsakfs bkr c `hknch ibbidtavifiss afeadctkr haji
prkeudtavaty& Tk( cpcrt bkrl stueyaf` tmi tilpkrch kreir( wi chsk afvista`cti tmi rihctavi
ibbidts kb bkur spidabad dhalcti ealifsakfs kf kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty& Af tmi fixt
sidtakf wi wahh easduss tmikritadch ixphcfctakfs bkr rihctakfsmaps nitwiif tmi bkur
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
5&>&4 Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti , Wirbkrlcfdi ihctakfsmaps
Bkrwcre dcusctakf? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti hatircturi( usuchhy c dcusch earidtakf as cssulie wmiri c pksatavi
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti risuhts af ma`mir kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi vac ilphkyii
nimcvakrs -i&`& Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117!& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! mcvi prisiftie c lkeih
tmct lcjis lkri ixphadat tmi aftirvifaf` prkdissis nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe
kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty& Umiy prkpksi ”dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi stctis‑ -pralcrahy wkrj
lktavctakf cfe okn sctasbcdtakf! cfe ”schaift kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakrs‑ haji cttcdmlift
-cttifeaf` cfe stcyaf` af tmi kr`cfazctakf!( okn pirbkrlcfdi -tcsjs af kfi‑s kr`cfazctakfch
rkhi! cfe datazifsmap -mihpbuh dkftranutakfs tmct cri fkt lcfectkry! cs hafjaf`
lidmcfasls&
Af hafi watm `kch sittaf` tmikrais( Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! ricskfie tmct `kch cfe
licfs ilpmcsas rieudi rkhi dkfbhadt cfe clna`uaty( cfe riwcre kraiftctakf sa`fchs tk
wkrjirs tmi dkfsiquifdis kb tmiar nimcvakrs( risuhtaf` af ilphkyii lktavctakf& Umisi
ealifsakfs prkvaei ilphkyiis watm jfkwhie`i cnkut tmi `kchs kb tmi kr`cfazctakf cfe
cnkut mkw tk cha`f tmiar nimcvakr& Tdmfiaeir -3109! cr`uie tmct dhalcti pirdiptakfs dcf
sirvi cs c brcli kb ribirifdi bkr `uaeaf` cpprkpracti cfe cecptavi tcsj nimcvakrs& Af
ceeatakf( bcdahatctaf` pirbkrlcfdi tmrku`m c dkftixt wmiri `kchs cri dhicr( wkrj litmkes
cri lcei jfkwf( cfe riwcres cri cha`fie( ceiqucti riskurdis cfe suppkrtavi hiceirsmapcri fiieie tk bcdahatcti wkrj cddklphasmlift -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=: Tdmfiaeir( Nkwif(
Imrmcrt " Mkhdklni( >777: Uishuj it ch&( >77>!& Ucsj suppkrt rieudis pmysadch strcaf
cfe lktavctis ilphkyiis( nidcusi tmiy cri supphaie watm tmi fidisscry lctirachs(
iquaplift( sirvadis cfe riskurdis tk pirbkrl tmiar okns -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!& Af hafi
watm tmi kr`cfazctakfch suppkrt tmikry -^mkceis " Iasifnir`ir( >77>!( Jkpihlcf it ch&
-3117! cr`uie tmct ilphkyiis‑ nihaibs tmct tmi kr`cfazctakf vchuis tmiar dkftranutakf cfe
dcris cnkut tmiar wihh,niaf` wahh dkftranuti tk tmiar kvirchh wihh,niaf`&
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^isuhts kb c litc,cfchysas -Wcrjir( Nchtis( Qkuf`( Mubb( Chtlcff( Hcdkst( it ch&(
>774! afeadcti tmct tmi rihctakfsmap kb dhalcti watm pirbkrlcfdi as lieactie ny
ilphkyiis‑ wkrj cttatueis ct tmi afeavaeuch,hivih kb cfchysas& Af ceeatakf( Acbbchecfk cfe
Ludmafsjy -31=9! cfe Oue`i( Umkrisif( Nkfk cfe Wcttkf ->773! bkufe rihctakfsmaps
nitwiif okn sctasbcdtakf cfe okn pirbkrlcfdi& Wksatavi wkrj cttatueis ek chsk `ifirchhy
prieadt watmercwch nimcvakr haji cnsiftiiasl -Ludmafsjy( 3100!( turfkvir -@rabbitm(
Mkl " @cirtfir( >777!( cfe datazifsmap -Kr`cf( 31==!& Burtmirlkri( Raswisvcrcf cfe
Kfis ->777! cr`uie af tmiar hatircturi kvirvaiw kb okn pirbkrlcfdi tmct watmercwch
nimcvakr dcf fi`ctavihy cbbidt kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( cfe okn pirbkrlcfdi cfe
datazifsmap nimcvakr dcf pksatavihy cbbidt kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Chtmku`m wi wkf‑t
afvista`cti lieactaf` lidmcfasls miri( wi ixpidt af hafi watm tmi bkrwcre dmcaf kb
dcuschaty nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe prkeudtavaty tmct?
Mypktmisas 3c& @kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ct tali pkaft 3 mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt
kf prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >
Mypktmisas 3n & ^iwcre kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf
prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >
Mypktmisas 3d & Ucsj suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf
prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >
Mypktmisas 3e & Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf
prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >
^ivirsi dcusctakf? Kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cbbidts kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Umi pkssanahaty
tmct kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti -rivirsie dcuschaty! as
liftakfie af tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch duhturi hatircturi -Dkkji "
Tzulch( >777: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117! cfe af tmi M^L hatircturi -Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Taimh
cfe Lcrtaf -3117! cr`uie tmct kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`m prkbats la`mt mcvi lkri riskurdis
cfe la`mt rivich c `rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af wkrjphcdi aftirviftakfs tmcf tmksi
kr`cfazctakfs tmct ek fkt mcvi ma`m prkbats& @kecre ->773! afeiie bkufe tmct
kr`cfazctakfs watm lkri riskurdis alphilift lkri suddissbuhhy wkrjphcdi aftirviftakfs
tmcf kr`cfazctakfs watm biwir riskurdis&
Ma`m prkeudtavaty prkvaeis ilphkyiis watm tmi jfkwhie`i tmct tmiar nrcfdm as
pirbkrlaf` wihh( cfe tmct at as cddklphasmaf` ats prkeudtavaty `kchs& Ct tmi scli tali tmas
sa`fchs tk ilphkyiis wmct tmi `kch kb tmi kr`cfazctakf as -af tmas stuey dustklir quchaty!
cfe at riafbkrdis tmi wcy mkw tmisi `kchs cri cdmaivie -af tmas stuey ibbadaifdy!& Cs crisuht at dcf ni ixpidtie tmct ma`m prkeudtavaty sdkris pksatavihy afbhuifdi tmi
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kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs licfs cfe `kch ilpmcsas& At as chsk cr`uie tmct
kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`m prkbats pcy tmiar ilphkyiis lkri( yaiheaf` af ma`mir sdkris kf tmi
riwcre kraiftctakf ealifsakf -Tdmfiaeir( Mcf`is( Tlatm " Tchvc``ak( >774!& Ma`m
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi dcf pksatavihy afbhuifdi tmi tcsj suppkrt ealifsakf&
Kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`mir prkbats mcvi lkri rkkl bkr afvistlifts af lctirachs(
iquaplift( sirvadis cfe riskurdis& Nisaeis( lkfiy dcf ni afvistie cs c nubbir bkr
hkwiraf` tmi rasj kb ixdissavi wkrjhkces bkr afstcfdi ny maraf` tilpkrcry wkrjirs -Rcf
Rihemkvif( >779!& Af tmi scli wcy( ma`m prkeudtavaty dcf pksatavihy afbhuifdi skdak,
ilktakfch suppkrt: ma`m pirbkrlaf` kr`cfazctakfs mcvi ceeatakfch riskurdis cvcahcnhi tk
prktidt tmiar ilphkyiis‑ wihh,niaf`( afdhueaf` tmiar aftirpirskfch rihctakfsmaps&
Lkrikvir( ma`m kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi dkuhe chsk pksatavihy cbbidt ilphkyiis‑
pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis& Lkst ilphkyiis cri lktavctie ny pirskfch cs wihh cs
kr`cfazctakfch suddiss: ixdihhift nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi risuhts af biihaf`s kb praei
-Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779!& Cs c risuht ilphkyiis‑ `ifirch pirdiptakfs kb chh kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti ealifsakfs la`mt ni lkri pksatavihy nacsie& Tk( wi ixpidt tmct?
Mypktmisas >c & Wrkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf `kch cfe
licfs ilpmcsas ct tali pkaft >
Mypktmisas >n & Wrkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf riwcre
kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft >
Mypktmisas >d & Wrkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf tcsj suppkrt
ct tali pkaft >
Mypktmisas >e & Wrkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf skdak,
ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft >
Nktm earidtakfs kb dcuschaty cri prisift ct tmi scli tali& Bafchhy( at as pkssanhi tmct nktm
prkdissis cs eisdranie cnkvi cri prisift ct tmi scli tali& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
afbhuifdis kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( mkwivir saluhtcfikushy kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti as
afbhuifdie ny kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! celattie tmct tmiar
prkpksie lkeih as c salphabadctakf: tmiy eae fkt afdhuei biiencdj hkkps cfe ridaprkdch
rihctakfsmaps af tmiar lkeih& Oclis cfe Okfis -3102! prkpksie c dklphix brcliwkrj bkr
ixphkraf` rihctakfsmaps nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kutdklis& Af tmiar eitcahie
lkeih tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kutdklis as eisdranie cs cf
kpif systil( af wmadm ridaprkdch afbhuifdaf` kddurs& Kstrkbb it ch& ->774! chsk afdhueie
biiencdj hkkps af tmiar afti`rctie luhtahivih lkeih kb duhturi cfe dhalcti& Tdmfiaeir itch& ->774! prkpksie c ridursavi lkeih( af wmadm M^ prcdtadis afbhuifdi okn sctasbcdtakf(
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okn siduraty cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf tmrku`m kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( cfe af wmadm pcy
sctasbcdtakf mcs cf ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tmrku`m kr`cfazctakfch
datazifsmap nimcvakr& Pahiy cfe Nrkkjs ->777! prkpksie c ridursavi lkeih( af wmadm
dhalcti afbhuifdis pirbkrlcfdi( cfe pirbkrlcfdi sunsiquifthy afbhuifdis dhalcti& Af hafi
watm tmisi dkfdiptuch lkeihs wi ixpidt tmct?
Mypktmisas 4c & @kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ct tali pkaft 3 mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt
kf prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3
mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ct tali pkaft >
Mypktmisas 4n & ^iwcre kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf
prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs
c pksatavi ibbidt kf riwcre kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft >
Mypktmisas 4d & Ucsj suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf
prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs
c pksatavi ibbidt kf tcsj suppkrt ct tali pkaft >
Mypktmisas 4e & Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf
prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 mcs
c pksatavi ibbidt kf skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft >
5&>&5 ^isicrdm Eisa`f Assuis
Umi lkst privchift risicrdm eisa`f af tmi hatircturi as kfi wmiri kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti licsuris cri tcjif brkl tmi scli pirake cfe cri dkuphie watm bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi ectc eiravie brkl c pirake tmct kvirhcps kr pridieis tmi kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti licsuris -Wcttirskf it ch&( >775!& Mkwivir( tmas typi kb eisa`f ekis fkt chhkw cfy
dkfdhusakfs kf earidtakfs kb dcuschaty( safdi tilpkrch pridieifdi kb tmi dcusi as c
fidisscry dkfeatakf bkr dcusch afbirifdi -Dkkj " Dclpihh( 3101!& Af tmi fixt sidtakf wi
wahh `avi cf kvirvaiw kb skli ixdiptakfs tk tmas `ifirch risicrdm eisa`f a&i& tmi biw
hkf`atueafch stueais kf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti af rihctakf tk kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
Aeichhy( risicrdm quistakfs kf tilpkrch kreiraf` riquari nktm licsurilift kb
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi kvir tali& Pi ixpidt tmct wkrj ifvarkflifts
rilcaf tk c dirtcaf ixtift stcnhi cdrkss tali& Cs kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti as bkrlie ny tmi
M^ prcdtadis kb tmi kr`cfazctakf -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!( wi ixpidt( af hafi watm
Tdmfiaeir( Nraib cfe @uzzk -3112!( tmct kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti as eabbaduht tk dmcf`i cfe
rctmir stcnhi& Lkrikvir( wi ixpidt tmct tmi rihctavi bafcfdach pksatakf kb nrcfdmis as
prieadtavi kb tmiar buturi bafcfdach pksatakf( alphyaf` stcnahaty& Af kreir tk dkftrkh bkr tmistcnahaty af kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe prkeudtavaty sdkris( at as ridkllifeie tk lcji usi
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kb c drkss,hc``ie pcfih eisa`f af risicrdm kf tilpkrch kreir -_cpb( Ekrlcff " Brisi(
3112!& Af tmas wcy wi cri cnhi tk eitirlafi wmitmir c dmcf`i af kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
pridieis c dmcf`i af pirbkrlcfdi& Bkur privakus stueais af tmas baihe lcei usi kb
luhtaphi ectc wcvis&
Nkrudja cfe Nurji -3111! stueaie 912 stkris kb c hcr`i ritcah dklpcfy usaf` twk
wcvis kb ilphkyii cfe dustklir surviy ectc cfe bafcfdach stkri ectc& Umiy bkufe tmct
sirvadi dhalcti as prieadtavi kb schis pirskffih sirvadi pirbkrlcfdi( cfe schis pirskffih
sirvadi pirbkrlcfdi as prieadtavi kb stkri bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774!
usie ilphkyii cttatuei cfe bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ectc -^KC cfe IWT! brkl 49
dklpcfais kvir = yicrs& Umiy bkufe sa`fabadcft cfe stcnhi rihctakfsmaps bkr 4 kut kb 0
sdchis cdrkss vcrakus tali hc`s& Mkwivir( kvirchh okn sctasbcdtakf cfe sctasbcdtakf watm
siduraty wiri prieadtie ny pcst pirbkrlcfdi lkri strkf`hy tmcf af tmi rivirsi cfchysas(
cfe sctasbcdtakf watm pcy ixmanatie c ridaprkdch rihctakfsmap watm pirbkrlcfdi licsuris&
Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=! dkfdhueie af c stuey kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif c dhalcti bkr
sirvadi cfe sirvadi quchaty af 345 nrcfdmis kb c ncfj tmct tmiri as c ridaprkdch ibbidt
nitwiif c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe sirvadi quchaty& ^ycf it ch& -3112! ripkrtie c stuey tmct
usis ectc brkl 35> nrcfdmis af c dcr bafcfdi dklpcfy af twk dkfsidutavi yicrs& Umiy
bkufe sivirch sa`fabadcft rihctakfs nitwiif cttatuei bcdtkrs cfe pirbkrlcfdi watmaf
suddissavi yicrs( mkwivir tmiy ufixpidtiehy bkufe tmct dustklir sctasbcdtakf af yicr 3prieadtie ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf af yicr >( nut fkt vadi virsc&
Cddkreaf` tk _cpb( Ekrlcff cfe Brisi -3112! strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` as
supirakr tk navcracti dkrrihctakfs kr ri`rissakf cfchysis( nidcusi strudturch iquctakf
lkeihs chhkw saluhtcfikus istalctakf kb dcusch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif vcracnhis&
Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! kfhy ripkrtie navcracti dkrrihctakfs cfe eae fkt cpphy strudturch
iquctakf lkeihs& Nkrudja cfe Nurji -3111! cpphaie strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`( nut
tmiy kfhy tistie twk drkss,sidtakfch pctm lkeihs& Af tmas risicrdm cric( kfhy ^ycf it ch&
-3112! cfe Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=! cpphaie sudm drkss,hc``ie cfchysis usaf` HAT^IH&
Wrivakus hkf`atueafch stueais kf tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi prkeudie laxie risuhts& Pi fiie
ct hicst twk wcvis kb ectc af kreir tk dkftrkh bkr stcnahaty af kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe
pirbkrlcfdi sdkris& Tunsiquifthy( tmisi ectc fiie tk ni cfchyzie watm strudturch
iquctakf tidmfaquis tk ixclafi bkrwcre cfe rivirsi dcusctakf siquifdis saluhtcfikushy
wmahi dkftrkhhaf` tali > kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi licsuris bkr tali 3
licsuris& Umiribkri( tmi barst cal kb tmas stuey as tk cpphy cf cpprkpracti risicrdm eisa`f
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af tmi M^L,dhalcti,pirbkrlcfdi baihe& C sidkfe dkftranutakf kb tmas stuey dkfdirfs tmi
licsurilift kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Pi dkfdiptuchazie kur dhalcti
dkfstrudt ncsie kf c waeihy usie brcliwkrj watm c ma`m ei`rii kb rihivcfdi brkl cf
M^L pkaft kb vaiw( cfe afvista`cti tmi ibbidts kb dhalcti ealifsakfs sipcrctihy&
Ceeatakfchhy( wi lcji usi kb cf knoidtavi pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkr& Bafchhy( wi wahh tist kur
mypktmisis watm strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`& Chh tmrii mypktmisis cri sullcrazie af
Ba`uri 3&
@kch " Licfs ilpmcsas
^iwcre kraiftctakf
Ucsj suppkrt
Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt
Wrkeudtavaty
@kch " Licfs ilpmcsas
^iwcre kraiftctakf
Ucsj suppkrt
Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt
Wrkeudtavaty
Uali pkaft 3 Uali pkaft >
3c
>n
Ba`uri 3& ^isicrdm lkeihFktis? 3c? bkrwcre dmcaf kb dcuschaty( >n? rivirsie dmcaf kb dcuschaty
5&4 Litmkes
5&4&3 Dkftixt
Umas stuey usie ectc brkl c hcr`i bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf af tmi Fitmirhcfes(
kpirctaf` kf tmi ncsas kb dkkpirctavi prafdaphis& Umi hcr`ist pcrt kb tmas kr`cfazctakf
dkfsasts kb cpprkxalctihy 477 hkdch nrcfdmis watm 49(777 ilphkyiis& Umi bcdt tmct at as c
dkkpirctavi licfs tmct lcfy pirskffih rihctie bcdtkrs cri dkkreafctie ny tmi diftrch
kr`cfazctakf( nut ct tmi scli tali nrcfdmis mcvi dkfsaeircnhi hiiwcy af tmi wcy tmiy
lcfc`i pirskffih assuis&
Af >777 tmi kr`cfazctakf aftrkeudie c nchcfdie sdkridcre typi kb lcfc`ilift
systil bkr tmrii lcokr crics? bafcfdi( dustklir cfe ilphkyii -Jcphcf " Fkrtkf( 3112:Wcyfi( Mkht " Brkw( >773!( af kreir tk prkvaei nrcfdmis watm suatcnhi lcfc`ilift
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afbkrlctakf& Af tmas sdkridcre bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh afbkrlctakf as eiravie brkl knoidtavi
ri`astrctakfs kb bafcfdach trcfscdtakfs( dustklir afbkrlctakf as eiravie brkl rkutafi
lcrjit risicrdm cdtavatais( cfe ilphkyii afbkrlctakf as `ctmirie ny licfs kb surviy
risicrdm cfe knoidtavi ri`astrctakf kf pirskffih&
5&4&> Tunoidts
Turviy ectc brkl >777,>779 wiri usie tk licsuri kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& 303
nrcfdmis pcrtadapctie twk talis af tmi ilphkyii surviy euraf` tmas pirake -watm c
lcxalul kb tmrii yicrs nitwiif tmi ilphkyii surviys!& Umi cvirc`i aftirvch nitwiif
tmi ilphkyii surviys as >5 lkftms -watm c stcfecre eivactakf kb 0&3!& Ct tali pkaft 3
-U3! quistakffcari ectc kb 35(500 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi bkr tmi 303 nrcfdmis af tmas
stuey -4= pirdift kb tmi tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb >773!& Umi cvirc`i rispkfsi rcti af
tmi sipcrcti ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs 00&9 pirdift& Umi cvirc`i fulnir
kb rispkfeifts af tmi nrcfdmis wcs =5&0& Ct tali pkaft > -U>! quistakffcari ectc kb
35(=27 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi bkr tmi 303 nrcfdmis af tmas stuey -54 pirdift kb tmi
tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb >774!& Umi cvirc`i rispkfsi rcti af tmi sipcrcti ilphkyii
surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs =5&0 pirdift& Umi cvirc`i fulnir kb rispkfeifts af tmi
nrcfdmis wcs =2&1&
Chtmku`m pcrtadapctaf` af tmi ilphkyii surviy systil as ridkllifeie ny tmi
diftrch kr`cfazctakf( nktm nrcfdmis cfe afeavaeuchs cri brii tk pcrtadapcti af tmi ilphkyii
surviy& Uk afvista`cti pkssanhi sihidtavaty kb tmi sclphi( wi dmidjie riprisiftctavifiss
kb tmi sclphi -U3 ectc cs kb >773( U> ectc cs kb >774! ct tmi nrcfdm cfe afeavaeuch hivih&
Ct tmi nrcfdm hivih( riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi bkr tmi tktch pkpuhctakf af tmi
kr`cfazctakf wcs dmidjie af tirls kb ri`akf af tmi Fitmirhcfes cfe af tirls kb nrcfdm
sazi& Ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih( riprisiftctavifiss wcs dmidjie bkr c`i dhcss -bavi hivihs? >9
yicrs cfe nihkw( >9,49 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 59,99 yicrs cfe 99 yicrs cfe
kheir! fulnir kb wkrjaf` mkurs+wiij -nihkw 42 mkurs( 42 mkurs( cnkvi 42 mkurs! cfe`ifeir& Pi bkufe tmct tmi sclphi dkuhe ni ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi tktch
kr`cfazctakf ct nktm tali pkafts af tirls kb tmi vcracnhis liftakfie& Bkr icdm dcti`kry
kb tmisi vcracnhis tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif kur sclphi cfe tmi pkpuhctakf wcs fkt hcr`ir
tmcf 9 pirdift&
5&4&4 Licsuris
Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Pi sihidtie bavi ilphkyii surviy sdchis bkr tmi licsurilift
kb tmi bavi dkllkf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs? `kch ilpmcsas( licfs ilpmcsas(riwcre kraiftctakf( tcsj suppkrt( cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt -Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!&
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Cs c licsuri bkr `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas wi usie c quchaty kraiftctakf cfe `kch
ibbidtavifiss sdchi& Atil dkftift as dklpcrcnhi tk tmi Eutdm BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf
Luaoif( Jkkplcf( Ei Patti " Ncst( 3112! cfe tmi quchaty sdchi cfe tmi ribhixavaty sdchi
kb tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf it ch&( >779!( ncsie kf tmi dklpitaf`
vchuis cpprkcdm ny Suaff -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Ilphkyiis cri csjie tk ivchucti
tmiar nusafiss ufat( af hafi watm prakr risicrdm ny Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=!&
Pi licsurie riwcre kraiftctakf watm c pcy sctasbcdtakf sdchi( cs dkllkf af
dklpcrcnhi risicrdm -@ihcei " Aviry( >774!& Ilphkyiis ivchucti tmi ixtift tk wmadm
riwcres cri chhkdctie af rihctakf tk tmiar okn pirbkrlcfdi& Umas sdchi wcs dkfstrudtie ny
Rcf Rihemkvif cfe Liaolcf -3115!& Atil dkftift `kis ncdj tk Tlatm( Jifechh cfe
Muhaf -3121! cfe Mcdjlcf cfe Khelcf -3109!& Umi rispkfeift as csjie tk ivchucti
durrift pcy af sivirch wcys( afdhueaf` skdach dklpcraskf&
Pi sihidtie tmi wkrj spiie cfe qucftaty sdchi tk licsuri tmi tcsj suppkrt
ealifsakf& Umi sihidtakf kb tmas sdchi ristradtie tmi dkftift tk tmi qucftaty cfe
cvcahcnahaty kb tali bkr wkrj cs afeadctkr bkr tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis pirdiavi tmct
tmiy cri niaf` supphaie watm tmi lctirachs( iquaplift( sirvadis cfe riskurdis fidisscry tk
pirbkrl tmiar okns& Aeichhy( wi wkuhe mcvi hajie tk afdhuei tmi cvcahcnahaty kb chh tmisi
riskurdis af kur stuey& Mkwivir( tmi cvcahcnahaty kb tali as tmi lkst alpkrtcft riskurdi
bkr Eutdm ilphkyiis& Rcf Rihemkvif cfe Liaolcf -3115! dkfstrudtie tmas sdchi( ncsiekf icrhair wkrj ny Jcrcsij -31=9!& Atil dkftift as eieadctie tk psydmkskdach okn
eilcfes( nut kfhy af c qucftatctavi sifsi? mkw ludm wkrj as tmiri( cfe af mkw ludm
tali ekis at mcvi tk ni ekfi; Lkri risicrdm kf tmas sdchi dcf ni bkufe af stueais kb Ei
Drkkf( Thuatir( Nhkfj( Nrkirsif cfe Braf`s,Erisif ->775! cfe Rcf Qpirif cfe Ocfssif
->77>!&
Cs c licsuri bkr skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt wi usie c pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap
sdchi& Umas sdchi licsurie tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis cri trictie watm rispidt ny tmiar
supirvaskrs ny smkwaf` afeavaeuchazie dkfsaeirctakf& Umi sdchi as dkfstrudtie ny Eif
Mcrtk` -3110!( wmk cecptie at brkl tmi LHS ny Ncss cfe Cvkhak -31=1!& Ilphkyiis cri
csjie tk dkllift kf tmi `ifirch tifeifdy kb tmiar hiceir tk `avi tmil pirskfch cttiftakf
cfe tk staluhcti tmil&
Af Ucnhi 3( psydmklitrad afbkrlctakf kf tmi bavi surviy sdchis as hastie& Umi Ucnhi
afdhueis tmi fulnir kb atils( tmi fulnir kb rispkfsi dcti`krais( cfe sdchi rihacnahaty
-Drkfncdm‑s chpmc!& Bavi,pkaft rispkfsi sdchis wiri usie tk afeadcti tmi ixtift kb
c`riilift watm c stctilift -A dklphitihy c`rii( A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct
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easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchis wiri usie bkr cf ivchuctakf
af tirls kb briquifdy -Chwcys( Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!&
Ucnhi > dkftcafs sclphi quistakfs bkr chh tmi bavi surviy sdchis& Uk icsi
aftirpritctakf( chh surviy vcracnhis mcvi niif sdkrie af sudm wcy tmct ma`m sdkris afeadcti
c satuctakf tmct as `ifirchhy dkfsaeirie bcvkrcnhi tk tmi ilphkyii&
C``ri`ctakf& Af kreir tk ni cnhi tk spicj kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( wi fiie tk dmidj
tmi pirdiptuch c`riilift af tmi nrcfdmis -Dmcf( 311=!& Umas as tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs sdkris cri smcrie watmaf c nusafiss ufat& Pi dchduhctie
twk aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs tk tist wmitmir wi dcf c``ri`cti tmi afeavaeuch pirdiptakfs
aftk licfaf`buh nrcfdm,hivih dkfstrudts -sii Ucnhi 3!&
Ucnhi 3& Tdchi Dmcrcdtirastads
Tdchi Atils Cfswirdcti`krais
Chpmc^ihacnahaty ADD 3 ADD > U3 U> U3 U> U3 U>
Suchaty kraiftctakf 4 9 &02 &05 &707 &707 &=0 &=0@kch ibbidtavifiss 4 9 &09 &04 &707 &70> &=2 &=0Wcy sctasbcdtakf 9 5 &=4 &=9 &750 &7>5 &=3 &2=Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap 9 9 &1> &1> &757 &741 &0= &00Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj 33 5 &=1 &=1 &742 &750 &02 &=3
ADD3 dcf ni eibafie cs tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi af afeavaeuch sdkris cttranutcnhi tk
tmi nrcfdm -Jhiaf( Nhaisi( Jkzhkwsja( Ecfsiricu( @cvaf( @rabbaf it ch&( >777!& ADD3
vchuis cri rcf`af` brkl &7> tk &70( alphyaf` tmct >,0 pirdift kb tmi vcracfdi af afeavaeuch
sdkris eipifes kf tmi nrcfdm& Bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis tmi clkuft kb
vcracfdi af afeavaeuch sdkris as hcr`ihy ixphcafie ny bcdtkrs ktmir tmcf tmi nrcfdm& Umi
aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cri dklpcrcnhi watm tmi hkwist aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs ripkrtie af
privakus stueais -@ihcei cfe Aviry( >774: Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774!&
Patm tmi fulnir kb afeavaeuch rispkfeifts cvcahcnhi brkl tmas stuey at wcs bkufe
tmct bkr chh kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdkris tmi vcracfdi dklpkfifts cttranutcnhi tk tmi
nrcfdm vcracnhi wiri stctastadchhy sa`fabadcft af c B,tist - p 8& 773!& Pi dcf tmiribkri
cssuli tmct rihacnhi licf squcri vchuis bkr nrcfdmis cri stahh pkssanhi( ivif ab ADD3
vchuis cri rctmir slchh -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Umi ADD> pcrclitir dcf ni aftirpritie cs tmi
rihacnahaty kb tmi licf nrcfdm sdkris& Umas pcrclitir as dchduhctie kf tmi ncsas kb tmi
licf squcri nitwiif nrcfdmis cfe tmi licf squcri watmaf nrcfdmis& Rchuis cnkvi &07
cri dkfsaeirie `kke: vchuis cnkvi &97 cri eiilie tkhircnhi -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Umi ADD>
vchuis kb tmi kr cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cri cnkvi tmi &97 dratirakf&
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Ucnhi >& Tclphi Suistakfs
Tdchi Tclphi quistakf
Suchaty kraiftctakf Umas dklpcfy cals ct cdmaivaf` ma`m quchaty prkeudts
bkr kur aftirfch cfe ixtirfch dustklirs
@kch ibbidtavifissAf `ifirch( at as cssissie tk wmct ixtift `kchs mcvi niifcdmaivie
Wcy sctasbcdtakfEk yku tmafj tmct yku cri bcarhy pcae af dklpcraskf
watm ktmirs af tmas kr`cfazctakf
Wikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmapLy hiceir tricts li cs cf afeavaeuch rctmir tmcf oust clilnir kb tmi `rkup
Wcdi cfe clkuft kb wkrj Ek yku wkrj ufeir tali prissuri dkfstrcafts
Kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wrkeudtavaty wcs kpirctakfchazie af tmas stuey ny c yicrhy
”nrcfdm prkbat pir BUI afeix‑& Wrkbats cri kpirctakfchazie cs `rkss prkbats lafus riturfs
kf iquaty& Pi dmksi tmas pcrclitir nidcusi tmas pcrclitir as fkt afbhuifdie ny
eabbirifdis af schis + dksts kb tmi nrcfdmis( cfe nidcusi tmas pcrclitir kfhy ribhidts tmct
pcrt kb prkbat tmct as fkt rihctie tk riturfs kf iquaty& Umi fulnir kb buhh,tali iquavchifdi
-BUI! as istcnhasmie kf tmi cvirc`i ncsas kb fulnir kb BUI bkr tmi dkfdirfie yicr&
Nktm pcrclitirs cri cvcahcnhi ct tmi nrcfdm hivih brkl ri`uhcr yicrhy ripkrts watmaf tmi
kr`cfazctakf prkvaeie ny tmi bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh + M^ eipcrtlift& Umisi ripkrts cri
ncsie kf knoidtavi ri`astrctakfs kb bafcfdach trcfscdtakfs cfe pirskffih&
5&4&5 Ttctastadch Cfchysas
Chh mypktmisis wiri tistie watm strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` usaf` CLKT 2& Af
dkfsaeirctakf kb tmi fulnir kb dhalcti ealifsakfs dklpcrie tk tmi fulnir kb dcsis( wi
eidaeie tk afdhuei tmi vchae cfe rihacnhi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cs lcfabist
vcracnhis af kur lkeih& Pi dkftrkhhie bkr tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch nitwiif tmi twk
ilphkyii surviys watmaf c nusafiss ufat -licsurie af lkftms!& Pi cssuli tmct tmi
hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch wahh ni pksatavihy rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe
pirbkrlcfdi sdkris ct tali pkaft >( eui tk tmi bcvkrcnhi lcrjit dkfeatakfs euraf` tmi
risicrdm pirake& C sirais kb drkss,hc``ie lkeihs -Dkkj " Dclpnihh( 3101! ifcnhie us tk
ixclafi tmi tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
ealifsakfs cfe pirbkrlcfdi&
Barst c lkeih watm tilpkrch stcnahatais wcs spidabaie -L3!( wmadm afdhueie kfhy
ibbidts nitwiif vcracnhis licsurie ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >& Umi ixtift tk wmadm
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vcracnhis ct tali pkaft 3 cri prieadtavi kb vcracnhis ct tali pkaft > as eitirlafie& Umas
stcnahaty lkeih wcs dklpcrie watm tmrii lkri dklphix lkeihs&
3& C lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr cfazctakfch dhalcti ct tali pkaft 3 tk
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tali pkaft > -L>( ribhidtaf` mypktmisis 3!>& C lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tali pkaft 3 tk
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct tali pkaft > -L4( ribhidtaf` mypktmisis >!
4& C lkeih watm nktm ibbidts saluhtcfikushy -L5( ribhidtaf` mypktmisis 4!
Umi risicrdm cpprkcdm as prisiftie af Ba`uri 3& Ba`uri 3 as c salphabaie lkeih& Icdm
ifek`ifkus vcracnhi mcs cf irrkr tirl wmadm as fkt eipadtie& Tidkfehy( wi eae fkt eipadt
dkvcractis nitwiif tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdkris cfe prkbats+BUI ct tali pkaft 3 cfe
tmi irrkr tirls chhkdctie watm U> licsurilift& Bafchhy( wi afdhueie tali aftirvch cs cdkftrkh vcracnhi( safdi wi cssuli tmct tali aftirvch wcs rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
cfe pirbkrlcfdi sdkris ct tali pkaft >&
Bkur afeadctkrs kb bat wiri usie tk cssis tmi lkeih tistie( afdhueaf` π>( rkkt licf
squcri irrkr kb cpprkxalctakf -^LTIC!( ceoustie `kkefiss kb bat afeix -C@BA!( cfe
Nifthir‑s dklpcrctavi bat afeix -DBA!( cs eisdranie ny Nyrfi ->773!& C fkf,sa`fabadcft π>(
C@BA cfe DBA vchuis cnkvi &17( cfe ^LTIC vchuis nihkw &79 afeadcti `kke bat nitwiif
lkeih cfe ectc& π> `kkefiss,kb,bat stctastads cri usie tk dklpcri tmi eabbirift dklpitaf`
lkeihs& Umi eabbirifdi af π>,vchuis af dklnafctakf watm tmi eabbirifdi af ei`riis kb
briiekl nitwiif tmi sipcrcti lkeihs as tistie c`cafst tmi dratadch vchuis kb tmi π>
eastranutakf( tk eitirlafi wmitmir ceeaf` kr eihitaf` strudturch pctms risuhts af c
sa`fabadcft alprkvilift kr eidhafi af lkeih bat& Umi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidts as
eitirlafie ny dklpcraf` tmi prkncnahaty hivih - p ! brkl tmi Dratadch ^ctak -D&^&! — wmadm
as dchduhctie ny eavaeaf` tmi pcrclitir istalcti ny ats stcfecre irrkr , watm c sa`fabadcfdi
hivih kb &79&
5&5 ^isuhts
5&5&3 Eisdraptavis
Ucnhi 4 smkws tmi licfs cfe stcfecre eivactakfs ct nktm tali pkafts kb tmi
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cfe prkbats+BUI& Ucnhi 4 smkws tmct tmi licf sdkri bkr tmi
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas( riwcre kraiftctakf( cfe tcsj
suppkrt afdricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts( wmahi tmi licf sdkri bkr tmi skdak,
ilktakfch suppkrt ealifsakf eidricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts& Ct tali pkaft 3
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-cvirc`i prkbats+BUI kb >4(>13 Iurks+BUI! tmi nrcfdmis pirbkrlie wkrsi tmcf ct tali
pkaft > -cvirc`i prkbats+BUI kb 44(>32 Iurks+BUI!&
Ucnhi 4 smkws tmi aftirdkrrihctakfs nitwiif tmi vcracnhis usie af tmas stuey& Umi
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cri lkeirctihy tk ma`mhy stcnhi cdrkss tali -&49 , &2>!(
alphyaf` lkeircti tk strkf` stcnahaty af kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Umi navcracti dkrrihctakf
nitwiif tmi prkeudtavaty sdkris ct U3 cfe U> as &2>( su``istaf` tmct tmi bafcfdach pksatakf
ct U3 as afeiie prieadtavi kb tmi bafcfdach pksatakf ct U>& Umi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
ealifsakfs( ixdipt skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt chh dkrrihcti watm prkeudtavaty ct kfi tali
pkaft kr ct nktm tali pkafts& Umi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cri lkeirctihy -&49!
tk ma`mhy aftirdkrrihctie -&24! ct nktm tali pkafts& Umi dkrrihctakf nitwiif tmi
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt
cri rilcrjcnhy ma`m -&24: &99!& Umas as ivif lkri fktiwkrtmy dkfsaeiraf` tmi dkrrihctakfs
nitwiif tmisi twk ealifsakfs cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >? Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt
as fi`ctavihy -fkf,sa`fabadcft! dkrrihctie watm prkeudtavaty( wmirics `kch cfe licfs
ilpmcsas as pksatavihy dkrrihctie watm prkeudtavaty&
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U c n h i 4 & E i s d r a p t a v i s c f e D k r r i h c t a k f s
R c r a c n h i
L i c f
T E
3
>
4
5
9
2
0
=
1
3 7
3 & W r k
e u d t a v a t y 3
> 4 & > 1 c
3 > & 3 5 c
> & W r k
e u d t a v a t y >
4 4 & > > c
3 5 & 3 1 c & 2 3 = / /
4 & @ k
c h " L i c f s i l p m c s a s 3
2 = & = >
9 & 9 2
& > > > / /
& > > 4 / /
5 & @ k
c h " L i c f s i l p m c s a s >
0 7 & 2 5
9 & > 0
& 3 1 = / /
& 4 9 1 / /
& 9 7 = / /
9 & ^ i w c r e k r a i f t c t a k f 3
9 9 & 3 5
9 & = 2
& 7 0 7
& > 1 5 / /
& 4 > 3 / /
& > 4 1 / /
2 & ^ i w c r e k r a i f t c t a k f >
9 = & = 2
5 & 4 5
& 7 4 7
& 3 1 > /
& 3 7 3
& > 3 5 / /
& 2 3 2 / /
0 & T k d
a k , i l k t a k f c h s u p p k r t 3
0 9 & > =
9 & 5 >
, & 3 3 =
, & 7 = 4
& 2 4 7 / /
& > 5 9 / /
& 4 > = / / &
3 = 1 /
= & T k d
a k , i l k t a k f c h s u p p k r t >
0 5 & 2 5
9 & > 2
, & 3 3 3
& 7 > 4
& > 5 = / /
& 9 5 9 / /
& 3 4 2
& > 3 2 / /
& 4 5 1 / /
1 & U c s
j s u p p k r t 3
9 2 & 0 >
4 & 5 4
& > 1 5 / /
& > 4 3 / /
& 7 1 =
& 7 2 5
& 3 9 9 / &
3 > 3
& 7 7 2
& 7 > >
3 7 & U c s j s u p p k r t >
9 2 & 1 7
4 & 1 0
& 3 > 2
& 7 9 =
, & 7 4 9
& 7 > =
, & 7 9 2
& 3 2 5 /
& 7 7 9
& 3 4 2
& 5 4 = / /
3 3 & A f
t i r v c h
> 5 & 7 7
0 & 7 9
, & 3 2 > /
& 7 9 1
& 7 > 9
, & 3 > 4
& 3 7 1
& 7 1 9
& 7 1 5
, & 7 1 1
& 7 > 4
, & > 7 2 / /
F k t i s ? c ^ i p k r t i e a f t m k u s c f e s k b I u r k s p i r B U I / / p
8 7 & 7 3 / p
8 7 & 7 9
F < 3 0 3
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37=
5&5&> Lkeih Dklpcraskfs
Ucnhi 5 smkws cf kvirvaiw kb tmi dklpitaf` lkeihs& Umi eabbirift fistie lkeihs
wiri dklpcrie ny c π> eabbirifdi tist&
Ucnhi 5& Lkeih DklpcraskfsLkeih π> eb Dklpcraskf ∂π> ∂eb 3& Ttcnahaty 5=&51 >9>& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti U3↞Wrkeudtavaty U> >=&43 >3 L3 vs& L> >7&3=/ 54& Wrkeudtavaty U3↞Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti U> 5>&>9 >3 L3 vs& L4 2&>5 55& Nktm ibbidts >>&9= 30 L3 vs& L5 >9&13/ =
L> vs& L5 9&04 5L4 vs& L5 31&20/ 5
Barst( wi dklpcrie tmi stcnahaty lkeih -L3! cfe tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft 3 tk prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > -L>!&
Umi π> eabbirifdi tists smkwie tmct tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi lkeihs wcs sa`fabadcft -∂
π> -5! < >7&3=( p 8 &79!( alphyaf` tmct tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
ealifsakfs tk prkeudtavaty nittir cddkufts bkr tmi ectc tmcf tmi lkeih watm kfhy
stcnahatais& Tunsiquifthy( wi dklpcrie tmi stcnahaty lkeih -L3! watm c lkeih watm ibbidts
brkl prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft >
-L4!& Lkeih bat eae fkt alprkvi ab ibbidts brkl prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 tk
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft > wiri ceeie -∂ π> -5! < 2&>5( p 6 &79!&Nisaeis( fk sa`fabadcft ibbidts wiri bkufe nitwiif prkeudtavaty -U3! cfe tmi dhalcti
ealifsakfs -U>!& Cppcrifthy( tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft > wiri
fkt strkf`hy afbhuifdie ny prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3& Umi lkeih watm nktm ibbidts
saluhtcfikushy afdhueie -L5! risuhtie af c sa`fabadcft alprkvilift dklpcrie tk tmi
stcnahaty lkeih -L3! -∂ π> -=! < >9&13( p 8 &79!& Mkwivir( lkeih bat eae fkt alprkvi
wmif wi afdhueie ibbidts brkl prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 tk kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct
tali pkaft > -L5! af dklpcraskf tk tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct
tali pkaft 3 tk prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > -L>! -∂ π> -5! < 9&04( p 6 &79!& C`caf( fk
sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps wiri istcnhasmie nitwiif prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tmi
dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft >& Lkrikvir( wi bkufe c sa`fabadcft eabbirifdi af lkeih
bat nitwiif tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 tk kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti ct tali pkaft > -L4! cfe tmi buhh lkeih -L5! -∂ π> -5! < 31&20( p 6 &79!? ceeatakf
kb ibbidts nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct tali pkaft 3 cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >
risuhtie af cf alprkvie lkeih bat&
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Af dkfdhusakf( wi bkufe ivaeifdi tmct tmi lkeih watm ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft 3 tk prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > nist ribhidts tmi ectc
dklpcrie tk tmi ktmir fistie lkeihs( tcjaf` aftk cddkuft tmi pcrsalkfy prafdaphi& Fk
sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps wiri bkufe nitwiif prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tmi
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft > -af tmi rivirsie dcusctakf lkeih -L4!
cfe af tmi lkeih wmadm afdhueie nktm ibbidts -L5!!& Umas bkrwcre dcusctakf lkeih mce
rihctavihy `kke bat dmcrcdtirastads -π> < >=&43( p < &347 eb < >3: C@BA < &13: DBA < &11
^LTIC < &759!& Ba`uri > prisifts tmi sa`fabadcft stcfecreazie dkibbadaifts kb lkeih >&
&73
@kch " Licfs ilpmcsas
^iwcre kraiftctakf
Ucsj suppkrt
Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt
Wrkeudtavaty
@kch " Licfs ilpmcsas
^iwcre kraiftctakf
Ucsj suppkrt
Tkdak,ilktakfch suppkrt
Wrkeudtavaty
&9>/
&2>/
&41/
&55/
&92/
Uali pkaft 3 Uali pkaft >
,&3=/
&>4/
&34*
Ba`uri >& Umi bafch lkeih watm stcfecreazie dkibbadaifts -Lkeih >!Fktis? Ta`fabadcft dkvcracfdis cri fkt eipadtie * p 8 7&37 / p 8 7&79 F < 303
Cs dcf ni siif brkl Ba`uri >( tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfsilpmcsas - ξ < &34( p 8 &37!( cfe riwcre kraiftctakf - ξ < &>4( p 8 &79! mcvi c pksatavi
ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty& Umas suppkrts mypktmisis 3c cfe 3n? nrcfdmis watm rihctavihy ma`m
sdkris kf `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas cfe riwcre kraiftctakf ct tali pkaft 3 smkwie ma`mir
prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >& Umi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakf skdak,ilktakfch
suppkrt mcs c sa`fabadcft fi`ctavi ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty - ξ < ,&3=( p 8 &79!& Mypktmisas 3e
stctaf` c pksatavi ibbidt wcs rioidtie( cs nrcfdmis watm rihctavihy ma`m sdkris kf skdak,
ilktakfch suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 smkwie hkwir prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >& Ucsj
suppkrt mce fk sa`fabadcft ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty - ξ < &73( p < &=7!& Mypktmisas 3d stctaf`
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c pksatavi ibbidt kb tcsj suppkrt kf prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > wcs tmiribkri rioidtie&
Umi dkftrkh vcracnhi tali aftirvch mce sa`fabadcft ibbidts kf prkeudtavaty( cfe kf tmrii
ealifsakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& C hkf`ir tali aftirvch nitwiif twk licsuris
risuhtie af ma`mir prkeudtavaty - ξ < &34!( afeadctavi kb tmi bcvkrcnhi lcrjit dkfeatakfs& Af
ceeatakf tk tmas c hkf`ir tali aftirvch mce c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
sdkris `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas - ξ < ,&35!( skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt - ξ < ,&34!( cfe tcsj
suppkrt - ξ < ,&35!& Umisi ibbidts cri fkt eipadtie af Ba`uri >&
Af sullcry( wi bkufe ivaeifdi bkr ibbidts brkl kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti tk
prkeudtavaty& Af hafi watm mypktmisis 3c cfe 3n? tmi dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs
ilpmcsas( cfe riwcre kraiftctakf mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty& Mkwivir( skdak,
ilktakfch suppkrt mcs c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty -mypktmisas 3e!( cfe bkr tcsj
suppkrt fk ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty wcs bkufe -mypktmisas 3d!& Pi bkufe fk ivaeifdi bkr
ibbidts kb prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > kf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct tali pkaft 3
-mypktmisis >! kr nktm ibbidts saluhtcfikushy -mypktmisis 4!&
5&9 Easdussakf
Umas stuey calie tk ixphkri tmi tilpkrch kreir af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Ysaf` hkf`atueafch ilphkyii surviy cfe
knoidtavi kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ectc wi bkufe strkf` ivaeifdi bkr bkrwcre
dcusctakf( af wmadm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs ct tali pkaft 3 afbhuifdis
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tali pkaft >& Kur bafeaf`s cri af hafi watm tmi prkpksie
tilpkrch kreir af dhalcti hatircturi -i&`& Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!&
Dklpcrie tk ktmir hkf`atueafch stueais -^ycf it ch&( 3112: Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=:
Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774! wi knsirvie hiss afvirsi rihctakfs& Cf ixphcfctakf la`mt hai af tmi
risicrdm dkftixt& Pi dklpcrie nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi hcr`i dkkpirctavi kr`cfazctakf&
Ispidachhy af tmas kr`cfazctakf( ma`m pirbkrlaf` nusafiss ufats la`mt fkt aftrkeudi ixtrc
M^ prcdtadis kr wkrj systils( safdi tmisi pkhadais cri diftrchhy crrcf`ie cfe tmiribkri
saluhtcfikushy alphiliftie af chh tmi nusafiss ufats& Tk( tmi nusafiss ufats mcvi halatie
kptakfs wmif alphiliftaf` kr`cfazctakfch, cfe wkrj,rihctie dmcf`is& Mkwivir(
sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi wiri bkufe&
Umi hcr`ist pcrt kb tmi ixphcafie vcracfdi af prkbats+BUI ct tali pkaft > as
cttranutcnhi tk tmi prkbats+BUI kf tali pkaft 3& Af hafi watm kur ixpidtctakfs tmi
bafcfdach pksatakf ct U3 as quati prieadtavi bkr tmi bafcfdach pksatakf ct U>& Fivirtmihiss(
bkur kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdkris cfe kur dkftrkh vcracnhi hif`tm kb tali aftirvchdkhhidtavihy cddkuftie bkr 37 pirdift kb ceeatakfch ixphcafie vcracfdi( wmadm as c
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sunstcftach pcrt -dchduhctie ny rieudaf` tmi tktch pirdiftc`i kb ixphcafie vcracfdi watm
tmi pirdiftc`i kb ixphcafie vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk stcnahaty af prkbats+BUI!& Pi smkuhe
richazi tmct wi ixclafi wmitmir kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ct U3 risuhts af c prkeudtavaty
afdricsi& Ucjaf` tmas aftk cddkuft wi dcf dkfsaeir tmi ibbidts bkufe cs na`& Umi ibbidts
cri strkf`ir tmcf wi ixpidtie kf tmi ncsas kb dklpcrcnhi stueais& Umi clkuft kb
ixphcafie vcracfdi as hkwir tmcf ripkrtie af drkss,sidtakfch stueais af bafcfdach sirvadis
kr`cfazctakfs -@ihcei " Aviry( >774: Ncrtih( >775!& Mkwivir( dklpcrie tk ^ycf it ch&‑s
-3112! hkf`atueafch stuey watm c salahcr tali aftirvch kb twk yicrs( af wmadm fk sa`fabadcft
ixphcafie vcracfdi af salahcr pirbkrlcfdi kutdklis wcs bkufe( kur stuey smkws ludm
strkf`ir risuhts&
Umi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas cfe riwcre
kraiftctakf nktm mce pksatavi ibbidts kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Cddkreaf` tk
Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! wi aftirpritie tmas tk licf tmct tmi lkri lcfc`ilift pkafts
kut tmi typi kb kutdklis cfe stcfecres ilphkyiis cri ixpidtie tk cddklphasm cfe tmi
lkri riwcres cri chhkdctie kf tmi ncsas kb okn pirbkrlcfdi( tmi ma`mir tmi prkeudtavaty&
Dkftrcry tk kur ixpidtctakfs( wi bkufe tmct tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakf
skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt mcs c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wcyaf`
cttiftakf tk ilphkyiis‑ pirskfch fiies as pirmcps fi`ctavihy rihctie watm prkeudtavaty(
nidcusi tmas as csskdactie watm afdricsie pikphi,kraiftie afvistlifts& Ttiafir -310>( afKstrkbb " Tdmlatt( 3114! cr`uie tmct c strkf` ilpmcsas kf skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt lcy
ni ct tmi dkst kb prkeudtavaty( nidcusi prkeudtavaty riskurdis cri eavirtie tkwcre pikphi,
kraiftie cdtavatais& Chsk( af tmas stuey wi fktadie tmct nrcfdmis wmadm pcae lkri cttiftakf
tk pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap lcei hiss prkbat& C pikphi,kraiftie hiceirsmap styhi as
pirmcps csskdactie watm hiss bkdus kf pirbkrlcfdi( cfe lkri tkhircfdi kb pkkr
pirbkrlcfdi af dklpcraskf tk c trcfscdtakfch hiceirsmap styhi -Ncss " Cvkhak( 31=1!&
Cfktmir pkssanhi ixphcfctakf as kb c lkri dkfdiptuch fcturi& Ma`m pirdiavie skdak,
ilktakfch suppkrt af cf kr`cfazctakf dcf ni dkfsaeirie tk ni c dmcrcdtirastad kb c mulcf
rihctakfs dhalcti( wmadm as pralcrahy earidtie ct ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -Wcttirskf it ch&(
>779!& @avaf` lkri prakraty tk ilphkyii wihbcri cfe wihh,niaf` tmrku`m skdak,ilktakfch
suppkrt lcy mclpir tmi pursuat kb prkeudtavaty -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!&
Pi bkufe fk sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmap nitwiif tcsj suppkrt ct tali pkaft 3 cfe
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tali pkaft >& Af tmas stuey( tcsj suppkrt as licsurie watm c
qucftaty kb cfe cvcahcnahaty kb tali bkr wkrj sdchi( cs lkst alpkrtcft riskurdi bkr Eutdm
ilphkyiis -Rcf Eif Nkssdmi( Mupjifs( Ei ^ii " Tluheirs( >772!& Cf ixphcfctakf as
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rihctie tk tmi eibafatakf kb tcsj suppkrt& Cddkreaf` tk Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! tcsj
suppkrt as eibafie cs tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi kr`cfazctakf prkvaeis ilphkyiis watm
riskurdis tmct cri fidisscry tk pirbkrl tmiar okns& Wirmcps tmas afeadctis c lafalch hivih
kb tcsj suppkrt -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >777!& Umus( lafalul hivihs kb tcsj suppkrt cri
fidisscry bkr wkrj cddklphasmlift( nut ma`mir hivihs kb tcsj suppkrt mcvi fk ceeatakfch
pirbkrlcfdi ibbidts&
5&9&3 Halatctakfs
Umi barst halatctakf dkfdirfs tmi wcy tmi hkf`atueafch ectc dkuphaf` as ekfi af tmas
stuey& Ectc wiri dkuphie kf c yicrhy ncsas& Umi surviys cri sdcttirie kvir tmi pirake kb c
yicr& Pi dkffidtie tmi quistakffcari tk tmi scli yicr kb bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ridkres(
arrispidtavi kb tmi lkftm tmi quistakffcari risicrdm as ekfi& Burtmirlkri( wi usie
eabbirift yicrs bkr tali pkaft 3 -ectc cs kb >777( >773( >77>! cfe tali pkaft > ->77>(
>774( >775!& Umas dkuphaf` lcy mcvi eastkrtie kur risuhts& Chsk( wi chhkwie eabbirift
tali aftirvchs( sk wi dklpcrie eabbirift tali hc`s& Cs c risuht c fkasi bcdtkr as aftrkeudie
af tmi risicrdm eisa`f& Aeichhy kfi smkuhe ni cnhi tk dkuphi ectc kf c lkftmhy ncsas( watm
iquch tali aftirvchs cfe tali pkafts& Umas riquaris lkri briquift nrcfdm pcrtadapctakf af
tmi quistakffcari systil cfe lkri bhixanahaty af tmi afbkrlctakf systils eihaviraf` tmi
ectc fidisscry bkr tmas typi kb cfchysas&
Cs tmi pirbkrlcfdi ectc wiri kfhy cvcahcnhi ct nrcfdm hivih( wi mce tk c``ri`cti tmi
afeavaeuch surviy sdkris tk licf sdkris ct tmi nrcfdm hivih& Pkrjaf` watm c``ri`ctie ectc
dcf ni prknhilctad( cs c risuht kb tmi eabbirifdis af nrcfdm sazi& Rcracfdi dklprissakf af
tmi nrcfdm sdkris as ixpidtie tk afdricsi watm tmi sazi kb tmi nrcfdmis& Umi stcfecre
irrkrs cfe dkfbaeifdi aftirvchs bkr tmi c``ri`ctie surviy sdkris la`mt ni eastkrtie -Jhiaf
it ch&( >777!&
5&9&> Alphadctakfs
Umas stuey dkftranutis tk tmi ridk`fatakf tmct tmi pirdiptakf kb kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti smkws vcracfdi nitwiif nusafiss ufats watmaf c hcr`i kr`cfazctakf( cfe tmct tmisi
eabbirifdis la`mt mcvi alpkrtcft bafcfdach dkfsiquifdis -Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!&
Chtmku`m tmi vcracfdi af surviy sdchis ct tmi hivih kb nrcfdm as rctmir halatie dklpcrie
tk tmi vcracfdi ct tmi afeavaeuch ilphkyii hivih( wi bkufe tmct tmisi slchh eabbirifdis
nitwiif nusafiss ufats pridieie sa`fabadcft eabbirifdis af nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi& Ct
tmi hivih kb tmi nusafiss ufat( tmi c``ri`ctie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti surviy sdkris dcf ni
dkfsaeirie cs cf afeadctkr watm ludm fcrrkwir lcr`afs tmcf afeadctkrs cpphyaf` tk tmi
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Bafchhy( lkri risicrdm as fiieie watm ri`cre tk tali cspidts af tmi rihctakfsmap
nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Pi cpphaie c hkf`atueafch eisa`f watm
ripictie licsuris kb nktm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi cfe wi usie
strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`& Mkwivir( cpcrt brkl dkfsaeiraf` bkrwcre cfe afvirsi
dcusctakf ixphcfctakfs( wi eae fkt ceeriss tmi assui kb wmadm tali hc` as fidisscry bkr tmi
prkpksie hafj nitwiif tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi af ludm eitcah& Umi
ibbidt kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi la`mt eipife kf tmi
hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch& Umi trui ibbidt kb sunstcftach kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti dmcf`is
lcy kfhy ni vasanhi kvir c hkf`ir pirake tmcf tmi cvirc`i twk yicrs af tmas stuey( safdi
tmi stcnahaty kb tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cfe tmi nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi
eidhafis kvir tali&
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5&2 ^ibirifdis
Csmjcfcsy( F&L&( Paheirkl( D& " Witirskf( L&B& ->777!& Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti & Hkfekf? Tc`i&
Ncrtih( C&W& ->775!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi?
Ivaeifdi brkl ritcah ncfjaf`& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr ^ihctakfs ^ivaiw ( 90( >( 3=3,>74&Ncss( N&L& " Cvkhak( N&O& -31=1!& Lcfuch bkr tmi Luhtabcdtkr Hiceirsmap Suistakffcari & Wchk
Chtk( DC? Dkfsuhtaf` Wsydmkhk`asts Wriss&Nkrudja( D&D& " Nurji( L&O& -3111!& Cf ixclafctakf kb sirvadi,rihctie cftidieifts tk
ritcah stkri pirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >7( 154,12>&Nkswihh( P& ->772!& Cha`faf` ilphkyiis watm tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s strcti`ad knoidtavis? kut
kb ”hafi kb sa`mt‑( kut kb lafe& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift (30( 1( 35=1,3933&
Nyrfi( N&L& ->773!& Ttrudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` watm CLKT? ncsad dkfdipts( cpphadctakfs( cfe prk`rcllaf` & Lcmwcm( FO? Hcwrifdi Irhncul&
Dmcf( E& -311=!& Bufdtakfch rihctakfs clkf` dkfstrudts af tmi scli dkftift eklcaf ct
eabbirift hivihs kb cfchysas? C typkhk`y kb dklpksatakf lkeihs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( >( >45,>52&
Dkkj( E& " Dclpnihh( E& -3101!& Sucsa,ixpiraliftctakf? eisa`f " cfchysas assuis bkr baihe sittaf`& Nkstkf? Mku`mtkf Labbhaf Dk&
Dkkji( ^&C& " Tzulch( O&H& ->777!& Ysaf` tmi kr`cfazctakfch duhturi afviftkry tkufeirstcfe tmi kpirctaf` duhturis kb kr`cfazctakfs& Af? Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& 350,32>!& F&L& Csmjifcsy( D&W&L& Paheirkl( " L&B&Witirskf -Ies&!& Hkfekf? Tc`i&
Ei Drkkf( I&L&( Thuatir( O&J&( Nhkfj( ^&P&N&( Nrkirsif( O&W&O& " Braf`s,Erisif( L&M&P&->775!& Ttrissbuh wkrj( psydmkhk`adch strcaf( cfe turfkvir? C >,yicr prkspidtavidkmkrt stuey kb trudj eravirs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =1( 55>,595&
@ihcei( @&C& " Aviry( L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe wkrj kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( 4=4,419&
Eif Mcrtk`( E&F& -3110!& Afsparctakfch Hiceirsmap& Wm&E& eassirtctakf( Clstirecl? BriiYfavirsaty&
@kecre( O& ->773!& Niykfe tmi ma`m pirbkrlcfdi pcrcea`l; Cf cfchysas kb vcractakf afDcfceacf lcfc`irach pirdiptakfs kb ribkrl prk`rclli ibbidtavifiss& Nratasm
Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 41( 3( >9,9>&@rabbitm( ^&( Mkl( W& " @cirtfir( T& ->777!& C litc,cfchysas kb cftidieifts cfe
dkrrihctis kb ilphkyii turfkvir? Ypecti( lkeirctkr tists( cfe risicrdmalphadctakfs bkr tmi fixt lahhiffaul& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >2( 524,5==&
@uist( E& -3110!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe pirbkrlcfdi? C rivaiw cfe risicrdm
c`ifec& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi lcfc`ilift ( =( >24,>02&Mcdjlcf( O&^& " Khemcl( @&^& -3109!& Eivihkplift kb tmi okn eac`fkstad surviy&
Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 27( 391,307&Acbbchecfk( L&U& " Ludmafsjy( W&L& -31=9!& Okn sctasbcdtakf cfe okn pirbkrlcfdi? C
litc,cfchysas& Wsydmkhk`adch Nuhhitaf ( 10( >( >93,>04& Oclis H&^& " Okfis C&W& -3102!& Kr`cfazctakfch strudturi? C rivaiw kb strudturch
ealifsakfs cfe tmiar dkfdiptuch rihctakfsmaps watm afeavaeuch cttatueis cfenimcvakr& Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr cfe Mulcf Wirbkrlcfdi ( 32( 05,334&
Oue`i( U&C&( Umkrisif( D&O&( Nkfk( O&I& " Wcttkf( @&J& ->773!& Umi okn sctasbcdtakf — oknpirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? C quchatctavi cfe qucftatctavi rivaiw& Wsydmkhk`adch Nuhhitaf ( 3>0( 402,570&
Jcphcf( ^&T& " Fkrtkf( E&W& -3112!& Umi nchcfdie sdkridcre? trcfshctaf` strcti`y aftk cdtakf &Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh Wriss&
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Dmcptir 5? Uali Wridieifdi
332
Jcrcsij( ^&C& -31=9!& Okn dkftift quistakffcari & Hks Cf`ihis? Eipcrtlift kb Afeustrach cfeTystils If`afiiraf`( Yfavirsaty kb Tkutmirf Dchabkrfac&
Jhiaf( J&O&( Nhaisi( W&E&( Jkzhkwsja( T&P&O&( Ecfsiricu( B&( @cvaf( L&N& " @rabbaf( L&C&(it ch& ->777!& Luhtahivih cfchytadch tidmfaquis dkllkfchatais( eabbirifdis( cfedkftafuaf` quistakfs& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp&
93>,993!& J&O Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Jkpihlcf( ^&I&( Nraib( C&W& " @uzzk( ^&C& -3117!& Umi rkhi kb dhalcti cfe duhturi af
prkeudtavaty& Af? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -p& >=>,43=!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie!&Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&
Jkys( E&O& ->773!& Umi ibbidts kb ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmapnimcvakr( cfe turfkvir kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C ufat,hivih( hkf`atueafchstuey& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 95( 3( 373,335&
Ludmafsjy( W&L& -3100!& Kr`cfazctakfch dkllufadctakf? ^ihctakfsmap tk kr`cfazctakfchdhalcti cfe okn sctasbcdtakf& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( >7( 91>,270&
Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih? M^ prcdtadis cfekr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs
-pp& >33,>90!& J&O Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Kstrkbb( D&( Jafadja( C&O& " Ucljafs( L&L& ->774!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti&
Af? Mcfenkkj kb Wsydmkhk`y -vkh& 3>( pp& 929,914!& P&D& Nkrlcf( E&^& Ah`if( " ^&O&Jhalksja -Ies!& Mknkjif( FO? Pahiy&
Kstrkbb( D& " Tdmlatt( F& -3114!& Dkfba`urctakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss cfeibbadaifdy& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 42( 2( 3459,3423&
Kr`cf( E&P& -31==!& Kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakr? Umi `kke skheair syferkli & Hixaf`tkf(LC? Hixaf`tkf Nkkjs&
Wccuwi( O& ->775!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivaf` Hkf`,Uirl Racnahaty & Kxbkre? KxbkreYfavirsaty Wriss&
Wccuwi( O& ->770!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Af sicrdm kb nchcfdi & Afcu`urch Ceeriss( Uahnur`
Yfavirsaty&Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Pmct fixt;& Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&Wcrjir( D&W&( Nchtis( N&N&( Qkuf`( T&C&( Mubb( O&P&( Chtlcff( ^&C&( Hcdkst( M&C&( it ch&
->774!& ^ihctakfsmaps nitwiif psydmkhk`adch dhalcti pirdiptakfs cfe wkrj kutdklis? C litc,cfchytad rivaiw& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >5( 5( 4=1,532&
Wcttirskf( L&@&( Pist( L&C&( Tmcdjhitkf( R&O&( Ecwskf( O&B&( Hcwtmkl( ^&( Lcathas( T&(^knafskf( E&H& " Pchhcdi( C&L& ->779!& Rchaectaf` tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalctilicsuri? Hafjs tk lcfc`irach prcdtadis( prkeudtavaty cfe affkvctakf& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >2( 401,57=&
Wcttirskf( L&( Pcrr( W& " Pist( L& ->775!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe dklpcfy
prkeudtavaty? Umi rkhi kb ilphkyii cbbidt cfe ilphkyii hivih& Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 00( 314,>32&
Wcyfi( C&( Mkht( T& " Brkw( W& ->773!& ^ihctakfsmap vchui lcfc`ilift? ixphkraf` tmiafti`rctakf kb ilphkyii( dustklir cfe smcrimkheir vchui cfe iftirprasipirbkrlcfdi lkeihs& Okurfch kb Lcrjitaf` Lcfc`ilift ( 30( 0=9,=30&
Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? tkwcre cdklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfc`ilift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&
^cnkncfj& ->777!& ^cnkncfj Tkdacch Occrvirshc` >777& Ytridmt? cnkncfj Fieirhcfe&^mkceis( H& " Iasifnir`ir( ^& ->77>!& Wirdiavie kr`cfazctakfch suppkrt? C rivaiw kb tmi
hatircturi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( 5( 21=,035&
^ycf( C&L&( Tdmlat( L&O& " Okmfskf( ^& -3112!& Cttatueis cfe ibbidtavifiss? Ixclafaf` rihctakfs ct cf kr`cfazctakfch hivih& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 51( =94,==>&
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Dmcptir 5? Uali Wridieifdi
330
Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( 550,501&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi & Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Nkwif( E&I&( Imrmcrt( L&@& " Mkhdklni( J&L& ->777!& Umi dhalcti bkr
sirvadi? Ivkhutakf kb c dkfstrudt& Af? Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& >3,42!& F&L& Csmjifcsy( D&W&L& Paheirkl( " L&B& Witirskf -Ies!& Hkfekf?
Tc`i&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Nraib C&W& " @uzzk( ^&C& -3112!& Drictaf` c dhalcti cfe duhturi bkr
sustcafcnhi kr`cfazctakfch dmcf`i& Kr`cfazctakfch Eyfclads ( >2( 5( 0,31&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcf`is( W&O&( Tlatm( E&N& " Tchvc``ak( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?
ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi;& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( =42,=93&
Tdmfiaeir N&( Pmati T&T& " Wcuh( L&D& -311=!& Hafjaf` sirvadi dhalcti cfe dustklirspirdiptakfs kb sirvadi quchaty? Uist kb c dcusch lkeih& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (=4( >( 397,324&
Taimh( D&( " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi; Af?Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie!& Tcf Brcfdasdk(
DC? Okssiy Ncss&Tlatm( W&( Jifechh( H& " Muhaf( D& -3121!& Umi licsurilift kb sctasbcdtakf af wkrj cfe
ritarilift? C strcti`y bkr tmi stuey kb cttatueis & Dmadc`k? ^cfe LdFchhy&Tpcrrkw( W&^& ->773!& Eivihkpaf` eac`fkstads bkr ma`m pirbkrlcfdi kr`cfazctakf
duhturis& Af? Umi aftirfctakfch mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& =9,372!&D&H& Dkkpir( T& Dcrtwra`mt( " W&D& Icrhiy -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
Uishuj( W&( Mkblcff( E& " Sua`hiy( F& ->77>!& Afti`rctaf` tmi hafjc`is nitwiifkr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe afeavaeuch kutdklis ct wkrj& Af? Wsydmkhk`adch lcfc`ilift kb afeavaeuch pirbkrlcfdi -pp& 553,521!& T& Tkffiftc` -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
Rcf Eif Nkssdmi( T&( Mupjifs( D&( Ei ^ii( O& " Tluheirs( W& ->772!& Fctakfchi Ifquïti Crniaesklstcfea`mieif >772 & Chliri? WhcftaofDcspcrai&
Rcf Luaoif( O( Jkkplcf( W( Ei Patti( J " Ncst( N& -3112!& Bkdus kp kr`cfasctaiduhtuur? mit dkfdurrifei wccreiflkeih if mit litif if vircfeirif vcf kr`cfasctaiduhtuur & Tdmkkfmkvif?
Cdceilad Tirvadi& Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->779!& Bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmi hkf`,tirl hafj watm M^
prcdtadis( wkrj dhalcti cfe okn striss& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 5(47,94&
Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Liaolcf( U&B& -3115!& Mit litif vcf psydmkskdachi crniaesnihcstaf` lit iif vrc`ifhaost? ei vrc`ifhaost nihivaf` if nikkreihaf` vcf ei crniae -RNNC!& Clstirecl?Fieirhcfes Afstatuut vkkr Crniaesklstcfea`mieif&
Rcf Qpirif( F&P& " Ocfsif( K& ->77>!& Bcta`uie cfe eassctasbaie kr bcta`uie nutsctasbaie; @kch kraiftctakfs cfe rispkfsis tk ma`m okn eilcfes& Cdceily kb
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 59( 3323,3303& Raswisvcrcf( D& " Kfis( E&T& ->777!& Wirspidtavis kf lkeihs kb okn pirbkrlcfdi&
Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Tihidtakf cfe Cssisslift ( =( 5( >32,>>2& Pahiy( O&P& " Nrkkjs( T&L& ->777!& Umi ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti? Mkw
wkrjirs eisdrani tkp,pirbkrlaf` ufats& Af? Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti -pp& 300,313!& F&L& Csmjifcsy( D&W&L& Paheirkl( " L&B& Witirskf-Ies&!& Hkfekf? Tc`i&
Pra`mt( W&L& " @crefir( U&L& ->774!& Umi mulcf riskurdi,barl pirbkrlcfdirihctakfsmap? Litmkekhk`adch cfe tmikritadch dmchhif`is& Af? Umi fiw wkrjphcdi? C
`uaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433,4>=!& W& Tpcrrkw( " C&Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
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Dmcptir 5? Uali Wridieifdi
33=
Pra`mt( W&( @crefir( U&( Lkyfamcf( H& " Chhif( L& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif mrprcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( >(571,552&
_cpb&( E( Ekrlcff( D& " Brisi L& -3112!& Hkf`atueafch stueais af kr`cfazctakfch strissrisicrdm? C rivaiw kb tmi hatircturi watm ribirifdi tk litmkekhk`adch assuis&
Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch Michtm Wsydmkhk`y ( 3( >( 359,321&
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9
Wrieadtaf` Nusafiss Yfat Wirbkrlcfdi
Ysaf` Ilphkyii Turviys?
Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
Umas dmcptir as ncsie kf? Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Wccuwi( O& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& -afpriss!& Wrieadtaf` Nusafiss Yfat Wirbkrlcfdi Ysaf` Ilphkyii Turviys? Lkfatkraf` M^L,rihctie dmcf`is& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch&
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
3>7
Cnstrcdt
Kr`cfazctakfs cri afdricsaf`hy usaf` strcti`y tkkhs sudm cs wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres tk jiip
trcdj kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift -M^L! rihctie dmcf`i prkdissis wmadm mcvi
niif alphiliftie cfe tmi ibbidts kb tmisi kf nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi& Mkwivir( af
tmas cric tmi dmchhif`i kb bafeaf` cpprkpracti afeadctkrs( istcnhasmaf` tilpkrch
rihctakfsmaps( cfe prkvaeaf` usibuh lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf stahh rilcafs& Ysaf`
hkf`atueafch crdmavch ectc brkl 303 nrcfdmis kb c hcr`i bafcfdach sirvadi kr`cfazctakf( tmas
stuey ixclafis tk wmct ixtift ilphkyii surviys dcf sirvi cs c prieadtkr kb nittir
bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nrcfdm hivih& ^isuhts brkl c sirais kb lkeihs af CLKT
smkwie tmct c sa`fabadcft pcrt kb nrcfdm prkbats dkuhe ni prieadtie usaf` ilphkyii
surviys( cbtir dkrridtaf` bkr prakr prkbats& Ncsie kf ixtrcpkhctakf tk chh nrcfdmis kb tmaskr`cfazctakf( tmi dmcf`is af ilphkyii surviy sdkris prieadt ma`mir yicrhy prkbats kb 30=
lahhakf Iurks -30&1 pirdift kb tmi tktch yicrhy prkbats! cdrkss tmi iftari dklpcfy&
Alphadctakfs bkr risicrdm cfe prcdtadi cri easdussie&
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
3>>
Umas stuey cals tk ixphcaf pirbkrlcfdi eabbirifdis nitwiif nrcfdmis watmaf c hcr`i
dklpcfy kf tmi ncsas kb ilphkyii surviy ectc ri`creaf` M^L,rihctie dmcf`i prkdissis&
Kur stcrtaf` pkaft wcs c ectcsit watm twk wcvis kb ilphkyii surviy cfe bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi ectc brkl 303 nrcfdmis kb c hcr`i Eutdm bafcfdach sirvadi kr`cfazctakf(
wmadm mce alphiliftie rifiwie M^L pkhadais calie ct alprkvaf` nrcfdm pirbkrlcfdi&
Umi dklpcfy ufeir stuey aftrkeudie c nchcfdie sdkridcre typi kb licsurilift systil
af >777 tk prkvaei nrcfdmis watm cpprkpracti lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf euraf` tmi
dmcf`i prkdiss& Bafcfdach ectc wiri eiravie brkl knoidtavi ri`astrctakfs kb bafcfdach
trcfscdtakfs cfe ilphkyii ectc wiri eiravie brkl ilphkyii surviy risicrdm&
Umi lcaf dkftranutakf kb tmas stuey as tk eilkfstrcti mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf
lkfatkr M^L,rihctie dmcf`i prkdissis usaf` ilphkyii surviys& Kur dkftranutakf
dkfsasts kb tcdjhaf` tmrii dmchhif`is bcdaf` dkrpkrcti M^ lcfc`irs cfe M^ risicrdmirs
wmif sittaf` up cfe lcjaf` usi kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres -Basdmir " Lattkrp( >77>!&
Barsthy( tmi mulcf riskurdis dklpkfift lcy ni tmi lkst eabbaduht cric bkr wmadm tk bafe
`kke nusafiss ufat,hivih afeadctkrs -Lcyk( >773: Yhradm( 3110!& Umi fixt dmchhif`i
risicrdmirs bcdi as tk lcji tilpkrch afbirifdis nitwiif M^L afeadctkrs cfe nusafiss
kutdklis -Pra`mt( @crefir( Lkyfamcf " Chhif( >779!& Bafchhy( tmi istcnhasmie
rihctakfsmaps mcvi tk ni trcfshctie aftk rihivcft lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf -Nidjir "
@irmcrt( 3112!& Icdm kb tmisi tmrii dmchhif`is wahh ni easdussie nihkw af lkri eitcah&Bkhhkwaf` c nraib aftrkeudtakf prisiftaf` tmisi dmchhif`is( wi tmif bkdus kf mkw wi
ceerissie tmisi dmchhif`is af tmi prisift stuey&
9&>&3 Ilphkyii Turviy Ectc cs M^L —^ihctie Dmcf`i Wrkdiss Afeadctkrs
Lcfc`ilift fiies tk sihidt cfe eivihkp c rcf`i kb afeadctkrs tmct dcf ni usie tk
lkfatkr cfe licsuri tmi ibbidts kb M^L -Wccuwi( >775!& Uwk kb tmi lcaf easdussakf
pkafts rihctaf` tk M^L licsurilift dkfdirf tmi dkftift cfe tali mkrazkf kb licsuris
-Wccuwi( >775: Wbibbir( 3110!& Cs bcr cs dkftift as dkfdirfie( lkst M^L afeadctkrs bkdus kf dksts( sudm cs schcry
dksts& Mkwivir( tmisi afeadctkrs ek fkt afbkrl us cnkut wmct as niaf` ekfi( fkr ek tmiy
afbkrl us cnkut mkw vchui as ceeie -Wccuwi( >775: Wbibbir( 3110!& Umas typi kb afeadctkr
kfhy licsuris tmi ixpifeaturi kb riskurdis cfe ekis fkt licsuri alphiliftie M^L
pkhadais fkr tmiar alpcdt& Umi prisift stuey dklpcris nrcfdmis watmaf c hcr`i
kr`cfazctakf& Af kreir tk bkdus kf pirbkrlcfdi ifmcfdaf` bcdtkrs ct tmas hivih rctmir tmcf
kf afeadctkrs rihctaf` tk dksts( wi ribir tk tmi prkdiss lkeihs eivihkpie ny Fasmaa cfe
Pra`mt ->77=! cfe Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=!& Umisi lkeihs eisdrani tmi M^L,
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
3>4
pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i cs bkhhkws? aftifeie M^L prcdtadis -pkhadais eivihkpie ny eidasakf
lcjirs! afbhuifdi cdtuch M^L prcdtadis -alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis!( ilphkyiis
pirdiavi tmisi prcdtadis -pirdiptakfs kb M^L prcdtadis! cfe ricdt tk tmil -ilphkyii
kutdklis!( cfe tmisi ilphkyii kutdklis risuht af kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
Alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis cfe ilphkyii pirdiptakfs phcy c diftrch rkhi af tmisi
prkdiss lkeihs? tmiy cri prkpksie cs c hafjaf` lidmcfasl watmaf tmi dklpcfy nitwiif
aftifeie M^L ct dklpcfy,hivih cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
At as pkssanhi tk aeiftaby M^L afeadctkrs ny csjaf` M^ prkbissakfchs kr hafi
lcfc`irs cnkut tmi M^L prcdtadis af tmiar nrcfdm& Mkwivir( quistakfs mcvi niif rcasie
cs tk wmitmir M^ prkbissakfchs kr hafi lcfc`irs dcf prkvaei cf cddurcti eisdraptakf kb
tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis af c nrcfdm -@irmcrt( Pra`mt " LdLcmcf( >777!& Chtmku`m
M^ prkbissakfchs dcf ripkrt kf tmi prkpkrtakf kb ilphkyiis tmct cri dkvirie ny c
dirtcaf M^ prcdtadi( bkr ixclphi trcafaf`( tmas ekis fkt prkvaei us watm cddurcti
afbkrlctakf cnkut tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis ixpiraifdi kppkrtufaty bkr
eivihkplift -@irmcrt( >779!& Af kreir tk ixirt ibbidts( M^L prcdtadis fiie tk ni
pirdiavie cfe aftirpritie sunoidtavihy ny ilphkyiis -Fasmaa( Hipcj " Tdmfiaeir( >77=!&
Patm ri`cre tk tmi talisdchi kb tmi licsurilifts( fiw M^L cdtavatais cri usuchhy
cssissie kvir c viry nraib pirake kb tali( wmirics at lcy ni yicrs nibkri tmiar ibbidts
nidkli lcfabist -Wccuwi( >775!& Pra`mt cfe Mc``irty ->779! cr`uie tmct at tcjis chlksttwk yicrs tk eisa`f cfe eihavir fiw M^L prcdtadis( cfe cfktmir kfi kr twk yicrs nibkri
tmisi prcdtadis mcvi cf ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af tmas dkftixt( c pksatavi
bicturi kb licsuraf` ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs vac surviys af dklpcraskf watm licsuraf`
eisa`fie kr alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis usaf` lcfc`ilift aftirvaiws( as tmct tmisi
pirdiptakfs cri lkri dhksihy hafjie tk pirbkrlcfdi& Fcrrkwaf` tmi hif`tm kb tmi hafjc`i
nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( ny afdhueaf` lkri prkxalch afeadctkrs kb
M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi -af tmas stuey? ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe nusafiss ufat
kutdklis!( wahh prkncnhy risuht af strkf`ir rihctakfsmaps nidcusi biwir ktmir bcdtkrs
aftirvifi -@uist( 3110!& Lkrikvir( `avif tmct at la`mt tcji c dkfsaeircnhi tali nibkri
aftifeie M^L pkhadais mcvi cf ibbidt kf pirbkrlcfdi( lkri prkxalch afeadctkrs rieudi
tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch tmct as fiieie tk eitidt c rihctakfsmap af risicrdm& Mifdi(
af tmas stuey wi usi ilphkyii surviy ectc tk lkfatkr prkdissis eravif ny M^L,rihctie
aftirviftakfs&
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
3>5
9&>&> Uilpkrch Afbirifdis
Umi fixt dmchhif`i risicrdmirs bcdi as tk lcji tilpkrch afbirifdis nitwiif
aftirviftakfs cfe kutdklis& Af ktmir wkres( ek fiw M^L pkhadais cdtuchhy risuht af
ma`mir kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi; Ncsie kf Dkkj cfe Dclpnihh -3101!( Pra`mt it ch&
->779! prisiftie tmrii dratirac bkr istcnhasmaf` dcusch rihctakfsmaps? dkvcractakf nitwiif
dcusi cfe ibbidt( tali pridieifdi( cfe tmi pkssanahaty kb dkftrkhhaf` bkr kr ruhaf` kut
chtirfctavi ixphcfctakfs bkr c rihctakfsmap& Umi lkst ra`krkus dcusch tist tcjis tmi bkrl
kb cf ixpiralift wmadm wkuhe riquari twk dklpcrcnhi kr`cfazctakfs watm rispidt tk tmi
alphiliftie M^L pkhadais cfe pirbkrlcfdi( kfi wahhaf` tk alphilift c tktchhy fiw
M^L systil cfe tmi ktmir kfi wahhaf` tk lcji fk dmcf`is ct chh? c lassakf alpkssanhi
bkr cfy risicrdmir&
Patm ri`cre tk tali pridieifdi( tmi lkst dkllkf risicrdm eisa`f af tmi hatircturi
as c drkss sidtakfch eisa`f -i&`& Pra`mt it ch&( >779: @uist( >773!& Umiri cri c halatie
fulnir kb hkf`atueafch stueais af tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi baihe dkftrkhhaf` bkr prakr kr
dkfdurrift pirbkrlcfdi -i&`& @uist( >773: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!& Mkwivir( lcjaf`
tilpkrch afbirifdis riquaris nktm licsurilift kb M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi kvir tali
-@uist( Ladmai( Dkfwcy " Tmiimcf( >774!& Af kreir tk dkftrkh bkr ”stcnahaty‑ af M^L cfe
pirbkrlcfdi( wi fiie ct hicst twk wcvis kb ectc& At as alpkrtcft tk dkftrkh bkr stcnahaty af
M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi( safdi at dcf ni ixpidtie tmct nusafiss ufats watm ma`m sdkris kfM^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi af rihctakf tk ktmir nusafiss ufats ct c dirtcaf tali pkaft wahh
ritcaf salahcr rihctavi pksatakfs ct c bkhhkw,up tali pkaft& Patmkut dkftrkhhaf` bkr tmisi
prakr sdkris wi dcffkt dkfdhuei tmct sunstcftachhy dmcf`ie M^L pkhadais cdtuchhy mcvi
risuhtie af afdricsie pirbkrlcfdi&
Umrii ixdiptakfs usaf` twk wcvis kb ilphkyii surviy ectc cs wihh cs pirbkrlcfdi
ectc dcf ni bkufe af tmi hatircturi& Barsthy( Jkys ->773! afvista`ctie tmi hafj nitwiif
ilphkyii cttatueis( nimcvakrs cfe nusafiss kutdklis bkr >= nrcfdmis kb c ri`akfch
ristcurcft dmcaf& Mi prisiftie ivaeifdi tmct yicr 3 ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs
afbhuifdie kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis af tmi bkhhkwaf` yicr lkri strkf`hy tmcf
kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis af yicr 3 afbhuifdie ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs af tmi
bkhhkwaf` yicr& Dkftrkhhaf` bkr yicr 3‑s prkbatcnahaty( tmi M^ kutdklis kb sctasbcdtakf(
kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakr cfe turfkvir licsurie ct yicr 3 ixphcafie cf
ceeatakfch 30 pirdift kb vcracfdi af yicr > prkbatcnahaty& Tdmfiaeir( Mcf`is( Tlatm cfe
Tchvc``ak ->774! afvista`ctie ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis af dklnafctakf watm
bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi ectc -riturf kf cssits -^KC! cfe icrfaf`s pir smcri -IWT!! brkl
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
3>9
49 dklpcfais kpirctaf` af eabbirift sidtkrs kvir = yicrs& Umiy bkufe sa`fabadcft cfe
stcnhi rihctakfsmaps bkr 4 kut kb 0 sdchis cdrkss vcrakus tali hc`s& Mkwivir( kvirchh okn
sctasbcdtakf cfe sctasbcdtakf watm siduraty wiri lkri strkf`hy prieadtie ny pcst
pirbkrlcfdi tmcf af tmi rivirsi cfchysas& Tctasbcdtakf watm pcy ixmanatie c ridaprkdch
rihctakfsmap watm pirbkrlcfdi licsuris& Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! cfe Jkys ->773! usie
luhtaphi ectc wcvis: mkwivir( sclphi sazi wcs hkw af nktm stueais& Lkrikvir( Jkys
->773! kfhy usie prakr pirbkrlcfdi cs c dkftrkh vcracnhi cfe Tdmfiaeir it ch& ->774! kfhy
ripkrtie navcracti dkrrihctakfs& Fiatmir kb tmi cutmkrs cpphaie strudturch iquctakf
lkeihaf`& Kfhy ^ycf( Tdmlat cfe Okmfskf -3112! cpphaie c drkss,hc``ie cfchysas tmct
chhkws bkr saluhtcfikus istalctakf kb tilpkrch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif vcracnhis af tmas
baihe kb stuey& Umiy ripkrtie c stuey tmct usie ectc brkl 35> nrcfdmis af c dcr bafcfdi
dklpcfy kvir twk dkfsidutavi yicrs& Umiy bkufe sivirch sa`fabadcft rihctakfsmaps
nitwiif ilphkyii cttatuei bcdtkrs cfe pirbkrlcfdi af suddissavi yicrs chtmku`m tmiy
chsk ufixpidtiehy bkufe tmct dustklir sctasbcdtakf af yicr 3 prieadtie ilphkyii
sctasbcdtakf af yicr >( nut fkt vadi virsc&
Cs dcf ni siif brkl tmas smkrt sullcry kb hkf`atueafch stueais usaf` twk ectc
wcvis( laxie ivaeifdi mcs niif bkufe kf tilpkrch rihctakfsmaps& Umi hcdj kb
hkf`atueafch stueais as tmus prknhilctad af M^L,pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Burtmirlkri(
sivirch ixphcfctakfs bkr rivirsie kr ridaprkdch dcusctakf mcvi niif prkpksie& Barst(kr`cfazctakfs watm ma`m prkbats la`mt rivich c `rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af M^L(
risuhtaf` af lkri pksatavi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs tmcf tmksi tmct ek fkt mcvi ma`m prkbats
-Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117!& Af ceeatakf( ma`m pirbkrlcfdi lcy chsk
sa`fch kr`cfazctakfch michtm cfe tmus ilphkylift siduraty -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779!(
c`caf mcvaf` cf upwcre afbhuifdi kf ilphkyii pirdiptakfs& Umas stuey tmiribkri usis c
hkf`atueafch eisa`f? hafjc`is nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct twk tali
pkafts cri afvista`ctie&
9&>&4 Ysibuh Lcfc`ilift Afbkrlctakf
Umi bafch dmchhif`i risicrdmirs bcdi as prkvaeaf` usibuh lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf& Ny
rihyaf` kf sa`fabadcfdi tists cfe ixphcafie vcracfdis bkr tmi istcnhasmie rihctakfsmaps
nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe pirbkrlcfdi( tmi risuhts kb stueais cri eabbaduht tk
aftirprit ny prcdtatakfirs& Umisi jafe kb stctastadch pcrclitirs cri dkllkf af skdach
sdaifdis -i&`& @irmcrt( >770: Jkys( >773: ^ycf it ch&( 3112!( nut cri hiss wihh,jfkwf
clkf` lcfc`irs& C dkfsiquifdi la`mt ni tmct kr`cfazctakfch eidasakfs cri fkt ncsie kf
tmi nist cvcahcnhi cdceilad ivaeifdi& Umas as ufbkrtufcti( nidcusi ivif slchh sa`fabadcft
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
3>2
ibbidt sazis la`mt trcfshcti aftk sunstcftach clkufts kb lkfiy -^ycf it ch&( 3112!&
Dklpcraf` tmi tkp cfe nkttkl qucrtahis af tirls kb ilphkyii cttatueis( ^ycf it ch&
-3112! dkfdhueie tmct nrcfdmis watmaf tmi tkp virsus tmi nkttkl qucrtahi mcvi c 39
pirdift eabbirifdi af lcrjit smcri& Mkwivir( at smkuhe ni fktie tmct tilpkrch kreir af
tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif cttatueis cfe pirbkrlcfdi wcs fkt eilkfstrctie af tmct stuey&
Umiri as c fiie tk trcfshcti risicrdm ivaeifdi aftk afbkrlctakf tmct dcf ni usie ny
lcfc`irs cfe pkhady lcjirs watmaf kr`cfazctakfs tk skhvi kr`cfazctakfch prknhils& Umas
prkdiss as jfkwf cs ”ivaeifdi,ncsie lcfc`ilift‑ -^kussicu( >772!& Cs c stcrtaf` pkaft
bkr tmas prkdiss( c licfaf`buh afeix as fiieie tk eisdrani pkhady,rihivcft ibbidt sazis
-Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112!& Bkr ixclphi( tmi prcdtadch afbhuifdi kb tmi risuhts kb stueais
dcrraie kut ny Musihae( Ocdjskf cfe Tdmuhir -3110!( cfe Musihae -3119! wcs cssissie ny
dchduhctaf` tmi ibbidt kb c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af cf M^L ibbidtavifiss sdchi
kf tmiar pirbkrlcfdi kutdklis& Nut ripkrtaf` pkhady,rihivcft ibbidt sazis as fkt ifku`m:
af ceeatakf( risicrdmirs fiie tk ribhidt kf tmi bicsanahaty bkr cf kr`cfazctakf kr nrcfdm kb
afdricsaf` tmiar sdkris kf M^L watm kfi stcfecre eivactakf -@irmcrt( >770!& Umas dkuhe
ni ekfi( bkr ixclphi( ny ripkrtaf` mkw briquifthy sudm kr`cfazctakfs kr nrcfdmis cri
bkufe af tmi risicrdm pkpuhctakf& Af tmas stuey wi wahh dmidj tmi bicsanahaty kb kntcafaf`
sudm afdricsis af M^L licsuris ny eitirlafaf` tmi pirdiftc`i kb nrcfdmis tmct mcvi
chricey cttcafie c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af ilphkyii surviy sdkris euraf` tmirisicrdm pirake&
9&>&5 Cpprkcdm tk Ceeriss tmisi Dmchhif`is af tmas Ttuey
Umas stuey afvista`ctis hkf`atueafch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii surviys cfe
nrcfdm pirbkrlcfdi& Ysaf` ilphkyii surviy ectc cs c pkssanhi afeadctkr wi bkdus kf
pirdiptakfs kb M^L,rihctie dmcf`i prkdissis cs rctie ny luhtaphi ilphkyiis watmaf c
nrcfdm& Uwk wcvis kb ectc cri usie tk tist tmi cssulie tilpkrch rihctakfsmap( tmus
tcjaf` aftk cddkuft c pkssanhi rivirsie siquifdi& Bafchhy( tmas stuey usis cf ixtrcpkhctakflitmke tk trcfshcti kur bafeaf`s -istalctis! aftk rihivcft lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf -af
tmas dcsi? afdricsi af prkbats -Iurks!!&
9&4 Umi Dklpcfy ufeir Ttuey
Umi dklpcfy ufeir stuey as c hcr`i bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf( sirvaf` lkri
tmcf 1 lahhakf pravcti afeavaeuchs cfe dkrpkrcti dhaifts af tmi Fitmirhcfes& Umi bafcfdach
sirvadis kr`cfazctakf mcs tmi ma`mist drieat rctaf` -Uraphi C! cfe as clkf` tmi wkrhe‑s
babtiif hcr`ist bafcfdach afstatutakfs -af tirls kb Uair dcpatch 3!& Eispati tmi stc`fctaf`
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
3>0
idkfkly af >77>( fit yicrhy prkbats afdricsie euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake brkl >777 tk
>779& Euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake tmi dklpcfy dkfsastie kb cpprkxalctihy 477 hkdch
-eklistad! afeipifeift nrcfdmis phus tmiar diftrch kr`cfazctakf( cs wihh cs ats
aftirfctakfch sunsaeacrais& At ilphkyie cpprkxalctihy 99(777 stcbb cfe wcs riprisiftie af
40 dkuftrais& Umi bkdus kb tmas risicrdm as kf tmi Eutdm eklistad nrcfdmis& Umi
dklpcfy mcs c dkkpirctavi strudturi( wmadm licfs tmct tmi nrcfdmis cri lilnirs cfe
smcrimkheirs kb tmi suprc,hkdch dkkpirctavi kr`cfazctakf wmadm cevasis tmi nrcfdmis cfe
suppkrts tmiar hkdch sirvadi& Icdm nrcfdm spmiri kb cdtavaty as halatie tk ats kwf earidt
cric( bkstiraf` dhksi afvkhvilift watm hkdch dustklirs& Umi clnatakf kb tmi eklistad
nrcfdmis as tk ni tmi hcr`ist( nist cfe lkst affkvctavi bafcfdach sirvadi prkvaeir af tmi
Fitmirhcfes& Uk dricti dustklir vchui( tmiy cal tk prkvaei nittir( cfe lkri cpprkpracti
bafcfdach sirvadis tk tmiar dhaifts dklpcrie tk tmiar dklpitatkrs& Umiy chsk cal tk ifsuri
dkftafuaty af tmi sirvadis prkvaeie watm c vaiw tk tmi hkf`,tirl aftirists kb dhaifts&
Bafchhy( tmiy smkw dkllatlift tk dhaifts cfe tmiar dhaifts‑ havaf` ifvarkflifts( sk tmct
tmi kr`cfazctakf dcf dkftranuti tk cdmaivaf` tmi dhaifts‑ clnatakfs&
Euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake ->777 — >779! tmi lcrjit dmcf`ie& Kf tmi kfi mcfe(
dustklirs wcftie lkri eabbiriftactie cfe spidachazie bafcfdach sirvadis cfe tmiy wcftie
tk dkfeudt tmiar ncfjaf` nusafiss cfytali cfe cfywmiri& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe(
dklpitatakf afdricsie cs c risuht kb lir`irs nitwiif ktmir bafcfdach sirvadi afstatutakfs(cf afdricsi af lcrjit trcfspcrifdy( cf afdricsi af eastranutakf dmcffihs( cfe tmi lcrjit
iftry kb fiw bafcfdach sirvadis supphairs& Af kreir tk rilcaf dklpitatavi( tmi kr`cfazctakf
mcs lcei dmcf`is af lcrjit strcti`y( kr`cfazctakf strudturi cfe kpirctaf` systils& Umi
cal kb tmisi aftirviftakfs wcs tk cdmaivi lcrjit hiceirsmap cfe tk alprkvi dkst,
ibbidtavifiss wmahi lcaftcafaf` dkkpirctavi vchuis&
Umi dkrpkrcti kr`cfazctakf phcyie c bcdahatctaf` rkhi cfe cevasie tmi hkdch
sunsaeacrais kf mkw tk cdmaivi tmisi fiw dkrpkrcti knoidtavis& Umi dkkpirctavi
kr`cfazctakf eisa`fie fiw mulcf riskurdi pkhadais calie ct alprkvaf` nusafiss ufat,
hivih prkeudtavaty( nidcusi tmas kutdkli as tmi lkst alpkrtcft wcy bkr chh nrcfdmis tk
dkftranuti tk tmi kvirchh dklpcfy knoidtavis& Uk prkvaei tmi nrcfdmis watm tmi
cpprkpracti lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf wmadm wkuhe ifcnhi tmil tk jiip trcdj kb M^L
pkhady dmcf`is watmaf tmiar nrcfdm( cf upectie typi kb sdkridcre systil wcs eisa`fie&
Umas systil bcdahatctie nrcfdm dklpcraskf kb M^L pkhady dmcf`is cfe kb kutdklis& Umi
alphiliftctakf kb tmi rifiwie M^L pkhadais cfe chsk tmi aftirpritctakf kb tmisi ny
ilphkyiis lcy eabbir clkf` tmi nrcfdmis safdi chh tmisi afeipifeift( sihb,`kvirfie
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
3>=
hkdch nrcfdmis cri tk c hcr`i ixtift cutkfklkushy rispkfsanhi bkr smcpaf` fiw M^L
pkhadais watmaf tmiar nrcfdm&
Af tmas risicrdm( sax ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs wiri sihidtie& Umisi ilphkyii
surviy ealifsakfs wiri dmksif pralcrahy nidcusi tmiy cri ivchuctavi kb tmi aftifeie
M^L pkhadais cfe tmi ifcdtie M^L cdtavatais cs eivihkpie ny tmi dkrpkrcti
kr`cfazctakf tk ifmcfdi prkeudtavaty& Pi ixpidtie tmct tmisi ilphkyii surviy
ealifsakfs wkuhe dmcf`i euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake( eravif ny tmi rifiwie M^L
pkhady& Chtmku`m tmi sihidtakf kb ealifsakfs la`mt siil dklpcfy, kr afeustry,spidabad(
tmisi ealifsakfs ribhidt skli kb tmi ufeirhyaf` prkdissis kb M^L cs eisdranie ny
Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=!& Nkxchh cfe Wurdihh ->77=! eastaf`uasm twk prkdissis? -c!
lcfc`ilift alphilifts M^ pkhadais calaf` tk nuahe cnahaty( lktavctakf cfe kppkrtufaty
tk pirbkrl ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih( cfe wkrjbkrdi dcpcnahatais( wkrj kr`cfazctakf cfe
wkrj cttatueis ct tmi dkhhidtavi hivih( -n! lcfc`ilift crtaduhctis vchuis tk afbhuifdi
ilphkyii pirdiptakfs& Lkrikvir( tmi sihidtie M^ ealifsakfs cri viry dkllkfhy usie
af durrift M^ risicrdm -Nksihai( Eaitz " Nkkf( >779!& Icdm kb tmi surviy ealifsakfs as
easdussie nihkw af lkri eitcah&
Umi lkst alpkrtcft ilpmcsas kb tmi rifiwie M^L pkhady wcs kf tmi vchuis
crtaduhctie ny lcfc`ilift& Rchuis crtaduhctie ny lcfc`ilift ribirs tk c eisarie wcy kb
wkrjaf` watm ilphkyiis( dustklirs cfe supphairs( rihctie tk tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s lassakfcfe vchuis -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=!& Umi kr`cfazctakf ufeir stuey calie tk alprkvi
dkst,ibbidtavifiss wmahi stahh prkvaeaf` dustklir quchaty& Ny dkllufadctaf` cfe smcraf`
afbkrlctakf kf tmisi `kchs watm ilphkyiis( tmiy dcf cha`f tmiar ibbkrts cfe nimcvakrs
watm tmi strcti`y& Af kreir tk cssiss tmi ixtift tk wmadm ilphkyiis cri cwcri tmct quchaty
cfe ibbidtavifiss cri `avif prakraty af tmiar nrcfdm cfe tk lkfatkr tmi ixtift tk wmadm
tmi nrcfdm dkllufadctis dhicrhy cnkut tmisi `kchs( wi sihidtie tmrii afeadctkrs? quchaty
kraiftctakf( kch ibbidtavifiss cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf`&
Umi rifiwie M^ pkhady staluhctis afvistlift af ilphkyii eivihkplift: tmas
prkvaeis c nrcfdm watm c dcpcnhi wkrjbkrdi& Urcafaf` cfe eivihkplift prcdtadis cri
calie ct afdricsaf` ilphkyiis‑ jfkwhie`i( cnahatais cfe sjahhs tk pirbkrl& Wcrtaduhcrhy af c
ma`mhy dklpitatavi satuctakf( ilphkyiis fiie tk ni dkfstcfthy hicrfaf`( bkr ixclphi( ny
niaf` `avif afbkrlctakf cnkut fiw prkeudts cfe fiw sihhaf` tidmfaquis& Bkr tmas ricskf(
cs c bkurtm alpkrtcft ilphkyii surviy ealifsakf wi sihidtie ilphkyii cttatueis
ri`creaf` tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi nusafiss ufat cfe supirvaskrs af tmi nusafiss ufat kbbir
kppkrtufatais bkr eivihkplift&
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
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C tmare dklpkfift kb tmi rifiwie mulcf riskurdi pkhady dkfdirfs c fulnir kb
pirbkrlcfdi lcfc`ilift afatactavis rihctie tk tmi lktavctakfch dklpkfift kb M^L& Cs
c risuht kb tmi dmcf`is af tmi kpirctaf` systil( okn bufdtakfs cri lkri dhicrhy dhcssabaie&
Umas dhcssabadctakf prklktis eabbiriftactakf ncsie kf ilphkyii pirbkrlcfdi& C schcraie
pcy systil watm yicrhy afdrilifts mcs niif supphiliftie ny c nkfus pcy systil& Umiri
as c dmcfdi tmct okn afsiduraty wahh afdricsi cs c risuht kb okn cfe tcsj eisa`f dmcf`is&
Mkwivir( ilphkyiis wmk smkw `kke pirbkrlcfdi dklpcrie tk ilphkyiis wmk smkw
ufsctasbcdtkry pirbkrlcfdi wahh ni riwcreie cddkreaf`hy( cfe wahh bcdi biwir tmricts tk
okn siduraty& Okn siduraty dkfstatutis cf alpkrtcft M^L cspidt af tmi Eutdm dkftixt
-Nksihai( Wccuwi " Ocfsif( >773!( cfe burtmirlkri wi ixpidtie tmct tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb
c nrcfdm wcs pksatavihy rihctie tk okn siduraty& Af sul( wi ixpidt c pksatavi prkeudtavaty
ibbidt brkl tmi pirbkrlcfdi lcfc`ilift pkhadais aftrkeudie af tmi dklpcfy& Af tmas
stuey( tmiribkri( wi afdhueie twk ilphkyii surviy ihilifts tk tcp aftk tmisi cspidts( a&i&
pcy sctasbcdtakf cfe okn siduraty&
9&5 Litmkes
9&5&3 Tunoidts
Ilphkyii surviy ectc brkl >777,>779 wiri usie& 303 nrcfdmis pcrtadapctie af tmi
ilphkyii surviy systil kf twk kddcsakfs nitwiif >777 cfe >779 -54 pirdift kb tmi
tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb >774!& Eravif ny tmi fcturi kb tmi ectc dkhhidtie af kf`kaf`
nusafiss prcdtadi( eabbirift tali aftirvchs nitwiif tmi twk licsurilift pkafts ixast -3(
>( cfe 4 yicr aftirvchs!& Umi cvirc`i aftirvch nitwiif tmi ilphkyii surviys as >&3 yicrs
-watm c stcfecre eivactakf kb &23!& Umas tali hc` ribhidts prakr risicrdm kf cttatueis cfe
pirbkrlcfdi -^ycf it ch&( 3112!& Ilphkyii surviy ectc brkl >777( >773( >77>( >774(
>775 wiri usie bkr tali pkaft 3 cfe ilphkyii surviy ectc brkl >773( >77>( >774( >775(
>779 wiri usie bkr tali pkaft >& Ct nktm tali pkafts( ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe
prkeudtavaty wiri dkuphie dkftilpkrcfikushy& Bkr ixclphi( wi hafjie tmi surviy cfe
prkeudtavaty ectc bkr >773 tk tmi yicr,ife prkeudtavaty ridkres bkr >773 -sii Ba`uri 3!&
Ct tali pkaft 3 -U3! quistakffcari ectc kf 35(500 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi& Umi
cvirc`i rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs 00&9 pirdift& Umi
cvirc`i fulnir kb pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm wcs =5&0& Ct tali pkaft > -U>! quistakffcari
ectc kf 35(=27 ilphkyiis wiri cvcahcnhi& Ct tmi nrcfdm hivih tmi cvirc`i rispkfsi rcti af
tmi ilphkyii surviys wcs =5&0 pirdift& Umi cvirc`i fulnir kb pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm
wcs =2&1&
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Ilphkyii surviy
Dkfdurrift prkbats+BUI
Ilphkyii surviy
Dkfdurrift prkbats+BUI
Uali aftirvch
3,yicr ->9!
>,yicrs -372!
4,yicrs -57!
Uali pkaft 3
>777 -4=!>773 -04!
>77> -59!
>774 -35!
>775 -3!
Uali pkaft >
>773 -4!>77> ->1!
>774 -22!
>775 -9=!
>779 -39!
Ba`uri 3& ^isicrdm eisa`fFkti? Fulnir kb nrcfdmis as `avif nitwiif pcriftmisis
Chtmku`m nrcfdm pcrtadapctakf af tmi surviy systil as fkt dklpuhskry( pcrtadapctakf
as strkf`hy prklktie ny tmi suprc,hkdch kr`cfazctakf cfe dcf ni siif cs pcrt kb tmi
ri`uhcr wcy kb lcfc`af` ilphkyiis watmaf tmas kr`cfazctakf& Uk ixdhuei sihidtavaty kb tmi
sclphi( wi dmidjie tmi riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi -U3 ectc cs kb >773( U> ectc cs
kb >774! ct nktm tmi nrcfdm cfe tmi afeavaeuch hivih& Ct nrcfdm hivih( riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi bkr tmi tktch pkpuhctakf af tmi
kr`cfazctakf wcs dmidjie af tirls kb ri`akf af tmi Fitmirhcfes( cfe nrcfdm sazi& Ct tmi
afeavaeuch hivih( riprisiftctavifiss wcs dmidjie af tirls kb c`i dhcss -bavi hivihs? >9 yicrs
cfe ufeir( >9,49 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 59,99 yicrs cfe 99 yicrs cfe kheir!
fulnir kb wkrjaf` mkurs+wiij -ufeir 42 mkurs( 42 mkurs( kvir 42 mkurs!( cfe `ifeir&
Pi bkufe tmct tmi sclphi dkuhe ni ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi tktch kr`cfazctakf
ct nktm hivihs cfe nktm tali pkafts af tirls kb tmi vcracnhis liftakfie: tmi eabbirifdi
nitwiif kur sclphi cfe tmi pkpuhctakf wcs ct c lcxalul bavi pirdift bkr icdm dcti`kry
kb tmi cnkvi,liftakfie vcracnhis&
9&5&> Licsuris
Turviy sdchis& Cs easdussie cnkvi( wi sihidtie sax ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs af hafi
watm tmi M^L hatircturi cfe tmi csskdactie dmcf`i prkdissis? quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch
ibbidtavifiss( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( pcy sctasbcdtakf( okn siduraty cfe eivihkplift& Umi
sdchis bkr quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` wiri
sunsiquifthy `rkupie tk`itmir& Pi mcvi tirlie tmas ealifsakf ”pirbkrlcfdi
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kraiftctakf‑: tmisi sdchis riafbkrdi eisarie ilphkyii nimcvakrs ny dkllufadctaf` tmi
nusafiss `kchs( sk tmct ilphkyiis dcf cha`f tmiar nimcvakrs tkwcres tmas `kch& Nidcusi
tmisi sdchis wiri ma`mhy dkrrihctie -&20 tk &=3!( nufehaf` tmil rieudis tmi pkssanahaty kb
luhtadkhhaficraty af tmi cfchysis&
Af tmas stuey ncfj nrcfdmis cri tmi ufat kb cfchysas& Uk suppkrt tmi c``ri`ctakf kb
afeavaeuch surviy sdkris tk nrcfdm,hivih sdkris( wi dchduhctie aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs
-ADD3 cfe ADD>! cfe tistie wmitmir cvirc`i sdkris eabbirie sa`fabadcfthy cdrkss
nrcfdmis& Umi ADD3 dcf ni eibafie cs tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi af afeavaeuch ilphkyii
sdkris cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm tmiy wkrj bkr -Jhiaf Nhaisi( Jkzhkwsja( Ecfsiricu(
@cvaf( @rabbaf it ch&( >777!& Umi ADD> pcrclitir dcf ni aftirpritie cs tmi rihacnahaty kb
dklpcraskfs nitwiif licf nrcfdm sdkris& Rchuis cnkvi &07 cri dkfsaeirie `kke: vchuis
cnkvi &97 cri eiilie tkhircnhi -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Pi chsk dchduhctie ^w` -O! vchuis kb
watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift -Oclis( Eilcrii " Pkhb( 31=5! bkr icdm surviy sdkri( tk
burtmir oustaby c``ri`ctakf kb kur surviy sdkris tk tmi nrcfdm hivih& Rchuis kb &07 cri
dkfsaeirie subbadaift bkr c``ri`ctakf& Af Ucnhi 3 tmi c``ri`ctakf dmcrcdtirastads ct tmi twk
tali pkafts cri hastie&
Ucnhi 3& C``ri`ctakf Dmcrcdtirastads
Turviy Tdchi ADD3 ADD> ^w`
U3 U> U3 U> U3 U>Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf &377 &713 &17 &17 &=9 &=0Eivihkplift &753 &755 &0= &=7 &07 &21Wcy sctasbcdtakf &750 &7>5 &=3 &2= &=7 &=>
Okn siduraty &757 &745 &0= &09 &51 &93
Cs dcf ni siif brkl Ucnhi 3( tmi ADD3 vchuis cri nitwiif > cfe 37 pirdift& Umisi
aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cri dklpcrcnhi watm tmi hkwist aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs ripkrtie af
ktmir stueais dkfeudtie ct tmi kr`cfazctakf hivih -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774!& Umisi vchuis
dirtcafhy cri fkt ma`m( nut hkw tk lkeist ADD3 vchuis cri af tmilsihvis fkt prknhilctadab tmi F kb dcsis as hcr`i ifku`m& Patm tmi fulnir kb afeavaeuch rispkfeifts cvcahcnhi bkr
tmas stuey at wcs bkufe tmct bkr chh bkur surviy sdkris tmi vcracfdi dklpkfifts
cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm wiri stctastadchhy sa`fabadcft af cf B,tist - p 8&773!& Pi kntcafie
`kke ADD> vchuis bkr chh bkur ealifsakfs& Bkr pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf( pcy sctasbcdtakf
cfe eivihkplift tmi ^w` -O! vchuis su``ist subbadaift watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift tk oustaby
c``ri`ctakf tk tmi nrcfdm hivih -tmi ^w` -O! vchuis cri nitwiif &21 cfe &=0!& Bkr okn
siduraty wi bkufe lkeircti suppkrt& ^w` -O! sdkris bkr tmas ealifsakf cri &51 -U3! cfe
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&93 -U>!& Umi rihctavihy hkw sdkris la`mt ni dcusie ny tmi halatie fulnir kb atils cfe
cfswir dcti`krais&
Chh af chh( wi nihaivi tmct rihacnhi dklpcraskfs nitwiif licf vchuis bkr nrcfdmis cri
pkssanhi( ivif ab tmi ADD3 vchuis wi bkufe cri rctmir slchh -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Umi
licsuris bkr tmi bkur sun,ealifsakfs cri eisdranie nihkw&
3&Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf dkfsasts kb quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe
afbkrlctakf smcraf`& Suchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` cri
tmrii sdchis ncsie kf tk tmi Eutdm BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif( Jkkplcf( Ei
Patti " Ncst( 3112! wmadm licsuris kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti& Umas afstrulift as ncsie kf
Suaff‑s dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Atil dkftift as
dklpcrcnhi tk tmi quchaty sdchi( tmi dhcraty kb kr`cfazctakfch `kchs sdchi( cfe tmi
ribhixavaty sdchi af tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry afsparie ny tmi scli dklpitaf`
vchuis lkeih -Wcttirskf( Pist( Tmcdjhitkf( Ecwskf( Hcwtmkl " Lcathas it ch&( >779!& C
sclphi stctilift brkl tmi quchaty kraiftctakf sdchi as? ”Umas nrcfdm as calie ct cdmaivaf`
ma`m quchaty prkeudts tk kur aftirfch cfe ixtirfch dustklirs&‑ C sclphi stctilift brkl
tmi `kch ibbidtavifiss sdchi as? ”Af tmas nrcfdm wi cri cwcri kb dksts cfe cdt cddkreaf`hy&‑
C sclphi stctilift brkl tmi afbkrlctakf smcraf` sdchi as? ”A cl subbadaifthy afbkrlie
cnkut nrcfdm `kchs‑& ^ispkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi atils kf c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcf`af`
brkl ”A dklphitihy c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑& Drkfncdm‑s chpmc sdkris bkr tmasealifsakf cri &=5 -U3! cfe &=4 -U>!&
>&Wcy sctasbcdtakf& Umas bavi,atil sdchi wcs dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe
Liaolcf -3115!& Atil dkftift as eiravie brkl Tlatm( Jifechh cfe Muhaf -3121! cfe
Mcdjlcf cfe Khelcf -3109!& Ysaf` c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif(
Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!( rispkfeifts cri csjie tk ivchucti durrift pcy& C sclphi
quistakf bkr tmas sdchi as? ”Ek yku tmafj yku cri bcarhy pcae af dklpcraskf tk ktmirs watmaf
tmas kr`cfazctakf&‑ Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi as &=4 -U3! cfe &=9 -U>!&
4&Okn siduraty& Umas bkur,atil sdchi wcs dkfstrudtie ny Rcf Rihemkvif cfe Liaolcf
-3115!& Umi sdchi csjs rispkfeifts tk rcti tmiar fiie bkr lkri siduraty watm ri`cre tk
sivirch okn cttranutis( sudm cs tmi dkftafuaty kb tmiar dkftrcdt kr tmiar okn stctus& Atils cri
cssissie usaf` c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!& C
sclphi atil as? ”Ek yku fiie lkri dirtcafty tmct ykur durrift nrcfdm wahh stahh ni af
ixastifdi af kfi yicr‑s tali;‑ Drkfncdm‑s chpmc bkr tmas sdchi as &15 ct nktm tali pkafts&
5&Eivihkplift& Umas sdchi dkfsasts kb twk atils& Umi barst atil csjs rispkfeifts tk
rcti tmi `ifirch tifeifdy kb tmiar hiceir tk staluhcti tmi eivihkplift kb tmiar tchifts kf
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c bavi,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -A dklphitihy c`rii( A skliwmct c`rii( Fiutrch( A skliwmct
easc`rii( A dklphitihy easc`rii!& Umi sidkfe atil dkfdirfs tmi ixtift tk wmadm tmi
kr`cfazctakf kbbirs kppkrtufatais bkr wkrj,rihctie trcafaf`& Umas atil wcs cssissie usaf`
c bkur,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi -Chwcys( Kbtif( Tklitalis( cfe Fivir!& Ttcfecreazie
-nitwiif 7 cfe 377! atil sdkris( wiri cvirc`ie tk `it c eivihkplift ealifsakf sdkri&
Uk icsi aftirpritctakf chh surviy ealifsakf mcvi niif sdkrie af sudm c wcy tmct ma`m
sdkris afeadcti c satuctakf tmct as `ifirchhy dkfsaeirie bcvkrcnhi tk tmi ilphkyii&
Wrkeudtavaty& Af tmas stuey( prkeudtavaty wcs kpirctakfchazie ny licfs kb c yicrhy
”nrcfdm prkbat pir BUI afeix‑& Wrkbats wiri kpirctakfchazie cs `rkss prkbats lafus riturf
kf iquaty& Pi dmksi tmas pcrclitir nidcusi at as fkt afbhuifdie ny eabbirifdis af schis +
dksts nitwiif tmi nrcfdmis( cfe nidcusi at kfhy ribhidts tmct pcrt kb prkbat wmadm as fkt
rihctie tk riturfs kf iquaty& Umi fulnir kb buhh tali iquavchifts -BUI! wcs eitirlafie
kf tmi ncsas kb tmi cvirc`i fulnir kb BUIs wkrjaf` ct c hkdch nrcfdm euraf` c spidabad
yicr& Nktm pcrclitirs wiri prkvaeie brkl tmi ri`uhcr yicrhy bafcfdach + M^ ripkrts
watmaf tmi kr`cfazctakf lcei cvcahcnhi ny tmi bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh + M^ eipcrtlift&
Umisi ripkrts cri ncsie kf knoidtavi ri`astrctakfs kb pirskffih cfe bafcfdach trcfscdtakfs&
9&5&4 Cfchysas
Uk tist rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs cfe prkeudtavaty wi usie
strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` af CLKT 2& Umas cpprkcdm ifcnhie us tk cfchyzi tmi ibbidts
kb tmi ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs -U3 cfe U>! kf prkeudtavaty -U3 cfe U>! wmahi
dkftrkhhaf` bkr tilpkrch stcnahatais -ibbidts nitwiif aeiftadch vcracnhis licsurie ct U3
cfe U>!( cfe afvirsi dcusctakf -prkeudtavaty U> afbhuifdis surviy ealifsakfs ct U3!&
Ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs wiri chhkwie tk dkvcry ct tali pkaft 3 cfe tali pkaft >&
Dkfsaeiraf` tmi prkpkrtakf kb tmi fulnir kb surviy sdchi atils kf tmi kfi mcfe( tk tmi
fulnir kb dcsis ct nrcfdm hivih kf tmi ktmir mcfe( wi eidaeie tk afdhuei tmi surviy
ealifsakf sdkris cs lcfabist vcracnhis rctmir tmcf cs hctift vcracnhis af kur lkeih afkreir tk lcaftcaf c bcvkrcnhi afeadctkr,tk,sclphi sazi rctak&
Umi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidts wcs eitirlafie ny dklpcraf` tmi prkncnahaty hivih - p !
brkl tmi Dratadch ^ctak -D&^&! , dchduhctie ny eavaeaf` tmi pcrclitir istalcti ny ats
stcfecre irrkr , usaf` c sa`fabadcfdi hivih kb &79& Pi usie tmi Dma squcri -π>!( rkkt licf
squcri irrkr kb cpprkxalctakf -^LTIC!( ceoustie `kkefiss kb bat afeix -C@BA! cfe
Nifthir‑s dklpcrctavi bat afeix -DBA! tk cssiss tmi bat kb tmi lkeih( cs eisdranie ny Nyrfi
->773!& Fkf,sa`fabadcft π>( C@BA cfe DBA vchuis cnkvi &17( cfe ^LTIC vchuis nihkw
&79 afeadcti c `kke bat nitwiif lkeih cfe ectc& Bafchhy( af kreir tk kntcaf c lkri
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pcrsalkfakus lkeih cfe c dhicrir afeadctakf kb wmadm surviy ealifsakfs mcvi cf ibbidt
kf prkeudtavaty( wi ixdhueie tmi fkf,sa`fabadcft ibbidts bkhhkwaf` c ncdjwcre ihalafctakf
prkdieuri& Pi dkftrkhhie bkr tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch nitwiif tmi twk ilphkyii
surviys watmaf c nrcfdm -licsurie af lkftms! cs tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch dkuhe ni
c dkfbkufeaf` bcdtkr& Pi cpphaie c π> eabbirifdi tist tk eitirlafi wmitmir tmas
dkfstrcafie lkeih battie tmi ectc oust cs wihh cs tmi buhh lkeih&
Fixt( wi istalctie tmi prcdtadch sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidt kb surviy sdkris kf
prkeudtavaty ny dchduhctaf` tmi ibbidt kb c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af surviy sdkris
kf prkbats+BUI ct tali pkaft >( nut wi eae sk kfhy bkr surviy ealifsakfs tmct smkwie c
sa`fabadcft pksatavi ibbidt kf prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >& Pi tmif dchduhctie tmi dmcf`i
rihctavi tk tmi licf prkeudtavaty bkr tmisi ealifsakfs& Fixt( wi eitirlafie mkw ludm
-dchduhctie af Iurks! kb tmi yicrhy bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi dcf ni prieadtie ny surviy
sdkris( barst ny ixtrcpkhctaf` tmas pirdiftc`i tk kur sclphi kb 303 nrcfdmis( cfe sidkfehy
ny ixtrcpkhctaf` tmas pirdiftc`i tk tmi tktch risicrdm pkpuhctakf -i&`& chh hkdch eklistad
nrcfdmis af tmi Fitmirhcfes!& Umi ixtrcpkhctakf tk tmi tktch risicrdm pkpuhctakf wcs
ncsie kf kvirchh barl pirbkrlcfdi ectc bkr >774( tmi lieacf yicr bkr tali pkaft >&
9&9 ^isuhts
9&9&3 Eisdraptavis
Ucnhi > smkws tmi licfs cfe stcfecre eivactakfs ct nktm tali pkafts cfe tmi
dkrrihctakfs clkf` surviy ealifsakfs cfe prkbats+BUI& Ucnhi > smkws tmct tmi licf
sdkris bkr tmi surviy ealifsakfs kb pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf
afdricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts& Licf sdkris bkr okn siduraty cfe eivihkplift
eidricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts& Burtmirlkri( tmi surviy ealifsakfs kb okn siduraty
cfe eivihkplift cri lkeirctihy stcnhi cdrkss tali -crkufe &57!& Wcy sctasbcdtakf cfe
pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf mcvi c rihctavihy ma`m stcnahaty -&2> cfe &93!& Ct tali pkaft 3
-cvirc`i prkeudtavaty kb >4(>13 Iurks+BUI! tmi nrcfdmis pirbkrlie hiss wihh tmcf ct
tali pkaft > -cvirc`i prkeudtavaty kb 44(>32 Iurks+BUI!& Umas ribhidts idkfklad richaty
bkr bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakfs wmiri prkbats cri afbhuifdie tk c hcr`i ixtift ny
ixtirfch bcdtkrs rihctaf` tk lcrjit trifes& Umi navcracti dkrrihctakf nitwiif U3 cfe U> as
&2> mkwivir( wmadm su``ists tmct tmi bafcfdach pksatakf ct U3 as bcarhy prieadtavi kb tmi
bafcfdach pksatakf ct U>& Bafchhy Ucnhi > smkws tmct tmi surviy ealifsakfs cri ct hicst ct
kfi tali pkaft sa`fabadcfthy dkrrihctie watm prkbats+BUI& Umas as c barst sa`f tmct tmisi
surviy ealifsakfs cri pirbkrlcfdi,rihctie afeadctkrs&
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U c n h i > & L i c f s ( T t c f e c r e E i v a c t a k f s ( c
f e D k r r i h c t a k f s
R c r a c n h i
L i c f
T E
3
>
4
5
9
2
0
=
1
3 & W i r
b k r l c f d i k r a i f t c t a k f 3
2 2 & 1 1
9 & 4 1
> & W i r
b k r l c f d i k r a i f t c t a k f >
2 = & 1 4
5 & 1 =
& 9 3 5 / /
4 & O k n
s i d u r a t y 3
0 3 & 2 >
0 & 4 >
& 3 2 = /
, & 3
3 0
5 & O k n
s i d u r a t y >
2 9 & 0 5
2 & 0 0
& 7 5 2
& 3 4 1
& 4 2 3 / /
9 & W c y
s c t a s b c d t a k f 3
9 9 & 3 5
9 & = 2
& 4 9 7 / /
& > 0 7 / /
, & 3 7 0
& 7 5 1
2 & W c y
s c t a s b c d t a k f >
9 = & = 2
5 & 4 5
& 3 7 =
& > 4 4 / /
, & 7 3 9
& 3 9 2 /
& 2 3 2 / /
0 & E i v i h k p l i f t 3
0 2 & 4 1
5 & 1 9
& 9 7 0 / /
& 3 9 = /
& > 4 0 / /
, & 7 1 4
& 3 1 0 / /
& 3 > =
= & E i v i h k p l i f t >
0 5 & 5 =
9 & > >
& > 3 3 / /
& 9 > > / /
& 7 4 1
& > 7 2 / /
& 3 > 0
& > 5 5 / /
& 4 = = / /
1 & W r k
b a t s + B U I 3
> 4 & > 1 c
3 > & 3 5 c & 3 1 5 /
& 3 0 2 /
& 7 2 >
& > 7 1 / /
& 7 0 7
& 7 4 7
, & 3 9 4 /
, & 7 2 3
3 7 & W r k b a t s + B U I >
4 4 & > > c
3 5 & 3 1 c & > 7 2 / /
& 4 0 9 / /
, & 7 > 9
& > 0 4 / /
& > 1 5 / /
& 3 1 > /
, & 7 2 7
& 7 = 3
& 2 3 = / /
F k t i s ?
c ^ i p k r t i e a f t m k u s c f e s k b I u r k s p i r B U I / / D k r r i h c t a k f a s s a ` f a b a d c f t c t t m i 7 & 7 3 h i v i h - > , t c a h i e ! & / D k r r i h c t a k f a s s a ` f a b a d c f t c t t m i 7 & 7 9 h i v i h
- > , t c a h i
e ! & F < 3 0 3 n u s a f i s s u f a t s
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
342
9&9&> Ibbidts nitwiif Turviy Ealifsakfs cfe Wirbkrlcfdi
Pi ni`cf tmi strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` cfchysis ny tistaf` tmi buhh lkeih& Uwk
bat afeadis kb tmas lkeih afeadctie c ricskfcnhi bat -π>< >=&2( p < &77 eb < 3>: C@BA <
&=2!& Kfhy tmi DBA -DBA < &10! su``istie c `kke bat& Pi trallie tmas lkeih ny eihitaf`
fkf,sa`fabadcft csskdactakfs -ncdjwcre ihalafctakf!& Umas sidkfe lkeih smkwie nittir bat
licsuris -π>< 40&1( p < &7> eb < >>: C@BA < &17: DBA < &10: ^LTIC < &729!&
Lkrikvir( c π> `kkefiss,kb,bat stctastadch tist smkwie tmct tmas dkfstrcafie lkeih bats oust
cs wihh cs tmi buhh lkeih -∂π> < 1&>4( ∂eb < 37: p 6 &37!& Umi sidkfe lkeih as pribirrie
nidcusi at as lkri pcrsalkfakus tmcf tmi barst lkeih&3
Af tmas rivasie lkeih bavi bkrwcre csskdctakfs nitwiif ilphkyii surviy sdchis cfe
prkbats+BUI cri sa`fabadcft - p 8 7&79!& Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf as pksatavihy csskdactie
watm prkbats+BUI ct U3 cfe ct U> - ξ < &40: ξ < &>>( p 8 &79!( afeadctaf` tmct nrcfdmis
watm ma`m sdkris kf pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf mcvi lkri prkbats+BUI cfe tmct cf
afdricsi af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf as csskdactie watm cf afdricsi af prkbats+BUI& Patm
ri`cre tk pcy sctasbcdtakf( c rihctakfsmap wcs bkufe nitwiif pcy sctasbcdtakf ct U3 cfe
prkbats ct U> - ξ < &>7( p 8 &79!( afeadctaf` tmct pcy sctasbcdtakf sdkris ct U3 cri pksatavihy
csskdactie watm cf afdricsi af prkbats+BUI& At wcs bkufe tmct eivihkplift as fi`ctavihy
csskdactie watm prkbats+BUI ct U3 - ξ < ,&45( p 8 &79!: nrcfdmis watm ma`m sdkris kf
eivihkplift smkw hiss prkbats+BUI& At wcs bkufe tmct okn siduraty wcs pksatavihy rihctietk prkbats+BUI ct U>( afeadctaf` tmct cf afdricsi af okn siduraty as csskdactie watm cf
afdricsi af prkbats+BUI - ξ < &3>( p 8 &79!& Pi bkufe kfhy kfi sa`fabadcft pksatavi afvirsi
dcusctakf ibbidt cfe tmct wcs nitwiif prkbats+BUI ct U3 cfe okn siduraty ct U> - ξ < &3=(
p 8 &79!& Umi ma`mir tmi prkbats+BUI af c nrcfdm ct U3( tmi lkri okn siduraty ilphkyiis
ixpiraifdi ct U>& Umi risuhts kb tmi rivasie lkeih cri prisiftie af Ba`uri >& Umi rivasie
lkeih ixphcafs 51 pirdift kb tmi vcracfdi af prkbats+BUI ct U>& Umi na``ist pcrt kb tmas
pirdiftc`i -4=&> pirdift! as cttranutcnhi tk tmi prkbats+BUI ct U3& Umi ilphkyii surviy
sdkris dkhhidtavihy cddkuft bkr 37&= pirdift ceeatakfch ixphcafie vcracfdi( wmadm wi
dkfsaeir c sunstcftach clkuft& Ba`uri > prisifts tmi risuhts kb tmi rivasie lkeih&
3 Afdhueaf` hif`tm kb tali aftirvch cs c dkftrkh vcracnhi eae fkt dmcf`i tmi pcttirf kb kur risuhts& Uali aftirvch kfhy mce c sa`fabadcft pksatavi ibbidt kf pirbkrlcfdi cfe eivihkplift ct U>& Pi tmiribkrieidaeie tk ripkrt risuhts kb tmi rivasie lkeih watmkut afdhueaf` tali aftirvch cs c dkftrkh vcracnhi&
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
340
Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf
Eivihkplift
Okn siduray
Wcy sctasbcdtakf
Wirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf
Eivihkplift
Wcy sctasbcdtakf
Wrkbats+BUI
Wrkbats+BUI
Okn siduraty
& 3 > /
&> > /
Uali pkaft 3
Uali pkaft >
& 3 = /
& > 7 /
,&4 5 /
&4 0 /
Ba`uri >& ^isuhts kb rivasie lkeihFktis? ^ihctakfsmaps nitwiif vcracnhis cdrkss tali cri fkt eipadtie& Nhcdj hafis afeadctisa`fabadcft bkrwcre csskdactakfs nitwiif ilphkyii surviy sdchis cfe prkbats+BUI&Ecsmie nhcdj hafis afeadcti sa`fabadcft rivirsi dcusctakf ibbidts? prkbats+BUI cbbidtssurviy sdchis / p 8 &79 F < 303
9&9&4 Iurk Ixtrcpkhctakf
Af ceeatakf tk prisiftaf` tmi risuhts af tirls kb sa`fabadcft nitc dkibbadaifts cfe
clkuft kb ixphcafie vcracfdi( wi ixtrcpkhctie tmi cnkvi liftakfie bafeaf`s tk tmi tktch
sclphi cfe tmi tktch pkpuhctakf& Barst wi istalctie tmi ibbidt kb c kfi stcfecre eivactakf
dmcf`i kfhy bkr tmi surviy sdchis bkr pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf( cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf& Nktm
ealifsakfs wiri bkufe tk ni pksatavihy prieadtavi kb buturi nrcfdm pirbkrlcfdi&
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
34=
Eivihkplift smkwie c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap ct U3& Okn siduraty ct U> wcs prieadtavi kb
prkbats+BUI ct U>( chtmku`m prkbats+BUI ct U3 wcs bkufe tk ni lkri rihctie tk okn
siduraty ct U>& Pi luhtaphaie tmi stcfecreazie dkibbadaift ny tmi stcfecre eivactakf kb
tmi prkbats+BUI ct tali pkaft >& Umas smkwie tmct c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af
pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf as csskdactie watm c 4&3>j Iurks+BUI afdricsi af prkeudtavaty(
cfe c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af pcy sctasbcdtakf as csskdactie watm >&=5j
Iurks+BUI afdricsi af prkeudtavaty& Umus( nrcfdmis watm pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf sdkris
kb kfi stcfecre cnkvi tmi licf kutpirbkrlie tmksi ct tmi licf ny c 4&3>j Iurks+BUI
afdricsi af prkeudtavaty& Cfe salahcrhy( nrcfdmis watm pcy sctasbcdtakf sdkris kb kfi
stcfecre cnkvi tmi licf kutpirbkrlie tmksi ct tmi licf ny c >&=5j Iurks+BUI
afdricsi af prkeudtavaty&
@avif tmct tmi licf kb prkeudtavaty ct U> as 44&>>j Iurks+BUI( tmi tktch afbhuifdi
kb nktm surviy sdchis ceeie up tk c 30&1 pirdift afdricsi rihctavi tk tmi licf& Ceeaf` up
tmi ibbidts kb tmi twk ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs alphais tmct nrcfdmis wkuhe fiie tk
ni cnhi tk dmcf`i tmisi surviy sdkris saluhtcfikushy af kreir tk cdmaivi sudm cf upwcre
dmcf`i& Pi tistie tmi bicsanahaty kb kntcafaf` tmisi afdricsis ny dmidjaf` tmi pirdiftc`i
kb nrcfdmis tmct mce chricey cttcafie sudm bcvkrcnhi sdkris ct tali pkaft > -phus kfi
stcfecre eivactakf bkr nktm surviy sdchis!& At cppicrs tmct fafi pirdift kb chh nrcfdmis af
kur sclphi mce chricey cttcafie tmisi afdricsis af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf ny kfi stcfecre eivactakf& Nrcfdmis dcf tmus ni ixpidtie tk cttcaf tmisi
hivihs kb sdkris&
Pi ixtrcpkhctie tmisi bafeaf`s tk kur sclphi kb 303 nrcfdmis& C 30&1 pirdift ma mir
pirbkrlcfdi clkufts tk ma`mir prkbats kb 1> lahhakf Iurks -30&1 pirdift kb tktch prkbats
kb 93>&0 lahhakf Iurks ct U>: kr 9&12j Iurks+BUI talis 39(545 BUI!& Uktch prkbats bkr
tmi iftari pkpuhctakf -afdhueaf` chh nrcfdmis! wiri 115&4 lahhakf Iurks bkr >774& Umus(
cf afdricsi kb kfi stcfecre eivactakf af pcy sctasbcdtakf dkuphie watm c salahcr afdricsi
kb kfi stcfecre eivactakf af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf as csskdactie watm c yicrhy 30=
lahhakf afdricsi af prkbat -30&1 pirdift afdricsi cdrkss tmi iftari dklpcfy!& Pi mcvi tk
tcji aftk cddkuft tmct wi cri cssulaf` tmct chh nrcfdmis wahh ni cnhi tk afdricsi tmiar
pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf cfe pcy sctasbcdtakf sdkris ny kfi stcfecre eivactakf& Mkwivir(
nrcfdmis wmadm cri chricey cdmaivaf` ma`m sdkris la`mt fkt ni cnhi tk alprkvi tmiar
surviy sdkris ny kfi stcfecre eivactakf -chtmku`m af kur sclphi kb 303 nrcfdmis at wcs
bkufe tk ni pkssanhi tk alprkvi tmiar sdkris ny kfi stcfecre eivactakf! cfe lkrikvir
tmi pirbkrlcfdi ibbidts la`mt ni rieudie eui tk pkssanhi diahaf` ibbidts&
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9&2 Easdussakf
Umi cal kb tmas stuey wcs tk ixphcaf pirbkrlcfdi eabbirifdis nitwiif nrcfdmis
watmaf c hcr`i dklpcfy kf tmi ncsas kb ilphkyii surviy ectc af tmi ha`mt kb wkrjbkrdi
sdkridcres& Af dkftrcst tk stueais wmadm ixphcaf barl,hivih pirbkrlcfdi( tmas stuey
bkdusie kf mkw bafcfdach kutdklis cri cdmaivie vac aftirlieacti M^L prkdissis ct tmi
nrcfdm hivih& Hkf`atueafch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe nrcfdm
pirbkrlcfdi wiri ixphkrie& Bafeaf` cpprkpracti M^L prkdiss afeadctkrs( istcnhasmaf`
tilpkrch rihctakfsmaps( cfe prkvaeaf` usibuh lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf wiri aeiftabaie cs
lcokr dmchhif`is tk ni ceerissie& Umas stuey mcs traie tk liit tmisi dmchhif`is cfe
prkvaei M^ risicrdmirs cfe prcdtatakfirs watm cf ixclphi kb tmi pkssanhi cfswirs&
Umi barst dmchhif`i dkfdirfie tmi afeadctkrs bkr M^L& Af tmas stuey ilphkyii surviy
ectc wiri usie cs cf afeadctkr kb bcdtkrs eravif ny M^L,rihctie aftirviftakfs&
Ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs( cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs cri dkfdiptuchazie cs hafjaf`
lidmcfasls af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cdtavatais cfe kutdklis -Nkxchh " Wurdihh(
>77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!& Mifdi( risicrdm tcjaf` c wkrjirs‑ pirspidtavi dcf
dkftranuti tk `cafaf` c eiipir afsa`mt aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap -i&`&
@uist( 3111!& Af ceeatakf( luhtaphi ilphkyii rctaf`s watmaf c nrcfdm wiri cvirc`ie
wmadm risuhts af ma`mir rihacnahaty sdkris kf M^L prkdissis tmcf as dkllkf af stueais
usaf` c saf`hi lcfc`ir‑s pkaft kb vaiw ri`creaf` alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis -@irmcrt(>770!& Af hafi watm Fasmaa it ch&‑s stuey ->77=!( tmas stuey dkfbarls tmi utahaty kb hkkjaf` ct
ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cs afeadctkrs kb tmi wcy M^L pkhadais cri ifcdtie af
kr`cfazctakfs& Turviy afbkrlctakf as bkufe tk ni prieadtavi kb buturi bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi cfe afeadctavi kb tmi M^L,rihctie prkdissis afvkhvie( cs wahh ni ixphcafie
nihkw&
Cf afdricsi af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf watmaf c nrcfdm wcs csskdactie watm cf
afdricsi af prkeudtavaty kvir twk yicrs& Nrcfdmis wmadm cri pirdiavie ny ilphkyiis tk ni
lkri quchaty bkdusie( lkri dkst,ibbidtavi( cfe wmadm dkllufadcti tmiar strcti`ad `kchs
tk ilphkyiis lkri ibbidtavihy ek cdmaivi ma`mir prkbats& Af tmisi nrcfdmis ilphkyiis cri
cwcri kb tmi strcti`ad bkdus cfe dcf cha`f tmiar ibbkrts cfe nimcvakrs& Wcy sctasbcdtakf ct
tali pkaft 3 pksatavihy cbbidtie prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >& Af tmas dklpcfy tmi
alphiliftctakf kb c fiw kpirctaf` systil af wmadm okn bufdtakfs cri lkri dhicrhy
dhcssabaie cfe ilphkyiis cri pcae bkr pirbkrlcfdi( dkuhe mcvi niif tmi ricskf bkr ma`mir
sdkris kf pcy sctasbcdtakf( cfe kvir tali lcy mcvi mce tmi ibbidt kb lktavctaf`
ilphkyiis tk pirbkrl nittir( risuhtaf` af ma`mir nrcfdm prkbats&
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Dmcptir 9? Lkfatkraf` M^L,^ihctie Dmcf`is
357
Pi bkufe suppkrt bkr cf ibbidt kb okn siduraty -U>! kf prkeudtavaty -U>!( cfe bkr c
rivirsie rihctakfsmap& Umi hc``ie( rivirsi ibbidt wcs sha`mthy strkf`ir tmcf tmi ibbidt af
tmi hkf`atueafch pcrt -nkttkl! kb tmi lkeih& Ma`m pirbkrlcfdi la`mt ni pirdiavie ny
tmi ilphkyiis cs c pksatavi sa`fch watm ri`cre tk ilphkylift siduraty( cs prkpksie ny
Wccuwi cfe Nksihai ->779!& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe( ilphkyiis wkrjaf` af hkw pirbkrlaf`
nrcfdmis la`mt ixpiraifdi hiss ilphkylift siduraty( safdi tmi prissuri tk dmcf`i af tmi
buturi as `rictir af tmisi nrcfdmis( pkssanhy ivif tmrictifaf` tmiar okns& Dkftrcry tk kur
ixpidtctakfs wi bkufe c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif eivihkplift cfe prkeudtavaty&
Tifeaf` ilphkyiis kf trcafaf` dkursis afdricsis dksts cfe la`mt eidricsi nifibats bkr
tmi eurctakf kb tmi trcafaf`( wmahi tmi nifibats kb tmi fiwhy,cdquarie jfkwhie`i( sjahhs(
cfe cnahatais wahh kfhy nidkli vasanhi kvir c hkf`ir tali pirake& Dcppihha cfe Fiulcrj
->773! bkufe salahcr bafeaf`s watm ri`cre tk ticlwkrj trcafaf`&
Umi sidkfe dmchhif`i wi ceerissie wcs mkw tk lcji tilpkrch afbirifdis nitwiif
M^L afeadctkrs cfe kutdklis& Lkst kb tmi stueais dcrraie kut privakushy eae fkt sctasby
tmi tmrii fidisscry pridkfeatakfs bkr ercwaf` tilpkrch afbirifdis& Umas stuey usie c
hkf`atueafch eisa`f watm twk ectc wcvis cfe cpphaie strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`: tmas
cpprkcdm ifcnhie us tk ct hicst ercw dkfdhusakfs kf tilpkrch kreir nitwiif kur
vcracnhis& Pi tistie tmi ixtift tk wmadm prkeudtavaty afdricsie cs c risuht kb dmcf`is af
ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs( cfe tistie bkr tmi pkssanahaty tmct prkeudtavaty sdkrisafbhuifdie ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs&
Dklpcrie tk ktmir hkf`atueafch stueais -^ycf it ch&( 3112: Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774! wi
knsirvie biwir afvirsi rihctakfs& Mkwivir( af hafi watm bkrlir stueais -Tdmfiaeir it ch&(
>774!( wi bkufe tmct prkeudtavaty mce c pksatavi ibbidt kf okn siduraty& Patm ri`cre tk tmi
tmare cfe bafch pridkfeatakf bkr istcnhasmaf` dcuschaty( tmi pkssanahaty kb dkftrkhhaf` bkr kr
ruhaf` kut chtirfctavi ixphcfctakfs bkr c pkssanhi dcusch rihctakfsmap( tmas dratirac wcs fkt
buhhy sctasbaie af kur stuey& Pi eiravie ectc brkl c saf`hi kr`cfazctakf cfe tmus alphadathy
dkftrkhhie bkr tmi afbhuifdi kb afstatutakfch bcdtkrs af M^L( wmadm as rihctavihy hcr`i af
tmi Fitmirhcfes -Nksihai it ch&( >773! cs wihh cs bkr afeustry cfe dklpcfy ibbidts&
Mkwivir( wi dkuhe fkt dkftrkh bkr sivirch nrcfdm eabbirifdis sudm cs eastranutakf
dmcffihs( usi kb afbkrlctakf systils( cfe kpirctakfch prcdtadis& Tk chtmku`m wi dcf
ixdhuei tmi ibbidt kb afstatutakfch( afeustry cfe dklpcfy bcdtkrs( ceeatakfch nrcfdm,hivih
aftirviftakfs la`mt ni rispkfsanhi bkr tmi rihctakfsmaps bkufe& Mkwivir( cddkreaf` tk
Pchjir( Tlatmir cfe Pchelcf ->77=! ”nitwiif nrcfdm‑ bcdtkrs mcvi hatthi afbhuifdi kf
hkf`atueafch rihctakfsmaps& Nrcfdm bcdtkrs tmct afbhuifdi surviy sdkris cfe prkeudtavaty af
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c nrcfdm ct tali pkaft 3 cri chsk hajihy tk afbhuifdi surviy sdkris cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali
pkaft > af tmct nrcfdm& Cf ixdiptakf as tali,vcryaf` bcdtkrs& Bkr ixclphi( Nkxchh cfe
Lcdjy ->771! su``istie tmct dmcf`is af wkrj cfe ilphkylift prcdtadis cri kbtif
cddklpcfaie ny rihctie dmcf`is af lcfc`ilift cdtakfs cfe afvistlifts& Af tmas stuey(
nrcfdmis watm ma`m sdkris kf `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe quchaty kraiftctakf la`mt chsk mcvi
aftrkeudie lkri cevcfdie kpirctaf` systils&
Bafchhy( tmi tmare dmchhif`i wi ceerissie wcs mkw tk trcfshcti istcnhasmie
rihctakfsmaps aftk rihivcft lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf& Umi lkst alpkrtcft dkfdhusakf tk
ni ercwf brkl tmas stuey as tmct 37&= pirdift kb tmi vcracfdi af nrcfdm prkbats+BUI dcf
ni ixphcafie ny sdkris eiravie brkl surviy sdkris kf pirdiptakfs cfe cttatueis( cbtir
dkrridtaf` bkr prakr pirbkrlcfdi& Ixastaf` risicrdm eae fkt hice us tk ixpidt sudm c
sunstcftach ei`rii kb ixphcafie vcracfdi& Umas as ma`mir tmcf tmct bkufe af tmi
hkf`atueafch stuey ny ^ycf it ch& -3112!& Umas su``ists tmct dkfsaeircnhi kppkrtufaty bkr
lkri prkbatcnahaty eui tk ifmcfdie M^L,rihctie dmcf`i prkdissis wcs prisift kvir tmi
risicrdm pirake af tmi kr`cfazctakf wi afvista`ctie& Umi eabbirifdi nitwiif cvirc`i tali
3 cfe cvirc`i tali > prkbatcnahaty dkfbarls tmas stctilift( chtmku`m pcrt kb tmas rasi af
prkbatcnahaty dcf salphy ni cttranutie tk lcrjit trifes& Mkwivir( tmi M^L,rihctie
dmcf`is lcy ni fidisscry af kreir tk tcji cevcftc`i kb cf upwcre trife&
Pmif wi trcfshcti kur risuhts aftk prcdtadch alphadctakfs( tmi alpkrtcfdi kb lkfatkraf` ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs nidklis dhicr& C kfi stcfecre eivactakf
afdricsi af pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakf cfe c kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsi af pcy
sctasbcdtakf cri csskdactie watm 30= lahhakf Iurks ma`mir prkbats bkr tmi iftari
kr`cfazctakf& Dkfdirfaf` tmi bicsanahaty kb tmisi dmcf`is( fafi pirdift kb chh nrcfdmis
lcfc`ie tk kntcaf tmisi kfi stcfecre eivactakf afdricsis& Umas afeadctis tmct nrcfdmis
dcf lcfc`i tk kntcaf tmisi sdkris( wmadm af turf su``ists tmiri as stahh rkkl bkr
alprkvilift af prkbatcnahaty bkr tmi kr`cfazctakf af nrcfdmis tmct mcvi fkt yit kntcafie
tmisi sdkris&
9&2&3 Halatctakfs
Chtmku`m tmi usi kb twk wcvis kb ilphkyii surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc af c
dkftixt kb rifiwie M^L pkhadais as affkvctavi af tmas baihe kb risicrdm( tmi wcy tmi
hkf`atueafch ectc dkuphaf` wcs ekfi af tmas stuey mcs c halatctakf& Pi dklpcrie eabbirift
tali hc`s ny chhkwaf` eabbirift tali aftirvchs -3 — 4 yicrs!: mkwivir( tmas eae fkt cbbidt
kur risuhts& Umikry kf tmi cpprkpracti tali hc` as hcdjaf`& Umi pksatavi ibbidts kb
eivihkplift( bkr afstcfdi( lcy tcji hkf`ir& Lkrikvir( tmas tali hc` lcy ni tkk smkrt tk
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dcpturi tmi dcusch ibbidts kb pcy sctasbcdtakf( safdi tmi stcnahaty kb tmas surviy ealifsakf
wcs rihctavihy ma`m& Ttueais watm hkf`ir tali aftirvchs cbtir cdtuch M^L dmcf`is wkuhe
prkvaei c jiy cric bkr buturi risicrdm&
Umi sidkfe halatctakf dkfdirfs tmi licsuris usie af tmas stuey& Umas stuey
dklpcrie nrcfdmis( sk afeavaeuch surviy sdkris mce tk ni c``ri`ctie tk licf sdkris ct
tmi nrcfdm hivih& Pkrjaf` watm c``ri`ctie ectc dkuhe ni prknhilctad eui tk tmi
eabbirifdis af nrcfdm sazi& Umi stcfecre irrkrs cfe dkfbaeifdi aftirvchs bkr tmi
c``ri`ctie surviy sdkris la`mt ni eastkrtie -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Burtmirlkri( tmi clkuft
kb vcracfdi ct tmi nrcfdm hivih -ADD3! wcs rctmir hkw bkr skli surviy sdchis( afeadctaf`
tmct tmisi sdchis cri dkfdiptuchhy nittir suatie tk tmi afeavaeuch( okn kr ticl hivihs rctmir
tmcf tmi nrcfdm hivih&
9&2&> Alphadctakfs
Wrcdtadi& Umas risicrdm afbkrls M^L prcdtadi nidcusi tmas stuey smkws tmct tmi
nifibats kb M^L,rihctie dmcf`i prkdissis dcf tk c sunstcftach ixtift ni trcdie usaf`
ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf& Kur surviy licsuris lcy fkt ni tmi dcusch bcdtkrs nut
tmiy ek ribhidt tmi prkdissis -prkxy licsuris! cfe tmas bats viry wihh watm c wkrjbkrdi
sdkridcre pirspidtavi( wmiri licsuris kb eabbirift jafes cfe dkftixts cri dklnafie af
tryaf` tk lkfatkr cfe lcfc`i cf kr`cfazctakf‑s mulcf riskurdis& Turviy afbkrlctakf as
prieadtavi kb buturi bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi( cfe afeadctavi kb tmi ufeirhyaf` prkdissis
afvkhvie& Lkfatkraf` cfe lcfc`af` eabbirifdis af ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs as
alpkrtcft bkr kr`cfazctakfs& Cbtir chh( tmisi cspidts cri pirbkrlcfdi,staluhctaf` bcdtkrs
wmadm kbbir hafi cfe M^ lcfc`irs nittir dkftrkh kppkrtufatais tmcf( bkr ixclphi(
ixtirfch bcdtkrs( sudm cs lcrjit trifes kr lcrjit pradis&
Umi sdkris kb c pcrtaduhcr nrcfdm kf ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs dklpcrie tk ats
prakr sdkris cfe dklpcrie tk tmi sdkris kb ktmir nrcfdmis prkvaei nrcfdm lcfc`irs
watm usibuh lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf kf tmi nrcfdm‑s durrift pksatakf& Umi stuey smkwstmct wmif ilphkyiis cri cwcri tmct tmi ibbadaift eihaviry kb ma`m quchaty tk dustklirs as
`avif prakraty af tmiar nrcfdm cfe tmct tmiy wahh ni riwcreie cddkreaf`hy( tmif tmas
afbkrlctakf wahh `uaei tmiar nimcvakr tk ni af hafi watm tmas `kch( risuhtaf` af alprkvie
pirbkrlcfdi& Mifdi( sdkris kf pirbkrlcfdi kraiftctakfs af pcrtaduhcr( tk`itmir watm pcy
sctasbcdtakf( cri alpkrtcft& Umas as af hafi watm tmi ridifthy prkpksie ilphkyii ”hafi kb
sa`mt‑ dkfdipt& Hafi kb sa`mt afeadctis tmi ixtift tk wmadm cf ilphkyii ufeirstcfes tmi
kr`cfazctakf‑s vchuis cfe knoidtavis( cfe ufeirstcfes mkw tk ibbidtavihy dkftranuti tk
eihaviraf` tmil -Nkswihh( >772!&
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^isicrdm& Umas stuey dkftranutis tk kur jfkwhie`i kb tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i&
Umi cssulptakf tmct tmiri as fk vcractakf af M^L watmaf barls mcs niif dmchhif`ie af
ridift yicrs -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Pra`mt " Mc``irty( >779!( cfe af hafi watm tmisi
cutmkrs dkfdhusakfs( tmas stuey eilkfstrctis tmct ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L smkw
vcracfdi watmaf kfi cfe tmi scli hcr`i kr`cfazctakf& Tidkfehy( tmas stuey cpphaie c
hkf`atueafch eisa`f( wmadm as ma`mhy ridkllifeie af M^L risicrdm -Pra`mt it ch&( >779!&
Lkrikvir( dklpcraf` nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi cfe tmi scli hcr`i kr`cfazctakf as c
ridkllifeie strcti`y bkr buturi risicrdm af stueyaf` tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafj
-Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Uk ufhkdj tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap( ceeatakfch
risicrdm as fiieie usaf` hkf`ir talibrclis( cfe lkri dkftrkh vcracnhis& Lkri risicrdm as
chsk fiieie kf mkw dkrpkrcti micequcrtirs‑ aftifeie M^ pkhadais cri alphiliftie ny
nusafiss ufat hafi lcfc`irs( cfe kf tmi hafj nitwiif tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis cfe
ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!&
Mkwivir( cs Pchh cfe Pkke ->779! stctie( tmas riquaris c na` sdaifdi prkoidt& Lcfy
kr`cfazctakfs pkssiss crdmavch surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc( lksthy dkhhidtie ny eabbirift
eipcrtlifts -mulcf riskurdis: bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh!& Istcnhasmaf` hkf`atueafch
rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii surviy ectc cfe bafcfdach kutdklis cs wi eae af tmas
stuey as pkssanhi af lcfy ktmir hcr`ir kr`cfazctakfs& Litc,cfchyzaf` c sirais kb sudm
hcr`i,kr`cfazctakf kr nrcfdm,kb,afeustry spidabad stueais as kfi kptakf bkr buturi ”na` sdaifdi‑ af M^L&
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9&0 ^ibirifdis
Nidjir( N&I& " @irmcrt( N& -3112!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift kfkr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Wrk`riss cfe prkspidts& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift
Okurfch ( 41( 001,=73&
Nidjir( N&I&( Musihae( L&C& " Yhradm( E& ->773!& Umi M^ sdkridcre? Hafjaf` pikphi( strcti`y cfe pirbkrlcfdi & Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh&
Nksihai( W&( Eaitz( @& " Nkkf( D& ->779!& Dkllkfchatais cfe dkftrceadtakfs af M^L cfepirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 20,15&
Nksihai( W&( Wccuwi( O& " Ocfssif( W& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfepirbkrlcfdi? Hisskfs brkl tmi Fitmirhcfes& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift ( 3>( 3370,33>9&Nkswihh( P& ->772!& Cha`faf` ilphkyiis watm tmi kr`cfasctakf‑s strcti`ad knoidtavis? kut
kb ”hafi kb sa`mt‑( kut kb lafe& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift (30( 1( 35=1,3933&
Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( W& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&
Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&Nkxchh( W& " Lcdjy( J& ->771!& ^isicrdm cfe tmikry kf ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils?
Wrkdissaf` tmi ma`m,afvkhvilift stricl& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 31( 3(4,>4&
Nyrfi( N&L& ->773!& Ttrudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` watm CLKT? ncsad dkfdipts( cpphadctakfs( cfe prk`rcllaf` & Lcmwcm( FO? Hcwrifdi Irhncul&
Dcppihha( W& " Fiulcrj( E& ->773!& Ek ”ma`m pirbkrlcfdi‑ wkrj prcdtadis alprkviistcnhasmlift hivih kutdklis;& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr ^ihctakfs ^ivaiw ( 95( 040,002&
Dklns( O&( Hau( Q&( Mchh( C& " Jitdmif( E& ->772!& Mkw ludm ek ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis lcttir; C litc,cfchysas kb tmiar ibbidts kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi‑&Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 91( 4( 973,9>=&
Dkkj( E& " Dclpnihh( E& -3101!& Sucsa,ixpiraliftctakf? Eisa`f " cfchysas assuis bkr baihe sittaf`s & Nkstkf? Mku`mtkf Labbhaf Dk&
Basdmir( M& " Lattkrp( J&E& ->77>!& Mkw M^ licsuris suppkrt rasj lcfc`ilift? UmiEiutsdmi ncfj ixclphi& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 53( 5( 500,517&
@irmcrt( N& ->779!& Mulcf riskurdis cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi? Bafeaf`s( ufcfswiriequistakfs cfe cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm& Lcfc`ilift ^ivui ( 32( >( 305,3=9&
@irmcrt( N& ->770!& Lkeihaf` M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`is& Af? Umi Kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift -pp& 99>,9=7!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&
@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L& " LdLcmcf( @&D& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr cfe istalctis kb tmi M^,barl pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? Burtmir ivaeifdi cfe cfchysas& Wirskffih
Wsydmkhk`y ( 94( =99,=0>&@uist( E& -3110!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe pirbkrlcfdi? C rivaiw cfe risicrdm
c`ifec& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi lcfc`ilift ( =( >24,>02&@uist( E& -3111!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift — tmi wkrjir‑s vireadt& Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 35( 33( 01,12&@uist( E& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift? Pmif risicrdm dkfbrkfts tmikry&
Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 3>( 371>,3372&@uist( E&I&( Ladmai( O&( Dkfwcy( F& " Tmiimcf( L& ->774!& Mulcf riskurdi
lcfc`ilift cfe dkrpkrcti pirbkrlcfdi af tmi YJ& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 53( >( >13,435&
Mcdjlcf( O&^& " Khelcf( @&^& -3109!& Eivihkplift kb tmi okn eac`fkstad surviy&
Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 27( 391,307&
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Musihae( L&C& -3119!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift prcdtadis kfturfkvir(prkeudtavaty( cfe dkrpkrcti bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch (4=( 249,20>&
Musihae( L&C&( Nidjir( N&I& " Nictty( ^&P& ->779!& Umi wkrjbkrdi sdkridcre? Lcfc`af` mulcf dcpatch tk ixiduti strcti`y & Nkstkf? Mcrvcre Nusafiss Tdmkkh Wunhasaf` Dkrpkrctakf&
Musihae( L&C&( Ocdjskf( T&I& " Tdmuhir( ^&T& -3110!& Uidmfadch cfe strcti`admulcfriskurdi lcfc`ilift ibbidtavifiss cs eitirlafcfts kb barl pirbkrlcfdi&
Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 57( 3( 303,3==& Oclis( H&^&( Eilcrii( ^&@& " Pkhb( @& -31=5!& Istalctaf` watmaf,`rkup aftirrctir
rihacnahaty watm cfe watmkut rispkfsi nacs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 29( =9,1=&Jhiaf( J&O&( Nhaisi( W&E&( Jkzhkwsja( T&P&O&( Ecfsiricu( B&( @cvaf( L&N&( @rabbaf( L&C&(
Mkblcff( E&C&( Oclis( H&^&( Qcllcrafk( B&O& " Nha`m( L&D& ->777!& Luhtahivihcfchytadch tidmfaquis? dkllkfchatais( eabbirifdis( cfe dkftafuaf` quistakfs& Af?
Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& 93>,993!& J&O& Jhiaf " T&Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&
Jkys( E& O& ->773!& Umi ibbidts kb ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap
nimcvakr( cfe turfkvir kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C ufat,hivih( hkf`atueafchstuey& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 95( 3( 373,335&
Lcyk( C& ->773!& Umi mulcf vchui kb tmi iftirprasi? Rchuaf` pikphi cs cssits & Hkfekf? FadmkhcsNrichriy Wunhasmaf`&
Fasmaa( H&( Hipcj( E&W& " Tdmfiaeir( N& ->77=!& Ilphkyii cttranutakfs kb tmi ”wmy‑ kb M^ prcdtadis? Umiar ibbidts kf ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs( cfe dustklirsctasbcdtakf‑& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 974,959&
Fasmaa( H& " Pra`mt( W& ->77=!& Rcracnahaty watmaf kr`cfazctakfs? Alphadctakfs bkrstrcti`admulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift& Af? Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi? Eyfclad hafjc`is nitwiif afeavaeuchs cfe kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >>9,>5=!& E&N& Tlatm -Ie&!& Fiw Qkrj? Ucyhkr cfeBrcfdas @rkup&
Wccuwi( O& ->775!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivaf` hkf` tirl vacnahaty & Kxbkre? KxbkreYfavirsaty Wriss&
Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Pmct fixt;& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&
Wcttirskf( L&@&( Pist( L&C&( Tmcdjhitkf( R&O&( Ecwskf( O&B&( Hcwtmkl( ^&( Lcathas T&(^knafskf( E&H& " Pchhcdi( C&L& ->779!& Rchaectaf` tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalctilicsuri? Hafjs tk lcfc`irach prcdtadis( prkeudtavaty cfe affkvctakf& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >2( 401,57=&
Wbibbir( O& -3110!& Watbchhs kf tmi rkce tk licsurilift? Umi ecf`irkus hacaskf kb mulcfriskurdis watm tmi aeics kb cddkuftaf` cfe bafcfdi& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift (42( 4( 490,429&
Wmahhaps( O&O&( Ttkfi( ^&E& " Wmahhaps( W&W& ->773!& Umi mulcf riskurdis sdkridcre? licsuraf` tmi riturf kf afvistlift & Nkstkf( LC? Nuttirwkrtm,Miafilcff&
Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? Ukwcre cdklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfc`ilift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&
^kussicu( E& ->772!& As tmiri sudm c tmaf` cs ”Ivaeifdi ncsie lcfc`ilift‑; Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( 43( >92,>21&
^ycf( C&L&( Tdmlat( L&O& " Okmfskf( ^& -3112!& Cttatueis cfe ibbidtavifiss? Ixclafaf` rihctakfs ct cf kr`cfazctakfch hivih& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 51( 5( =94,==>&
Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcf`is( W&O&( Tlatm( E&N& " Tchvc``ak( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?Ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb
Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 9( =42,=93&
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Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi; Af?Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk?
Okssiy,Ncss&Tlatm( W&( Jifechh( H& " Muhaf( D& -3121!& Umi licsurilift kb sctasbcdtakf af wkrj cfe
ritarilift? C strcti`y bkr tmi stuey kb cttatueis& Dmadc`k? ^cfe LdFchhy&
Ukuhskf( W&J& " Eiwi( W& ->775!& M^ cddkuftaf` cs c licsurilift tkkh& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 35( >( 09,17&
Yhradm( E& -3110!& Licsuraf` mulcf riskurdis? cf kvirvaiw kb prcdtadi cfe cprisdraptakf bkr risuhts& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 42( 474,4>7&
Rcf Luaoif( O&( Jkkplcf( W&( Ei Patti( J& " Ncst( N& -3112!& Bkdus kp kr`cfasctaiduhtuur?mit dkfdurririfei wccreiflkeih if mit litif if vircfeirif vcf kr`cfasctaiduhtuur &Tdmkkfmkvif? Cdceilad Tirvadi&
Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Liaolcf( U&B& -3115!& Mit litif vcf psydmkskdachi crniaesnihcstaf` lit iif vrc`ifhaost? ei vrc`ifhaost nihivaf` if nikkreihaf` vcf ei crniae -RNNC!& Clstirecl?Fieirhcfes Afstatuut vkkr Crniaesklstcfea`mieif&
Pchjir( C&@&( Tlatmir( O&P& " Pchelcf( E&C& ->77=!& C hkf`atueafch ixclafctakf kb
dkfdklatcft dmcf`is af ticl hiceirsmap cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 950,900&
Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr ”na` sdaifdi‑& Mulcf ^ihctakfs ( 9=( 5( 5>1,52>&
Pra`mt( W&L& " @crefir( U&L& ->774!& Umi mulcf riskurdi,barl pirbkrlcfdirihctakfsmap? litmkekhk`adch cfe tmikritadch dmchhif`is& Af? Umi fiw wkrjphcdi? C
`uaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433,4>=!& E& Mkhlcf( U&E& Pchh( D&P& Dhi``( W& Tpcrrkw( " C& Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
Pra`mt( W&L&( @crefir( U&L&( Lkyfamcf( H&L& " Chhif( L&^& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmapnitwiif M^ prcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih
Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( >( 571,552& Pra`mt( W&L& " Mc``irty( O&O& ->779!& Lassaf` vcracnhis af tmikrais kb strcti`ad mulcf
riskurdi lcfc`ilift? Uali( dcusi( cfe afeavaeuchs//& Lcfc`ilift ^ivui ( 32( >(325,304&
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2
Dhalcti cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wrkeudtavaty
af tmi Bafcfdach Tidtkr?
Umi ^khi kb Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
Umas dmcptir as ncsie kf? Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O& ->771!& Ttrcti`ad Dhalcti cfeKr`cfazctakfch Wrkeudtavaty? Umi ^khi kb Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf& Af? Wrkdiieaf`s kb tmi Taxty, Taxtm Cffuch Liitaf` kb tmi Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift -DE!& @ikr`i U& Tkhklkf -Ie&!& ATTF3954,=254&
Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O& Dhalcti cfe Kr`cfazctakfchWrkeudtavaty af tmi Bafcfdach Tidtkr? Umi ^khi kb Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf& Lcfusdrapt ufeir ^ivaiw&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
35=
Cnstrcdt
Umas dmcptir as eisa`fie tk tist wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis( ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf
cs aftirlieacry‑ kr ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli‑( as lkri cpprkpracti tk eisdrani tmi
rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr
sirvadi cfe prkeudtavaty af nusafiss ufats& Hkf`atueafch ectc kntcafie brkl lkri tmcf
35(777 ilphkyiis af 303 nrcfdmis kb c bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf prkvaeie fk
ivaeifdi bkr tmi ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry‑ pirspidtavi& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf as fkt
rihctie tk prkeudtavaty af tmas stuey& Af hafi watm c ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli‑
pirspidtavi( dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as lkri csskdactie watm prkeudtavaty tmcf dhalcti bkr
sirvadi( cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi as lkri csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf tmcf dhalcti bkr
ibbadaifdy& Cdrkss tali c trcei,kbb wcs bkufe? dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct tali pkaft 3 asfi`ctavihy rihctie tk prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft >( cfe dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct tali pkaft
3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct tali pkaft >& Umisi bafeaf`s ma`mha`mt tmi
fiie tk stuey tmi eabbiriftach ibbidts kb strcti`ad dhalcti typis kf wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe
prkeudtavaty&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
351
2&3 Aftrkeudtakf
Lcfy sirvadi kr`cfazctakfs bcdi c vkhctahi lcrjit satuctakf& Drictaf` cfe sustcafaf`
dklpitatavi cevcftc`i af tmas typi kb ifvarkflift riquaris dkftafukus nusafiss
pirbkrlcfdi alprkvilifts& Af tmi bafcfdach sidtkr tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb cf kr`cfazctakf as
hcr`ihy eitirlafie ny tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb nusafiss ufats watmaf tmi kr`cfazctakf -@ihcei
" Aviry( >774!& Umiribkri( af tmas stuey tmi bkdus kb aftirist as tmi pirbkrlcfdi kb
nrcfdmis watmaf c hcr`i bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf& Af tmi bafcfdach sirvadi afeustry(
twk strcti`ais bkr afdricsaf` pirbkrlcfdi cri eastaf`uasmie? lcxalazaf` schis cfe
lafalazaf` dksts -Nctt( 3111!& Bkr lcxalazaf` schis( nrcfdmis fiie tk bkdus kf
prkvaeaf` ma`m,quchaty sirvadis tk dustklirs( fiie tk cttrcdt cfe ritcaf dustklirs( cfe
fiie tk ni dustklir,kraiftie af `ifirch -Tdmfiaeir( 3117n: Tdmfiaeir( Pmati " Wcuh(311=!& Umi sidkfe strcti`y typi rihctis tk tmi afput dksts& Pkrjaf` lkri ibbadaifthy dcf
eidricsi tmi dksts cfe tmus prklkti ibbadaifdy -Kstrkbb " Tdmlatt( 3114!& Umas strcti`y
eichs watm tmi ixtift tk wmadm c nrcfdm as wkrjaf` ibbadaifthy&
Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti mcs niif su``istie cs cf alpkrtcft prieadtkr kb
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -i&`& Csmjcfcsy( Paheirkl " Witirskf( >777: Tdmfiaeir(
3117c!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ribirs tk ilphkyiis‑ smcrie pirdiptakfs kb tmi typis kb
nimcvakrs cfe cdtakfs tmct cri riwcreie cfe suppkrtie ny tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s pkhadais(
prcdtadis( cfe prkdieuris -Tdmfiaeir( 3117c!& C ridift cpprkcdm af tmi dhalcti hatircturi
as tk hafj rihivcft dhalcti ealifsakfs tk kutdklis kb aftirist( cfy strcti`ad nusafiss `kch?
tmi ”dhalcti bkr sklitmaf`‑ cpprkcdm -Oclis( Dmka( Jk( LdFiah( Laftkf( Pra`mt " Jal(
>77=! aftrkeudie ny Tdmfiaeir -3109!& Lcfc`ilift dcf dkllufadcti cfe cha`f
ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs tkwcres strcti`ad `kchs ny eivihkpaf` c strcti`ad
dhalcti -Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777!& Af hafi watm tmas trife af dhalcti risicrdm tkwcres c
bkdus kf spidabad dhalcti crics( tmas stuey eastaf`uasmis twk dhalcti typis& Umas stuey
bkdusis kf dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi( af hafi watm tmi strcti`ais af tmi
sirvadi afeustry tk dkftranuti tk tmi dklpcfy pirbkrlcfdi& C dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
ribhidts nrcfdm,hivih smcrie pirdiptakfs cnkut tmi prakraty kb ibbadaifdy( cfe c dhalcti bkr
dustklir sirvadi ribhidts nrcfdm,hivih smcrie pirdiptakfs cnkut tmi prakraty kb dustklir
sirvadi&
Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi mcs niif kb dkfsaeircnhi aftirist
tk risicrdmirs cfe lcfc`irs bkr c fulnir kb yicrs -i&`& Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& Af
pcrtaduhcr c hafj nitwiif dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe dustklir pirdiptakfs kb sirvadi quchaty mcs niif dkfbarlie& Mkwivir( c halatie fulnir kb stueais kf rihctakfsmaps nitwiif
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
397
dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi prkeudie laxie bafeaf`s -Nkrudja "
Nurji( 3111!& C strkf` bkdus kf dustklir sirvadi la`mt ni afibbadaift& Umiribkri( tmas
stuey afvista`ctis tmi ibbidts kb nktm dhalcti typis kf prkeudtavaty&
Yfbkrtufctihy( at rilcafs ufdhicr af dhalcti hatircturi wmct pridasihy dkfstatutis tmi
hafjaf` lidmcfasl nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe kr`cfazctakfch
prkeudtavaty -i&`& Uishuj( Mkblcff " Sua`hiy( >77>!& Chtmku`m( ct tmi ilphkyii hivih
litc,cfchysis mcvi dkfbarlie c lieactaf` rkhi kb okn sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap
nitwiif psydmkhk`adch dhalcti cfe wkrjir kutdklis -i&`& Wcrjir( Nchtis( Qkuf`( Mubb(
Chtlcff( Hcdkst it ch&( >774!( ilparadch stueais tmct eilkfstrcti c hafj nitwiif dhalcti(
wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih rilcaf sdcrdi( cpcrt brkl
kfi ixdiptakf bkdusaf` ixdhusavihy kf tmi dklpcfy hivih -Wcttirskf( Pcrr " Pist( >775!&
Umas eicrtm kb stueais rcasis eabbaduhtais( nidcusi tmi hatircturi as afdkfsastift ri`creaf`
tmi ixpidtie rihctakfsmaps nitwiif dhalcti( wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty ct nusafiss
ufat hivih& Uwk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis kf tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf cri bkufe af tmi
dhalcti hatircturi&
Barsthy( wkrj sctasbcdtakf as eipadtie cs cf aftirlieacry lidmcfasl( a&i& nktm strcti`ad
dhalcti typis pksatavihy afbhuifdi prkeudtavaty tmrku`m afdricsie wkrj sctasbcdtakf -i&`&
Jkpihlcf( Nraib " @uzzk( 3117: Kstrkbb( 311>!& Mkwivir( cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm
su``ists tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cri eabbirift kutdkli afeadctkrs? cdhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy hices pralcrahy tk tmi cdmaivilift kb prkeudtavaty( wmahi c dhalcti
bkr sirvadi hices pralcrahy tk tmi cdmaivilift kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m(
31=4!& Nktm pirspidtavis wahh ni easdussie ct `rictir hif`tm af tmi fixt sidtakf& Umi cal
kb tmas stuey as tk tist nitwiif tmisi twk dklpitaf` pirspidtavis kb ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs
aftirlieacry‑ cfe ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli‑&
Umi tmikritadch dkftranutakf kb tmas stuey as tk ixclafi tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf
af tmi dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy , prkeudtavaty hafjc`i ct tmi nusafiss
ufat hivih& Pi ixtife privakus ilparadch risicrdm af tmi dhalcti baihe af twk ceeatakfch
litmkekhk`adch wcys& Barsthy( tmas stuey usis c hkf`atueafch eisa`f( wmirics tmi lcokraty
kb dhalcti risicrdm up tk fkw mcs niif drkss,sidtakfch af fcturi -Kstrkbb( Jafadja "
Ucljafs( >774!& Tidkfehy( prkeudtavaty af tmi durrift stuey as cssissie ny c buhh knoidtavi
rctak -kutputs virsus afputs!& Umas eabbirs brkl tmi lcokraty kb stueais ct tmi nusafiss ufat
hivih kr tmi dklpcfy hivih af tmct tmiy mcvi bkdusie pralcrahy kf pcrtach prkeudtavaty
licsuris -i&`& Jkys( >773! kr kf afearidt istalctis kb pcrtaduhcr kutputs kfhy( bkr
ixclphi( dustklir sctasbcdtakf -i&`& Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=!&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
393
2&> Mypktmisis Eivihkplift
2&>&3 Ilphkyii Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf cs Aftirlieacry nitwiif Dhalcti cfe Wrkeudtavaty
Af dkfdiptuch lkeihs usie tk ixphcaf tmi ufeirhyaf` prkdiss nimafe kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti cfe prkeudtavaty( ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf as kbtif eipadtie cs cf aftirlieacry
-Uishuj it ch&( >77>: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774!& Ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf dcf ni eibafie cs c
phicsurcnhi stcti kr pksatavi ilktakfch stcti risuhtaf` brkl tmi cpprcasch kb kfi‑s okn kr
okn ixpiraifdi -Hkdji( 3102? 3477!& Umi dkfdiptuch lkeihs wmadm eipadt wkrj
sctasbcdtakf cs cf aftirlieacry lidmcfasl cri ncsie kf tmi wkrj kb Jkpihlcf it ch&
-3117!& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! cr`uie tmct at as ”dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi stctis‑ -pralcrahy
wkrj lktavctakf cfe okn sctasbcdtakf! cfe ”schaift kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakrs‑ sudm cs
cttcdmlift -cttifeaf` cfe stcyaf` af tmi kr`cfazctakf!( okn pirbkrlcfdi -tcsjs af cf
afeavaeuch‑s kr`cfazctakfch rkhi! cfe datazifsmap -mihpbuh dkftranutakfs tmct cri fkt
lcfectkry! tmct bkrl tmi hafjaf` lidmcfasls nitwiif `ifirchazie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti
cfe prkeudtavaty -Jkpihlcf it ch& 3117!& Umi `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas ealifsakfs kb
tmas `ifirchazie dhalcti dkfstrudt cri rihctie tk tmi strcti`ad `kchs kb cf kr`cfazctakf
-Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!( af tmas stuey tmi bkdus kf ibbadaifdy cfe dustklir sirvadi&
Ny tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs `kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas lcfc`ilift
prkvaei ilphkyiis watm jfkwhie`i cnkut tmi `kchs kb tmi kr`cfazctakf cfe cnkut mkw tk
cha`f tmiar nimcvakr& Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! ricskfie tmct tmisi twk dhalcti ealifsakfsbcdahatcti afeavaeuch sctasbcdtakf ny rieudaf` rkhi dkfbhadt cfe clna`uaty& Ivaeifdi bkr
wkrj cttatueis cs c lieactaf` prkdiss nitwiif dhalcti cfe schaift kr`cfazctakfch
nimcvakrs wcs bkufe af twk litc,cfchysis ny Wcrjir it ch& ->774! cfe Dcrr( Tdmlaet(
Bkre cfe Eismkf ->774!& Tidkfehy( c hafj as su``istie nitwiif dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi
stctis cfe kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty tmrku`m schaift kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakrs& Tchaift
kr`cfazctakfch nimcvakrs( afdhueaf` okn pirbkrlcfdi -Acbbchecfk " Ludmafsjy( 31=9!(
cnsiftiiasl -Ludmafsjy( 3100!( turfkvir -@rabbitm( Mkl " @cirtfir( >777! cfe
datazifsmap -Kr`cf( 31==! cri afbhuifdie ny mkw pikphi biih ct wkrj( i&`& tmiar hivih kb
okn sctasbcdtakf& ^ihctaf` tk tmi bafcfdach sirvadi sittaf` kb tmas stuey( Jkpihlcf it ch&
-3117! cfe Raswisvcrcf cfe Kfis ->777! cr`ui tmct watmercwch nimcvakr -cnsiftiiasl
cfe turfkvir! dcf fi`ctavihy cbbidt kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( ny afdricsaf` dksts
-riphcdilift cfe trcafaf`! cfe ny eidricsaf` kutput vchui -easruptakf kb schis!& Okn
pirbkrlcfdi cfe datazifsmap nimcvakr( mkwivir( dcf pksatavihy cbbidt kutput vchui ny
afdricsaf` schis&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
39>
Af tmi prisift stuey( tmi tirl wkrj sctasbcdtakf as usie tk ribir tk c nusafiss ufat,
hivih sctasbcdtakf dkfstrudt& Cs watm tmi eibafatakf kb `rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf -Lcskf "
@rabbaf( >77>!( tmas dkfstrudt ilpmcsazis c smcrie cttatuei tkwcres tmi wkrj
ifvarkflift& Umi bcdt tmct dhalcti pirdiptakfs cri smcrie clkf` nusafiss ufat lilnirs
suppkrts tmi aeic kb c prkdiss af wmadm kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti bcdahatctis salahcr
ixpiraifdis kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf clkf` lilnirs kb c nrcfdm( cfe sunsiquifthy c
prkdiss af wmadm sctasbcdtakf cbbidts prkeudtavaty vac c dkhhidtavi sit kb ilphkyii
nimcvakrs( cs ixphcafie cnkvi& Mkwivir( Lcskf cfe @rabbaf ->77>! cr`uie tmct c `rkup‑s
smcrie cttatuei tkwcres ats tcsj cfe tmi csskdactie wkrj ifvarkflift smcpis ufaqui
`rkup prkdissis cfe kutdklis& Cddkreaf` tk Kstrkbb -311>!( smcrie pksatavi cttatueis
-sudm cs wkrj sctasbcdtakf! cri c pririquasati bkr if`c`af` af dkhhcnkrctavi ibbkrt cfe
cddiptaf` kr`cfazctakfch `kchs& Nisaeis( cddkreaf` tk tmi sirvadi prkbat dmcaf -Misjitt(
Tcssir " Tdmhisaf`ir( 3110!( sctasbaie cfe lktavctie ilphkyiis prkeudi sctasbaie
dustklirs( risuhtaf` af afdricsie prkbats& Mcrtir( Tdmlat cfe Mcyis ->77>! prisiftie
ivaeifdi tmct c``ri`ctie sctasbcdtakf as pksatavihy rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty&
Af spati kb tmisi vcrakus cssulptakfs ncsie kf tmikry( kfhy Wcttirskf it ch& ->775!
dkfeudtie c stuey tmct afvista`ctie dklpcfy sctasbcdtakf cs c lieactkr af tmi rihctakfsmap
nitwiif dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Umiy usie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti sdchis cfe c okn
sctasbcdtakf sdchi tk prieadt sunsiquift bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi -kfi yicr cbtir! af 5>lcfubcdturaf` dklpcfais& Tax dhalcti cspidts wiri bkufe tk ni prieadtavi kb bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi cfe wiri lieactie ny cvirc`i okn sctasbcdtakf& Af sul( staluhctaf` cf
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti crkufe ibbadaifdy cfe sirvadi wahh alprkvi prkeudtavaty( cfe wkrj
sctasbcdtakf dcf ni siif cs c dratadch prkdiss af lieactaf` tmas alprkvilift&
2&>&> Ilphkyii Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf cs Kutdkli
Pkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty dcf chtirfctavihy ni eisdranie cs twk eabbirift
kutdkli afeadctkrs( icdm csskdactie watm eabbirift dhalcti typis& Af pcrtaduhcr c dhalctibkr ibbadaifdy as prieklafcfthy csskdactie watm prkeudtavaty cfe c dhalcti bkr sirvadi as
prieklafcfthy csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Tdmfiaeir -3109! cr`uie tmct
pirdiptakfs dcf sirvi cs c brcli kb ribirifdi bkr `uaeaf` cpprkpracti cfe cecptavi tcsj
nimcvakrs& Dhalcti as c dkllufadctakf prkdiss tmrku`m wmadm lcfc`ilift dcf cha`f
ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs tkwcres tmi lkst alpkrtcft strcti`ad `kch kb tmi
kr`cfazctakf -Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777!& Af c sirvadi kr`cfazctakf ilphkyiis cri
ifdkurc`ie ny tmi dhalcti tk `avi `kke sirvadi& Tk( wmif ilphkyiis pirdiavie tmct
sirvadi as tmi lkst alpkrtcft `kch af tmiar nrcfdm( ilphkyiis dcf buhbahh tmiar eisari tk
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
394
`avi sirvadi( cfe tmas wahh risuht af biihaf`s kb sctasbcdtakf -Tdmfiaeir( 31=7!& Qkkf( Nictty
cfe Tum ->773!( cfe Tdmlat cfe Chhsdmiaet -3119! istcnhasmie pksatavi rihctakfsmaps
nitwiif sirvadi dhalcti cfe ilphkyii cttatueis& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe wmif lcfc`ilift
dkllufadctis tmct ibbadaifdy as tmi lkst alpkrtcft `kch( ilphkyiis wahh cha`f tmiar
nimcvakrs tkwcres tmct `kch& Ilphkyiis cri ifdkurc`ie tkwcres wkrjaf` lkri ibbadaifthy
ny lafalazaf` dksts( cfe tmas wahh risuht af alprkvie prkeudtavaty& Mifdi( eivihkpaf` c
typi kb strcti`ad dhalcti -dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy kr sirvadi! hices tk tmi cdmaivilift kb c
pcrtaduhcr kutdkli -prkeudtavaty kr wkrj sctasbcdtakf!&
Mkwivir( nrcfdmis lcy fkt ni cnhi tk cdmaivi nktm kutdklis -prkeudtavaty cfe
wkrj sctasbcdtakf! tk tmi scli ixtift& Umiy lcy fiie tk lcji c trcei,kbb af tirls kb
wmadm kutdkli tk cdmaivi watm prakraty cfe bkdus kf tmas kutdkli& Ncsie kf tmas
dklpitaf`,kutdkli fktakf Suaff cfe ^kmrncu`m -31=4! eivihkpie tmi dklpitaf`
vchuis brcliwkrj& Umiar dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj alphais tmct kr`cfazctakfs
dmcrcdtirazie ny c rctakfch `kch -i&`& bkdus kf ibbadaifdy! cfe aftirfch strudturi dhalcti
bkdus pralcrahy kf cdmaivaf` prkeudtavaty( wmahi kr`cfazctakfs dmcrcdtirazie ny c mulcf
rihctakfs cfe kpif systil dhalcti -i&`& bkdus kf dustklir sirvadi! bkdus pralcrahy kf
cdmaivaf` ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Mifdi( tmi eivihkplift kb
c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy hices tk cdmaivilift kb prkeudtavaty rctmir tmcf tk cdmaivilift
kb sctasbcdtakf( cfe tmi eivihkplift kb c dhalcti bkr sirvadi hices tk cdmaivilift kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf rctmir tmcf tk cdmaivilift kb prkeudtavaty&
Uk ecti tmiri mcs niif hatthi risicrdm kf tmi ibbidts kb luhtaphi typis kb dhalcti -bkr
ixclphi( c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy! kf kutdklis af eabbirift
pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs -Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774!& Cf ixdiptakf tk
tmas as bkufe af Kstrkbb cfe Tdmlatt -3114!( wmk dkfdhueie tmct chtmku`m sdmkkhs
dmcrcdtirazie ny cf ilpmcsas kf strudturi( `kchs cfe ruhis wiri ibbadaift( tmiy wiri ct tmi
scli tali afibbidtavi eui tk ealafasmaf` trust cfe lkrchi& Nisaeis( sdmkkhs dmcrcdtirazie
ny ma`m sdkris kf bcvkrcnhi dhalcti wiri ibbidtavi( nut afibbadaift& Talahcrhy( @kkelcf(
_cllutk cfe @abbkre ->773! eilkfstrctie tmct c dhalcti bkdusie kf prkeudtavaty cfe
ibbadaifdy as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk okn sctasbcdtakf& Lkri ridifthy( Tdmuhti( Kstrkbb(
Tmluhyacf cfe Jafadja ->771! dkfdhueie tmct stkris kb c fctakfch bkke eastranutakf
dklpcfy watm c strcti`ad bkdus pirbkrlie nittir tmcf stkris watm c suppkrtavi dhalcti&
Umas hafi kb ricskfaf` su``ists tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cri twk eabbirift
kutdkli afeadctkrs csskdactie watm eabbirift dhalcti typis& Wrkeudtavaty rihctis lkri tk c
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
395
dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy tmcf tk c dhalcti bkr sirvadi( wmahi c wkrj sctasbcdtakf rihctis lkri
tk c dhalcti bkr sirvadi tmcf tk c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy&
2&>&4 Dklpitaf` Mypktmisis
Umas stuey ixclafis tmi twk chtirfctavi aftirpritctakfs kb tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti -bkr sirvadi cfe bkr ibbadaifdy!( cfe
prkeudtavaty cs prisiftie cnkvi& ^ctmir tmcf bkrluhctaf` cfe tistaf` c saf`hi mypktmisas
wmadm dcf afeudi dkfbarlctakf nacs( tmas stuey cttilpts tk pat tmi dklpitaf`
pirspidtavis kf tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf c`cafst kfi cfktmir ilparadchhy -Pchh "
Pkke( >779!& Barst( nktm dhalcti typis afbhuifdi prkeudtavaty pksatavihy ny mcvaf` c
pksatavi ibbidt kf wkrj sctasbcdtakf -mypktmisas 3? wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry!&
Tidkfehy( c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cbbidts prkeudtavaty lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr sirvadi
cbbidts prkeudtavaty( cfe ct tmi scli tali c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf
lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf -mypktmisas >? wkrj
sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cs eabbirift kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis!&
2&4 Litmkes
2&4&3 ^isicrdm Dkftixt
Umas stuey wcs dkfeudtie watmaf c hcr`i bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf& At wcs kfhy
tmi hkdch sihb,`kvirfie nrcfdmis af tmi Fitmirhcfes wmadm pcrtadapctie af tmi stuey& Umi
spmiri kb cdtavaty kb icdm nrcfdm as halatie tk ats `ik`rcpmadch cric& Icdm nrcfdm as
rispkfsanhi bkr tmi smcpaf` kb pkhadais( prkdieuris cfe prcdtadis watmaf at& Ilphkyiis
watmaf c nrcfdm aftircdt briquifthy cfe wkrj dhksihy tk`itmir tkwcres tmi cdmaivilift kb
tmi nrcfdm `kchs& Mifdi( wi eastaf`uasmie tmi nrcfdm hivih cs tmi cpprkpracti hivih kb
cfchysas&
Umi stuey usie c hkf`atueafch eisa`f& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr sirvadi(
wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty wiri icdm licsurie twadi& C twk,wcvi stuey chhkws
us tk lcji lkri dkfbaeift dcusch afbirifdis& Barsthy( wi dkftrkh bkr ”stcnahaty‑ af dhalctis(
sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty sdkris& At dcf ni ixpidtie tmct nusafiss ufats watm ma`m
sdkris kf dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr sirvadi( wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty af
rihctakf tk ktmir nrcfdmis ct c pcrtaduhcr tali pkaft wahh ritcaf salahcr rihctavi pksatakfs ct
c bkhhkw,up tali pkaft& Umus( watmkut dkftrkhhaf` bkr tmisi prakr sdkris wi dcffkt
dkfdhuei tmct sunstcftach dmcf`is af dhalctis cfe sctasbcdtakf sdkris mcvi cdtuchhy
risuhtie af ma`mir prkeudtavaty& Tidkfehy( tmas eisa`f ifcnhis us tk dkftrkh bkr pkssanhi
rivirsie ibbidts& Nrcfdmis watm ma`m prkbats la`mt mcvi c `rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af
M^ prcdtadis( risuhtaf` af tmiar mcvaf` lkri pksatavi dhalcti sdkris tmcf tmksi tmct ek
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
399
fkt mcvi ma`m prkbats -Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117!& Tidkfehy( ma`m prkeudtavaty prkvaeis
ilphkyiis watm tmi jfkwhie`i tmct tmiar nrcfdm as pirbkrlaf` wihh cfe tmct at as
cddklphasmaf` ats prkeudtavaty `kchs( cfe tmas la`mt pksatavihy alpcdt kf tmiar sctasbcdtakf
-Kstrkbb( 311>!& Af ceeatakf( ma`m pirbkrlcfdi chsk sa`fchs kr`cfazctakfch michtm cfe tmus
rihctavi ilphkylift siduraty -Tdmfiaeir( Mcf`is( Tlatm " Tchvc``ak( >774!& Cs c risuht(
ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf la`mt ni lkri pksatavi&
Crdmavch ectc brkl c nchcfdie sdkridcre typi kb lcfc`ilift systil wiri usie af
tmas stuey& Wrkeudtavaty ba`uris wiri prkvaeie ny tmi bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh eipcrtlift&
C``ri`ctie ilphkyii surviy ectc wcs usie tk licsuri dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr
sirvadi cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf& 303 nrcfdmis pcrtadapctie af tmi ilphkyii surviy systil
kf twk kddcsakfs nitwiif >777 cfe >779 -54 pirdift kb tmi tktch pkpuhctakf( ectc cs kb
>774!& Ct tali pkaft 3 -U3!( quistakffcari ectc kf 35(500 ilphkyiis wcs cvcahcnhi& Umi
cvirc`i rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs 00&9 pirdift& Ct
tali pkaft > -U>!( surviy ectc kf 35(=27 ilphkyiis wcs dkhhidtie& Ct nrcfdm hivih( tmi
cvirc`i rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii surviys wcs =5&0 pirdift& Umi cvirc`i fulnir kb
pcrtadapcfts pir nrcfdm wcs =5&0 bkr U3 cfe =2&1 bkr U>&
Eravif ny tmi fcturi kb tmi ectc dkhhidtie af kf`kaf` nusafiss prcdtadi( eabbirift
tali aftirvchs nitwiif tmi twk licsurilift pkafts ixasts -3( >( cfe 4 yicr aftirvchs!& Umi
cvirc`i aftirvch nitwiif tmi ilphkyii surviys clkuftie tk >5 lkftms -watm c stcfecreeivactakf kb 0&3!& Umas tali,hc` ribhidts prakr risicrdm kf dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi
kutdklis -Tdmfiaeir it ch&( 311=!& Ct U3 cfe U> ilphkyii dhalcti cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf
ectc cfe prkeudtavaty wiri dkuphie dkftilpkrcfikushy& Bkr ixclphi( wi dkffidtie tmi
dhalcti cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf ectc bkr >773 tk tmi yicr,ife prkeudtavaty ridkres bkr >773&
Wcrtadapctakf af tmi ilphkyii surviy as vkhuftcry bkr tmi nrcfdmis cfe vkhuftcry cfe
cfkfylkus bkr tmi afeavaeuchs& Bkr tmas ricskf( wi dmidjie tmi riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi
sclphi -U3 ectc cs kb >773( U> ectc cs kb >774! ct nktm tmi nrcfdm hivih cs wihh cs ct tmi
afeavaeuch hivih& Ct nrcfdm hivih( tmi riprisiftctavifiss kb tmi sclphi bkr tmi tktch
pkpuhctakf af tmi kr`cfazctakf wcs dmidjie af tirls kb ri`akf af tmi Fitmirhcfes( cfe
nrcfdm sazi& Ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih( riprisiftctavifiss wcs dmidjie af tirls kb c`i dhcss
-bavi hivihs? >9 yicrs cfe ufeir( >9,49 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 49,59 yicrs( 59,99 yicrs cfe 99
yicrs cfe cnkvi!( fulnir kb wkrjaf` mkurs+wiij -hiss tmcf 42 mkurs( 42 mkurs( kvir 42
mkurs!( cfe `ifeir& Pi bkufe tmct tmi sclphi dkuhe ni ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi
tktch kr`cfazctakf ct nktm hivihs cfe nktm tali pkafts af tirls kb tmi vcracnhis
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
392
liftakfie: tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif kur sclphi cfe tmi pkpuhctakf wcs ct lcxalul bavi
pirdift bkr icdm dcti`kry kb tmi cnkvi,liftakfie vcracnhis&
2&4&> Licsuris
Umi hivih kb dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi as cssissie watm twk sdchis& Nktmsdchis cri dklpcfy spidabad( nut dklpcrcnhi af dkftift tk sdchis usie af tmi Eutdm
BKDYT quistakffcari -Rcf Luaoif( Jkkplcf( Ei Patti " Ncst( 3112! cfe tmi
Kr`cfazctakfch Dhalcti Afviftkry -Wcttirskf( Pist( Tmcdjhitkf( Ecwskf( Hcwtmkl(
Lcahhas it ch&( >779!( nktm kb wmadm cri ncsie kf Suaff‑s dklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm
-Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Af hafi watm pcst dhalcti hatircturi -@hadj( 31=9: Dmcf( 311=!
ilphkyiis wiri csjie tk prkvaei dhalcti pirdiptakfs kb tmiar nrcfdm: chh dhalcti atils
cri ribirifdie tk tmi nrcfdm -”ribirifdi smabt‑ typi kb dklpksatakf!& Afstice kb stueyaf`
afeavaeuch vchuctakfs( tmi bkdus kb aftirist as kf tmi afeavaeuchs‑ pirdiptakfs kb nrcfdm
bcdtkrs cfe prkdissis& ^ispkfeifts rctie icdm kb tmi atils kf c bavi,pkaft sdchi rcf`af`
brkl ”A dklphitihy c`rii‑ tk ”A dklphitihy easc`rii‑& Umi licsurilifts bkr tmi twk
dhalcti typis cri eisdranie nihkw&
C `kch ibbidtavifiss sdchi wcs afdhueie tk licsuri tmi ixtift tk wmadm prakraty as
`avif tk ibbadaifdy af c nrcfdm cs pirdiavie ny tmi ilphkyiis& Umas sdchi dkfsasts kb tmrii
atils& C sclphi stctilift brkl tmi `kch ibbidtavifiss sdchi as? ”Af tmas nrcfdm wi cri
cwcri kb dksts cfe cdt cddkreaf`hy‑ -γ < &09 ct U3 cfe γ <&04 ct U>!& Dhalcti bkr sirvadi
wcs eibafie cs tmi prakraty `avif tk dustklir sirvadi af c nrcfdm cs pirdiavie ny tmi
ilphkyiis& Uk licsuri tmi ixtift tk wmadm c nrcfdm as dustklir kraiftie( wi afdhueie c
1,atil dustklir bkdus sdchi& C sclphi stctilift as? ”Umas nrcfdm as dkftafuchhy cssissaf`
dustklir fiies‑ -γ <&13 ct U3 cfe γ <&17 ct U>!&
Pi cssissie tmi hivih kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf usaf` twk dklpkfifts& ^ispkfeifts wiri
csjie tk dkllift kf tmi quistakf? ”Chh tmaf`s dkfsaeirie( A cl sctasbaie watm wkrjaf`
bkr tmas nrcfdm‑ kf c bavi,pkaft rispkfsi sdchi& Chtmku`m c saf`hi atil licsuri kb kvirchhsctasbcdtakf mcs cddiptcnhi rihacnahaty kb ct lafalul &20 -Pcfkus( ^iadmirs " Muey(
3110!( wi eidaeie tk dklphilift tmas saf`hi atil tk licsuri fkt kfhy tmi kvirchh
cpprcasch kb kfi‑s okn( nut chsk lkri spidabad okn ixpiraifdis& Umiribkri( c 1,atil wkrj
phicsuri sdchi -Rcf Rihemkvif " Liaolcf( 3115! -γ < &03 ct U3 cfe γ < &0> ct U>! wcs
chsk afdhueie& C sclphi quistakf bkr tmi wkrj phicsuri sdchi as? ”A ifoky ly wkrj‑& Umas
sdchi mce twk,pkaft cfswiraf` dcti`krais kb tmi Qis+Fk typi& Ttcfecreazie -nitwiif 7
cfe 377! okn sctasbcdtakf atil cfe wkrj phicsuri sdchi sdkris( wiri cvirc`ie tk `it c
wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkri&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
390
Wrkeudtavaty wcs kpirctakfchazie ny licfs kb c yicrhy ”nrcfdm prkbat pir BUI afeix‑&
Wrkbats cri kpirctakfchazie cs `rkss prkbats lafus riturf kf iquaty& Pi dmksi tmas
pcrclitir nidcusi at as fkt afbhuifdie ny eabbirifdis af schis + dksts nitwiif tmi
nrcfdmis( cfe nidcusi at kfhy ribhidts tmct pcrt kb tmi prkbats wmadm as fkt rihctie tk
riturfs kf iquaty& Umi fulnir kb buhh tali iquavchifts -BUI! as eitirlafie kf tmi ncsas
kb tmi cvirc`i fulnir kb BUIs wkrjaf` ct c hkdch nrcfdm euraf` c spidabad yicr&
2&4&4 C``ri`ctakf Uists
Uk suppkrt tmi c``ri`ctakf kb afeavaeuch dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr
sirvadi( cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkris aftk tmi nrcfdm,hivih sdkris( wi dchduhctie aftrcdhcss
dkrrihctakfs -ADD3 cfe ADD>! cfe tistie wmitmir cvirc`i sdkris eabbirie sa`fabadcfthy
cdrkss nrcfdmis& Umi ADD3 dcf ni eibafie cs tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi af afeavaeuch sdkris
cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm -Jhiaf( Nhaisi( Jkzhkwsja( Ecfsiricu( @cvaf( @rabbaf it ch&(
>777!& Umi ADD> pcrclitir dcf ni aftirpritie cs tmi rihacnahaty kb tmi licf nrcfdm
sdkris& Rchuis cnkvi &07 cri dkfsaeirie `kke: vchuis cnkvi &97 cri eiilie tkhircnhi
-Jhiaf it ch&( >777!& Af ceeatakf( wi dchduhctie ^w` -O! vchuis kb watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift
-Oclis( Eilcrii " Pkhb( 31=5! bkr dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi( cfe
wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Rchuis kb &07 cri dkfsaeirie subbadaift bkr c``ri`ctakf&
Bkr dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi wi kntcafie `kke suppkrt bkr
c``ri`ctakf -dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U3 ADD3 < &707: ADD> < &=25: B -307! < 0&421 p 8
&73: ^w` -O! < 0=: ct U> ADD3 < &70>: ADD> < &=21: B -307! < 0&24> p 8 &73: ^w` -O! <
=7: dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U3 ADD3 < &7=5: ADD> < &==9: B -307! < =&0>> p 8 &73: ^w` -O!
< 12: ct U> ADD3 < &795: ADD> < &=4>: B -307! < 9&152 p 8 &73: ^w` -O! < 12!& Umi
aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cri dklpcrcnhi watm tmi hkwir aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs ripkrtie af
privakus stueais -@ihcei " Aviry( >774: Tdmfiaeir it ch&( >774!& Umi ^w` -O! vchuis
su``ist subbadaift watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift tk oustaby c``ri`ctakf tk tmi nrcfdm hivih& Bkr
wkrj sctasbcdtakf wi bkufe hiss suppkrt bkr c``ri`ctakf -ct U3 ADD3 < &7>=: ADD> <&071: B -307! < 4&55> p 8 &73 cfe ct U> ADD3 < &7>5: ADD> < &2=>: B -307! < 4&35> p 8
&73!& Umi ADD3 kb tmi wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkri( mkwivir( as quati dklpcrcnhi watm
aftrcdhcss dkrrihctakfs cs ripkrtie af privakus stueais af tmas pcrtaduhcr risicrdm cric
-Lcrjhufe( Nkhaf " Rkf Issif( >77=!& At wcs bkufe tmct bkr nktm dhalcti cfe
sctasbcdtakf sdkris tmi vcracfdi dklpkfifts cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm wiri stctastadchhy
sa`fabadcft af cf B,tist& Pi dcf tmiribkri cssuli tmct rihacnhi dklpcraskfs nitwiif licf
vchuis bkr nrcfdmis cri pkssanhi( ivif ab ADD3 vchuis cri rctmir slchh -Jhiaf it ch&( >777!&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
39=
Af ceeatakf( tmi ^w` -O! vchuis su``ist subbadaift watmaf,nrcfdm c`riilift tk oustaby
c``ri`ctakf tk tmi nrcfdm hivih -tmi ^w` -O! vchuis cri &=5 cfe &=>!&
2&4&5 Cfchysas
Uk tist nitwiif tmi twk dcusch lkeihs( c fulnir kb dklpitaf` lkeihs wiri battietk tmi ectc watm strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` usaf` CLKT 2 -Oclis( Luhcaj " Nritt(
>772!& Dkfsaeiraf` tmi prkpkrtakf kb tmi fulnir kb dhalcti cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf atils
kf tmi kfi mcfe tk tmi fulnir kb dcsis ct nrcfdm hivih kf tmi ktmir mcfe( wi eidaeie tk
afdhuei tmi vchaectie dhalcti cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkris cs lcfabist vcracnhis rctmir
tmcf cs hctift vcracnhis af kur lkeih -tmi cvirc`i tktch sdkris! af kreir tk lcaftcaf c
bcvkrcnhi afeadctkr,tk,sclphi sazi rctak& Af kreir tk ixclafi wmitmir dhalcti bkr
ibbadaifdy( bkr sirvadi cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf( wmadm wiri dkhhidtie brkl tmi scli skurdi(
dcpturie eabbirift dkfstrudts ct nrcfdm hivih( wi barst dkfeudtie Mcrlcf‑s kfi,bcdtkr
tist& Pi usie cvirc`ie sdkris kf tmi twk dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe tmi twk wkrj
sctasbcdtakf ealifsakfs cs afeadctkrs& Pi dkfeudtie c dkfbarlctkry bcdtkr cfchysas af
wmadm afeadctkrs kb dhalcti cfe sctasbcdtakf vcracnhis wiri sit tk hkce kf c saf`hi bcdtkr ct
nktm tali pkafts& Umas saf`hi,bcdtkr lkeih eae fkt bat tmi ectc wihh ct nktm tali pkafts
-π> < 30&>53( p < &777 eb < >: C@BA < &02=: DBA < &114: ^LTIC < &>3>( WDhksi <
&773: cfe π> < 42&201( p< &777 eb < >: C@BA < &934: DBA < &011: ^LTIC < &4>=(
WDhksi < &777!& Umisi risuhts burtmir suppkrt tmi easdralafcft vchaeaty kb kur dhalcti bkr
ibbadaifdy cfe bkr sirvadi cs wihh cs wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkris&
Pi stcrtie tistaf` kur mypktmisis usaf` tmrii drkss,sidtakfch cfchysis?
3c& Cf afearidt ibbidts lkeih -L3c! — ”aftirlieacry pirspidtavi‑
>c& C earidt ibbidts lkeih -L>c! — ”eabbirift kutdkli pirspidtavi‑
4c& C lkeih watm nktm afearidt cfe earidt ibbidts( dklnafaf` 3c cfe >c -L4c!
Chh tmrii lkeihs wiri tistie ct nktm tali pkafts( sk tmi kutdklis dcf ni dkfsaeirie
cs risuhts kb twk sipcrcti sclphis( kfi bkr icdm tali pkaft& Fixt( af kreir tk tist
nitwiif tmi twk dklpitaf` mypktmisis( tmi twk lkeihs riprisiftaf` icdm kb tmi twk
mypktmisis -L3c cfe L>c! wiri dklpcrie watm tmi buhh lkeih -L4c!& Umi lkeihs wiri
dklpcrie usaf` c π> eabbirifdi tist& Cf kvirvaiw kb tmi drkss,sidtakfch risicrdm lkeihs
dcf ni bkufe af Ba`uri 3&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
391
Uali pkaft >
Uali pkaft 3 Lkeih 4c
Uali pkaft >
Uali pkaft 3 Lkeih >c
Uali pkaft >
Lkeih 3c Uali pkaft 3
Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
Wrkeudtavaty
Pkrj sctasbcdtakf
Wrkeudtavaty
Wrkeudtavaty
Pkrj sctasbcdtakf
Wrkeudtavaty
Wrkeudtavaty
Pkrj sctasbcdtakf
Wrkeudtavaty
Dhalcti bkr sirvadi Pkrj sctasbcdtakf
Dhalcti bkr sirvadi
Dhalcti bkr sirvadi Pkrj sctasbcdtakf
Dhalcti bkr sirvadi
Dhalcti bkr sirvadi Pkrj sctasbcdtakf
Dhalcti bkr sirvadi
Ba`uri 3& Drkss,sidtakfch risicrdm lkeihsFktis? Lkeih 3c? Afearidt lkeih( Lkeih >c? Earidt lkeih( Lkeih 4c? Buhh lkeih&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
327
Tunsiquifthy( af kreir tk stuey tmi alpcdt kb tali( wi ixpcfeie kur lkeihs ny
afdhueaf` rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali& Uilpkrch stcnahatais -ibbidts nitwiif aeiftadch
vcracnhis licsurie ct U3 cfe U>! wiri afdhueie ct tmas stc`i bkr chh lkeihs& Umisi sk,
dchhie cutkdkrrihctakfs afeadcti tmct nrcfdmis wmadm mce hkw sdkris kf prkeudtavaty af
rihctakf tk ktmir nrcfdmis af kur sclphi ct tali pkaft 3 ritcafie salahcr rihctavi pksatakfs
ct tali pkaft >& Lkrikvir( bkr icdm lkeih earidt kr afearidt rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali
-afdhueaf` rivirsie ibbidts! wiri lkeihie&
Umas risuhtie af tmrii hkf`atueafch lkeihs?
3n& Cf afearidt lkeih -L3c! phus pctms brkl nktm dhalcti typis -U3! tk wkrj
sctasbcdtakf -U>!( cfe brkl prkeudtavaty -U3! tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf -U>!
-L3n! — ”aftirlieacry pirspidtavi‑
>n& C earidt ibbidts lkeih -L>c! phus pctms brkl prkeudtavaty -U3! tk nktm
dhalcti typis -U>!( brkl wkrj sctasbcdtakf -U3! tk nktm dhalcti typis -U>!(
cfe brkl nktm dhalcti typis -U3! tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty -U>!
-L>n! — ”eabbirift kutdkli pirspidtavi‑
4n& C lkeih watm nktm earidt cfe afearidt ibbidts -L4c! phus ceeatakfch tali
ibbidts( dklnafaf` 3n cfe >n -L4n!
Uk tist nitwiif tmi dklpitaf` mypktmisis( nktm lkeihs riprisiftaf` tmi twk
mypktmisis -lkeih 3n cfe >n! wiri dklpcrie watm c buhh lkeih -lkeih 4n!& Bafchhy( af
kreir tk kntcaf c lkri pcrsalkfakus lkeih -af cddkrecfdi watm tmi pcrsalkfy prafdaphi!
cfe c dhicrir afeadctakf kb tmi rihctakfsmaps istcnhasmie( wi ixdhueie fkf,sa`fabadcft
ibbidts usaf` c ncdjwcre ihalafctakf prkdieuri -Nyrfi( >773!& Pi dkftrkhhie bkr tmi
hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch nitwiif tmi twk ilphkyii surviys watmaf c nrcfdm -licsurie
af yicrs!( cs tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch dkuhe ni c dkfbkufeaf` bcdtkr& Umi
sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidts wcs eitirlafie ny dklpcraf` tmi prkncnahaty hivih - p ! brkl tmi
Dratadch ^ctak -D&^&! , dchduhctie ny eavaeaf` tmi pcrclitir istalcti ny ats stcfecre irrkr,
usaf` c sa`fabadcfdi hivih kb &79& Pi cpphaie c π> eabbirifdi tist tk eitirlafi wmitmir tmas
dkfstrcafie lkeih battie tmi ectc iquchhy wihh cs tmi buhh lkeih& Pi usie tmi π>( ^LTIC(
C@BA cfe DBA tk cssis tmi bat kb tmas rivasie lkeih( cs eisdranie ny Nyrfi ->773!&
2&5 ^isuhts
Ucnhi 3 smkws tmi licfs( stcfecre eivactakfs cfe dkrrihctakfs clkf` tmi stuey
vcracnhis&
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U c n h i 3 & L i c f s ( T t c f e c r e E i v a c t a k f s c f e D k r r i h c t a k f s
R c r a c n h i
L
T E
3
>
4
5
9
2
0
3 & W r k
e u d t a v a t y 3
> 4 & > 1 c
3 > & 3 5 c
> & W r k
e u d t a v a t y >
4 4 & > > c
3 5 & 3 1 c
& 2 3 = / /
4 & D h a l c t i b k r i b b a d a i f d y 3
2 4 & 7 3
2 & 7 2
& 3 1 3 /
& 3 0 0 /
5 & D h a l c t i b k r i b b a d a i f d y >
2 9 & 7 7
9 & = 5
& > 7 4 / /
& 4 5 0 / /
& 9 3 2 / /
9 & D h a l c t i b k r s i r v a d i 3
0 = & > 4
5 & 2 2
& 3 9 2 /
& 7 4 1
& 9 = 1 / /
& 3 1 5 /
2 & D h a l c t i b k r s i r v a d i >
0 0 & 1 4
5 & 7 3
& > 4 > / /
& 4 7 3 / /
& 5 3 7 / /
& 9 = 1 / /
& 5 = 1 / /
0 & P k
r j s c t a s b c d t a k f 3
= 2 & 1 =
4 & 7 >
& 3 3 5
& 7 = 3
& 5 > = / /
& 3 4 >
& 2 4 9 / /
& 4 1 0 / /
= & P k
r j s c t a s b c d t a k f >
= 0 & 0 2
> & 1 3
& 7 4 2
& 3 0 0 /
& 7 0 1
& 4 9 2 / /
& > 4 5 / /
& 5 2 1 / /
& 4 1 5 / /
F k t i ?
c ^ i p k r t i e a f t m k u s c f e s k b I u r k
s p i r B U I / / p 8 7 & 7 3 / p 8 7 & 7 9 F < 3 0 3
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
32>
Ucnhi 3 smkws tmct tmi licf sdkris bkr dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf cri
ficrhy tmi scli cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts( tmi licf sdkri bkr dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
afdricsie cdrkss tmi twk tali pkafts& Burtmirlkri wkrj sctasbcdtakf as lkeirctihy stcnhi
cdrkss tali -crkufe &57!& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi mcvi rihctavihy
ma`m stcnahatais kb &9> cfe &51& Ct U3 -cvirc`i prkeudtavaty kb >4(>13 Iurks+BUI! tmi
nrcfdmis pirbkrlie wkrsi tmcf ct tali pkaft > -cvirc`i prkeudtavaty kb 44(>32
Iurks+BUI!& Umas ribhidts idkfklad richaty bkr bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakfs( wmiri
prkbats cri afbhuifdie tk c hcr`i ixtift ny dkfoufdturch ixtirfch bcdtkrs& Umi navcracti
dkrrihctakf nitwiif U3 cfe U> as &2> mkwivir( su``istaf` tmct tmi rihctavi bafcfdach
pksatakf ct U3 as fivirtmihiss strkf`hy prieadtavi kb tmi rihctavi bafcfdach pksatakf ct U>&
Ucnhi > smkws cf kvirvaiw kb tmi lkeihs& Umi eabbirift fistie lkeihs wiri
dklpcrie ny c π> eabbirifdi tist& Barsthy( wi dklpcrie tmi drkss,sidtakfch earidt -L>c!
cfe afearidt lkeihs -L3c! watm c lkeih watm nktm ibbidts -L4c!& Umi barst π> eabbirifdi
tists smkwie tmct tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi afearidt lkeih -L3c! cfe tmi lkeih watm
nktm ibbidts -L4c! wcs sa`fabadcft -L3c vs& L4c ∂ π> -5! < >4&=>2( p 8 &79!& Umus( wmif
earidt ibbidts wiri ixdhueie( tmas eae risuht af c sa`fabadcfthy wkrsi bat& Kf tmi ktmir mcfe(
wmif afearidt ibbidts wiri ixdhueie tmas eae fkt risuht af c sa`fabadcfthy wkrsi stctastadch
bat& Umi sidkfe π> eabbirifdi tists smkwie tmct tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi earidt lkeih
-L>c! cfe tmi lkeih watm nktm ibbidts -L4c! wcs fkt sa`fabadcft -L>c vs& L4c ∂ π> ->!< &709( p 6 &79!& Pmif dklpcrie watm tmi ktmir fistie lkeihs( tmiribkri( wi dcf
dkfdhuei tmct tmi earidt lkeih nist ribhidts tmi ectc( tcjaf` aftk cddkuft tmi pcrsalkfy
prafdaphi&
Ucnhi >& Bat Afeadis bkr Ttrudturch Lkeihs
Lkeih eisdraptakf π> eb ∂π> -∂ eb!Drkss,sidtakfch? L3c Aftirlieacry -afearidt ibbidt! >99&033 >7 >4&=>2/ -5!
L>c Eabbirift kutdkli -earidt ibbidt! >43&127 3= &709 ->!L4c Buhh lkeih -earidt cfe afearidt ibbidts! >43&==9 32Hkf`atueafch -afdhueis rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali!? L3n Aftirlieacry -afearidt ibbidt! 40&9=1 34 4>&949/ -37!L>n Eabbirift kutdkli -earidt ibbidt! =&542 2 4&4=> -4!L4n Buhh lkeih -earidt cfe afearidt ibbidt! 9&795 4L5 ^ivasie lkeih 33&=03 33 4&545 -9!
Fkti / p 8 7&79 F < 303
Af tmas lkeih at wcs bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs pksatavihy csskdactie watm
prkeudtavaty ct nktm tali,pkafts - ξ < &39 cfe ξ < &>2!& Dhalcti bkr sirvadi wcs pksatavihy
csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct nktm tali pkafts - ξ < &91 cfe ξ < &57!( cfe wcs
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
324
pksatavihy rihctie tk prkeudtavaty ct U> - ξ < &39!& Fk rihctakfsmap wcs bkufe nitwiif
wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty& Umi lkeih as riprisiftie af Ba`uri >&
Uali pkaft 3
Uali pkaft >
Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy Wrkeudtavaty
Wrkeudtavaty
Pkrj sctasbcdtakf&91/
&57/
&39/
&>2/
&39 /
Pkrj sctasbcdtakfDhalcti bkr sirvadi
Dhalcti bkr sirvadi
Ba`uri >& Lkeih >c? Earidt lkeih drkss,sidtakfchFktis? Fkf,sa`fabadcft pctms cri fkt eipadtie& Chh istalctis cri stcfecreazie&
Fixt( tmi alpcdt kb tali wcs ixclafie& C`caf( tmrii lkeihs wiri dklpcrie& ^isuhts
smkwie tmct wi dcf dkfdhuei tmct tmi earidt lkeih c`caf nist ribhidts tmi ectc dklpcrie
tk tmi ktmir fistie lkeihs( tcjaf` aftk cddkuft tmi pcrsalkfy prafdaphi& Umi eabbirifdi
nitwiif tmi earidt cfe tmi buhh lkeih wcs fkt sa`fabadcft -L>n vs& L4n ∂ π> -4! < 4&4=>(
p 6 &79!( nut tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi afearidt cfe tmi buhh lkeih wcs sa`fabadcft -L3n
vs& L4n ∂ π> -37! < 4>&949( p 8 &79!& Umus( kfdi c`caf( wi bkufe ivaeifdi bkr tmi
supirakraty kb c earidt lkeih& Kf tmi ncsas kb tmisi risuhts c rivasie lkeih -L5! wcs
nuaht( afdhueaf` kfhy sa`fabadcft pctms brkl tmi earidt lkeih -L>n!& Dklpcrie watm tmi
earidt lkeih -L>n!( tmi ixdhusakf kb fkf,sa`fabadcft pctms eae fkt risuht af c sa`fabadcfthy
wkrsi lkeih bat -L5 vs& L>n ∂ π> -9! < 4&545( p 6 &79!& Umi rivasie lkeih as pribirrie
nidcusi at as lkri pcrsalkfakus tmcf tmi earidt lkeih& Umas rivasie lkeih3 mce c
rihctavihy `kke bat -π> < 33&=03( p < &404 eb < 33: C@BA < &159: DBA < &11=: ^LTIC <
&7>>( WDhksi < &07! cfe as riprisiftie af Ucnhi 4& Umi ibbidts af tmi uppir pcrt kb tmas
tcnhi dcf ni aftirpritie cs drkss,sidtakfch risuhts& Umi ibbidts af tmi hkwir pcrt kb tmas
tcnhi dcf ni aftirpritie cs hkf`atueafch risuhts& Ibbidts af tmas hkwir pcrt kb tmi tcnhi `avi
cf afeadctakf kb wmitmir c eabbirifdi nitwiif tmi twk tali pkafts af kfi vcracnhi hices
tk cf afdricsi kr eidricsi af cfktmir vcracnhi&
3 Afdhueaf` hif`tm kb tali aftirvch cs dkftrkh vcracnhi eae fkt dmcf`i kur risuhts& Umi sa`fabadcfdi kb tmi ibbidts nitwiif dhalcti( wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty eae fkt vcry& Mifdi( wi eidaeie tk ripkrtrisuhts kb tmi rivasie lkeih watmkut tali aftirvch cs dkftrkh vcracnhi&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
325
Ucnhi 4& Ttcfecreazie Dkibbadaifts cfe Ta`fabadcfdi - p ! bkr ^ivasie Lkeih
Ibbidt ξ p
Drkss,sidtakfch ibbidts? Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U3 ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U3 &31 &733Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U3 ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U3 &25 &777Ttcnahatais? Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U> &52 &777Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> &53 &777
Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U3 ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U> &57 &777Wrkeudtavaty U3 ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U> &90 &777Hkf`atueafch ibbidts? Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U> ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U> &3= &735Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U> &35 &7=7Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U> ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U> &44 &777Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U> &>2 &773Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U3 ↞ Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U> ,&40 &777Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U3 ↞ Wrkeudtavaty U> ,&39 &7>4Afvirsi ibbidts? Wrkeudtavaty U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy U> &3> &701Wrkeudtavaty U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> &39 &7>4
Pkrj sctasbcdtakf U3 ↞ Dhalcti bkr sirvadi U> &32 &7>3
Fktis? Fkf,sa`fabadcft pctms cri fkt afdhueie& Chh istalctis cri stcfecreazie&
Cs dcf ni siif brkl Ucnhi 4( mypktmisas 3 -lieactakf! as fkt dkfbarlie& Chtmku`m
dhalcti bkr sirvadi as rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf( wkrj sctasbcdtakf as fkt sa`fabadcfthy
rihctie tk prkeudtavaty& Cs ri`cres( mypktmisas >( laxie risuhts wiri bkufe& Mypktmisas >
stctie tmct c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cbbidts prkeudtavaty lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr
sirvadi cbbidts prkeudtavaty( cfe stctie tmct c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf
lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as
pksatavihy csskdactie watm prkeudtavaty - ξ < &31!( wmahi dhalcti bkr sirvadi as pksatavihy
csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf drkss,sidtakfchhy - ξ < &25!& Brkl c hkf`atueafch
pirspidtavi at wcs bkufe tmct cf afdricsi af dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri csskdactie
watm cf afdricsi af prkeudtavaty - ξ < &3=! tmcf cf afdricsi af dhalcti bkr sirvadi - ξ < &35!&
At wcs chsk bkufe hkf`atueafchhy tmct cf afdricsi af dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri
csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf - ξ < &44! tmcf cf afdricsi af dhalcti bkr sirvadi - ξ <
&>2!& Cdrkss tali wi bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk wkrj
sctasbcdtakf ct U> - ξ < ,&40!( cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk
prkeudtavaty ct U> - ξ < , &39!&
Pi bkufe tmrii pksatavihy afvirsie dcusctakf ibbidts nitwiif prkeudtavaty ct U3 cfe
dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U> - ξ < &3>! cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U> - ξ < &39!( cfe nitwiif
wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U3 cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U> - ξ < &32!& Umi ma`mir tmiprkeudtavaty ct U3( tmi ma`mir tmi hivih kb dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe tmi ma`mir tmi hivih kb
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
329
dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U>& Umi ma`mir tmi hivih kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U3( tmi ma`mir tmi
hivih kb dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U>&
Af dkfdhusakf( fk ivaeifdi wcs bkufe bkr mypktmisas 3( c pksatavi aftirlieacry
ibbidt bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf( nidcusi fk rihctakfsmaps wiri bkufe nitwiif wkrj
sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty& Drkss,sidtakfchhy( mypktmisas > wcs dkfbarlie& Brkl c
hkf`atueafch pirspidtavi c eabbirift pcttirf nitwiif tmi twk dhalcti typis cfe tmi twk
kutdkli licsuris wcs bkufe& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri rihctie tk prkeudtavaty
tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi -cs mypktmisazie!( mkwivir( dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs chsk lkri
rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi& Cdrkss tali wi bkufe fi`ctavi
rihctakfsmaps nitwiif kf tmi kfi mcfe dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe
nitwiif dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe prkeudtavaty kf tmi ktmir&
2&9 Easdussakf
Umi lcaf knoidtavi kb tmas stuey wcs tk dhcraby tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi
rihctakfsmap nitwiif strcti`ad dhalcti cfe prkeudtavaty ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih& Umas
stuey saluhtcfikushy ixclafie twk strcti`ad dhalcti typis? dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe
dhalcti bkr sirvadi dkrrispkfeaf` watm tmi strcti`ais bkr sirvadi kr`cfazctakfs tk alprkvi
tmiar pirbkrlcfdi& Dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs eibafie cs tmi ixtift tk wmadm prakraty as
`avif tk ibbadaifdy af c nrcfdm cs pirdiavie ny tmi ilphkyiis& Dhalcti bkr sirvadi wcs
eibafie cs tmi prakraty `avif tk dustklir sirvadi af c nrcfdm cs pirdiavie ny tmi
ilphkyiis& Af kreir tk nrkceif kur jfkwhie`i cnkut tmi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif nktm
dhalcti typis( wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty( tmi pkssanhi aftirlieacry prkdiss kb
wkrj sctasbcdtakf -cs tmikrazie ny Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117: Uishuj it ch&( >77>: Kstrkbb it
ch&( >774! cs wihh cs tmi prkpksatakf kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli -cs tmikrazie ny
Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!( wiri tistie&
Pi bkufe fk ivaeifdi bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs cf aftirlieacry lidmcfasl( nidcusi
wi bkufe fk ibbidts nitwiif wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty& Umas risuht la`mt ni
cttranutcnhi tk tmi bcdt tmct wi stueaie rihctakfsmaps ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih& Ct tmi
afeavaeuch hivih( c pksatavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty dcf ni
ixpidtie af cddkrecfdi watm tmi ”mcppy prkeudtavi wkrjir tmisas‑ -Oue`i( Umkriskf(
Nkfk " Wcttkf( >773: Wcrjir it ch&( >774: Dcrr it ch&( >774!& Mkwivir( tmas c``ri`ctie
wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkri as prkncnhy hiss afeadctavi kb afeavaeuch wkrj sctasbcdtakf -tmiri
cri hcr`i afeavaeuch eabbirifdis watmaf c nrcfdm!& Ct nusafiss ufat hivih tmi sirvadi prkbat
dmcaf prkvaeie cf ixphcfctakf( a&i& sctasbaie ilphkyiis risuht af ma`mir prkbats tmrku`mifmcfdie dustklir sctasbcdtakf& Jkys ->773! cfe ^ycf( Tdmlat cfe Okmfskf -3112!
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
322
afeiie bkufe rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf&
Mkwivir( rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty wiri fkt
istcnhasmie af tmisi stueais& Mifdi( sctasbaie cfe lktavctie ilphkyiis lcy prkeudi
sctasbaie dustklirs( nut sctasbaie dustklirs lcy fkt risuht af alprkvie bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi -Nkrudja " Nurji( 3111!&
Umi risuhts kb tmas stuey suppkrts tk c hcr`i ixtift mypktmisas >& C dhalcti bkr
ibbadaifdy cbbidts prkeudtavaty lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cbbidts prkeudtavaty(
cfe c dhalcti bkr sirvadi cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf lkri tmcf tmct c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Barsthy( drkss,sidtakfch risuhts smkwie tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
as nifibadach tk prkeudtavaty( wmahi dhalcti bkr sirvadi as nifibadach tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf&
Drictaf` c typi kb strcti`ad dhalcti -dhalcti bkr sirvadi kr ibbadaifdy! hices tk tmi
cdmaivilift kb c pcrtaduhcr kutdkli -wkrj sctasbcdtakf kr prkeudtavaty!&
Brkl c hkf`atueafch pirspidtavi wi bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri
strkf`hy rihctie tk prkeudtavaty tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi& Mkwivir( dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
wcs chsk lkri strkf`hy rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi& Umisi
bafeaf`s suppkrt tmi aeics put bkrwcre ny Jkpihlcf it ch& -3117! tmct ilphkyiis wkrjaf`
af nusafiss ufats watm ma`mir dhalcti sdkris( ivif c dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( mcvi lkri
jfkwhie`i cnkut tmi kr`cfazctakfch `kchs cfe cnkut mkw tk cha`f tmiar nimcvakr wmadm
risuhts af ma`mir wkrj sctasbcdtakf sdkris& Umi bafeaf`s cri chsk dkfsastift watm tmksi kb Jchhactm( Nhuiekrf cfe Ttruni -3111! wmk bkufe tmct tmi lkri cf afeavaeuch pirdiavis
tmi kr`cfazctakf cs ilpmcsazaf` c dirtcaf dhalcti( tmi ma`mir tmi hivihs kb wkrj
sctasbcdtakf&
Cdrkss tali wi bkufe c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe
wkrj sctasbcdtakf( cfe c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe
prkeudtavaty& Umisi risuhts smkuhe ni dkfsaeirie tcjaf` aftk cddkuft tmct tmas stuey
dkfdirfs rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali bkr viry salahcr ufats watmaf c saf`hi hcr`i
kr`cfazctakf& Af tmas spidabad risicrdm sittaf` sudm ibbidts cri hajihy tk kddur: dhalcti
sdkris ct U3 cri chricey bcarhy ma`m& Ixtrilihy ma`m dhalcti sdkris ct U3 dcf mcrehy `it
cfy ma`mir( wmctivir mcppifs -tmas as dchhie c ”diahaf` ibbidt‑! -Ucras( >777!& Nrcfdmis watm
ma`m dhalcti sdkris ct U3( usuchhy chricey mcvi ma`m wkrj sctasbcdtakf kr prkeudtavaty
sdkris ct U3& C burtmir upwcre smabt af dhalcti as ufhajihy tk ni cddklpcfaie ny c
dklpcrcnhi upwcre smabt af wkrj sctasbcdtakf kr prkeudtavaty& Af c nrcfdm watm hkw
dhalcti sdkris ct U3( mkwivir( tmi rivirsi la`mt ni trui& Bkr c nrcfdm watm hkw dhalcti
sdkris ct U3( tmiri as c hkt kb rkkl bkr alprkvilift& Umi risuht kb tmas prkdiss as tmct(
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
320
wmif wi dmidj tmi dmcf`i sdkris( c fi`ctavi rihctakfsmap as bkufe nitwiif dhalcti bkr
ibbadaifdy ct U3 cfe wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U> cfe nitwiif dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U3 cfe
prkeudtavaty ct U>& Pi tmiribkri cr`ui tmct tmi clkuft cfe earidtakf kb cdrkss,tali
dmcf`i eipifes kf tmi nrcfdm‑s afatach sdkri( wmadm as af hafi watm Paheir‑s -3120! ”hcw kb
afatach vchuis‑&
Umi fi`ctavi ibbidts dcf ni dkfsaeirie afeadctavi kb c trcei,kbb prkdiss wmadm
cddkres watm tmi dklpitaf` vchuis lkeih& Umas lkeih stctis tmct kvirilpmcsazaf` c
dhalcti typi dcf risuht af eysbufdtakfch kr`cfazctakfs -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!&
@avaf` prakraty skhihy tk prkeudtavaty kr tk dustklir sirvadi lcy mclpir tmi pursuat kb
wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty& Ilphkyiis ridiavi tmi lissc`i tmct ibbadaifdy as tmi
kfhy prakraty af tmiar ufat( sa`fchaf` tk ilphkyiis tmct tmi kr`cfazctakf ekis fkt dcri
cnkut tmiar wihh,niaf`& C hcdj kb ixpiraifdie kr`cfazctakfch suppkrt dcf risuht af hiss
wkrj sctasbcdtakf ny bcahaf` tk sctasby skdak,ilktakfch fiies( eivchuaf` ilphkyii
dkftranutakfs( cfe sa`fchaf` tmi ufcvcahcnahaty kb suppkrt -^mkceis " Iasifnir`ir( >77>!&
Cfe cf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti bkr sirvadi calie ct kntcafaf` ma`m,dustklir vchui lcy
alpcar tmi cttcaflift kb prkeudtavaty: c strkf` bkdus kf dustklir sirvadi lcy ni
afibbadaift&
Bafchhy( tmi afvirsi dcusctakf ibbidts bkufe af tmas stuey wiri chsk lkri suppkrtavi
kb sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty cs eabbirift kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis afeadctkrs tmcfsctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U3 wcs pksatavihy rihctie tk dhalcti bkr
sirvadi ct U>( prkeudtavaty ct U3 wcs pksatavihy rihctie tk dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy cfe tk
dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U>& Pkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty pksatavihy afbhuifdie dhalcti
bkr sirvadi& Cddkreaf` tk Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=! c dhalcti bkr sirvadi rists kf tmi
bkufectakf kb bufecliftch suppkrt& Nrcfdmis watm ma`m prkeudtavaty sdkris la`mt mcvi c
`rictir wahhaf`fiss tk afvist af suppkrt( risuhtaf` af tmiar mcvaf` lkri pksatavi sirvadi
dhalcti sdkris tmcf tmksi tmct ek fkt mcvi ma`m prkbats& C ma`m sdkri kf wkrj sctasbcdtakf
la`mt ni afeadctavi kb c dkfdirf bkr ilphkyiis wmadm as eastaf`uasmie cs c sidkfe
cftidieift kb sirvadi dhalcti ny Tdmfiaeir it ch& -311=!& Ma`m,prkeudtavaty la`mt sa`fch tk
ilphkyiis tmct tmiar nrcfdm as bkdusaf` kf pirbkrlcfdi cfe kf cddklphasmaf` ats `kchs(
cfe tmas la`mt pksatavihy nacs dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy pirdiptakfs&
2&9&3 Halatctakfs
Chtmku`m tmi usi kb twk wcvis kb dhalcti( sctasbcdtakf cfe prkeudtavaty ectc as
affkvctavi af tmas baihe kb risicrdm( tmi wcy tmi hkf`atueafch ectc dkuphaf` wcs ekfi af
tmas stuey mcs halatctakfs& Barsthy( wi dklpcrie eabbirift tali hc`s ny chhkwaf` eabbirift
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
32=
tali aftirvchs& Tidkfe( wi usie eabbirift yicrs bkr tali pkaft 3 -ectc cs kb >777( >773(
>77>( >774 cfe >775! cfe tali pkaft > ->77>( >774( >775( >779!& Umi yicr af wmadm tmi
licsurilifts wiri tcjif dkuhe ni c dkfbkufeaf` bcdtkr& Umus twk pkssanhi fkasi
bcdtkrs wiri aftrkeudie af tmi risicrdm eisa`f& Mkwivir( dkftrkhhaf` bkr tmi hif`tm kb tmi
tali aftirvch eae fkt dmcf`i kur risuhts& Nisaeis( tmi talaf` kb tmi licsurilift wcs kfhy
sa`fabadcft dkrrihctie watm prkeudtavaty ct nktm tali pkafts( cfe watm sirvadi dhalcti ct
kfi licsurilift pkaft&
C sidkfe halatctakf kb tmas stuey as tmct tmi ectc wcs kntcafie brkl c saf`hi( hcr`i
Eutdm kr`cfazctakf& Umas cpprkcdm halats tmi `ifirchazicnahaty kb kur stuey tk ktmir
afeustrais cfe tk ktmir dkuftrais( safdi af tmi Fitmirhcfes tmi afbhuifdi kb afstatutakfch
bcdtkrs kf wkrj,rihctie assuis as rihctavihy hcr`i -Nksihai( Wccuwi " Ocfssif( >773!&
Mkwivir( usaf` tmas cpprkcdm wi dcf dkftrkh bkr afeustrach cfe kr`cfazctakfch ibbidts&
Tclphi sazi puts dkfstrcafts kf tmi fulnir kb vcracnhis tmct wi dkuhe afdhuei af kut
lkeihs( tmiribkri wi eae fkt dkftrkh bkr nitwiif nrcfdm bcdtkrs -i&`& prkeudt lax kb
sirvadis( eabbirift typis kb dustklirs( fulnir kb dklpitatkrs!& Mkwivir( cddkreaf` tk
Pchjir( Tlatmir cfe Pchelcf ->77=! tmisi nitwiif nrcfdm bcdtkrs mcvi hatthi afbhuifdi
kf hkf`atueafch rihctakfsmaps& Hkdch bcdtkrs tmct afbhuifdi dhalcti( sctasbcdtakf cfe
prkeudtavaty af c nrcfdm ct tali pkaft 3( cri chsk hajihy tk afbhuifdi dhalcti( sctasbcdtakf
cfe prkeudtavaty ct tali pkaft > af tmct nrcfdm&Bafchhy( rihctavihy hkw ADD3 vchuis wiri bkufe bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Buturi risicrdm
dkuhe nifibat brkl tcjaf` cddkuft kb ufat cfe afeavaeuch vcracfdi af wkrj sctasbcdtakf af
luhta,hivih cfchysis& Umas typi kb cfchysas kbbirs tmi kppkrtufaty tk stuey prkdissis ct
luhtaphi hivihs kb cfchysas saluhtcfikushy& Tpidabadchhy( tmi rihctavi ibbidts kb tmikrazie
tkp,ekwf -ufat dhalcti tk afeavaeuch wkrj sctasbcdtakf!( nkttkl,up -afeavaeuch wkrj
sctasbcdtakf tk ufat prkeudtavaty! cfe ufat,hivih prkdissis dkuhe ni ixclafie&
2&9&> Alphadctakfs bkr Umikry cfe Wrcdtadi ^isicrdmirs cfe prcdtatakfirs mcvi niif einctaf` tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti
cfe pirbkrlcfdi bkr skli tali fkw& Umas stuey riprisifts c stip af ufeirstcfeaf`
nittir mkw wkrj sctasbcdtakf rihctis tk dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr sirvadi( cfe
prkeudtavaty ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih& Umas hkf`atueafch stuey afeadctie tmct ct tmi
nusafiss ufat hivih( wkrj sctasbcdtakf ekis fkt cppicr tk bufdtakf cs cf aftirlieacry:
wkrj sctasbcdtakf cppicrs tk bufdtakf cs cf kutdkli afeadctkr&
Brkl c prcdtadch stcfepkaft( tmi bafeaf`s striss tmi fiie tk afdhuei ilphkyii dhalcti
sdkris af M^ sdkridcres af kreir tk lkfatkr cfe lcfc`i wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs wihh cs
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
321
prkeudtavaty af nusafiss ufats& Umisi risuhts chsk su``ist tmct lcfc`ilift wahh ni wihh,
cevasie tk ifdkurc`i c ma`m,sirvadi kr c ma`m,ibbadaifdy dhalcti af nusafiss ufats
eipifeaf` kf tmi strcti`ad `kch-s! lcfc`ilift pursuis( nidcusi at sunstcftachhy pksatavihy
cbbidts wkrj sctasbcdtakf kr prkeudtavaty& Cs cf afatach hkf`atueafch afvista`ctakf( mkwivir(
tmas stuey chsk eilkfstrctie c fi`ctavi ibbidt kb nktm dhalcti typis cdrkss tali& Pi
aftirpritie tmas cs c trcei,kbb prkdiss& Bkr lcfc`irs kb ”ma`m,ibbadaifdy dhalcti nrcfdmis‑(
tmi lkst alpkrtcft tcr`it la`mt ni sctasbadaf` rctmir tmcf lcxalazaf` tmi hivih kb
prkeudtavaty dhalcti( nidcusi tmas wahh fi`ctavihy afbhuifdi wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Cfe bkr
lcfc`irs kb ”ma`m,dustklir dhalcti nrcfdmis‑( tmi lkst alpkrtcft tcr`it la`mt ni
sctasbadaf` rctmir tmcf lcxalazaf` tmi hivih kb sirvadi dhalcti( nidcusi tmas wahh fi`ctavihy
afbhuifdi prkeudtavaty&
Af tirls kb tmikritadch dkftranutakfs( wmahi pcst risicrdm tifes tk bkdus kf hafjaf`
dhalcti bkr sirvadi tk dustklir sctasbcdtakf ct tmi nusafiss ufat,hivih kb cfchysas kr tifes
tk bkdus kf wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs lieactkr nitwiif dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi
afeavaeuch,hivih kb cfchysas( hiss ilpmcsas wcs phcdie kf mkw dhalcti bkr sirvadi cfe
dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy rihcti tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe tk prkeudtavaty& Kur bafeaf`s
prkvaei c barst dkfbarlctakf kb tmi ricskfaf` tmct eabbirift dhalcti typis rihcti tk
ibbidtavifiss kutdklis af eabbirift pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs& Tpidabadchhy( tmi prisift stuey
cees tk tmi fktakf tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as rihctie tk prkeudtavaty( wmirics dhalctibkr sirvadi as rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Lkri hkf`atueafch risicrdm as fiieie tk dricti c
lkri dklphiti padturi kb tmi eyfclad prkdissis nitwiif ilphkyii cttatuei afeadctkrs
kf tmi kfi mcfe( cfe nusafiss ufat dhalctis cfe pirbkrlcfdi kutdklis kf tmi ktmir& Af
pcrtaduhcr lkri risicrdm as fiieie kf tmi eabbiriftach cfe pkssanhi trcei,kbb ibbidts kb
dhalcti typis kf kutdklis af eabbirift pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
307
2&2 ^ibirifdis
Csmjcfcsy( F&L&( Paheirkl( D& " Witirskf( L&B& ->777!& Mcfenkkj kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti & Hkfekf? Tc`i&
Nctt( ^& -3111!& Pkrj kr`cfazctakf( tidmfkhk`y( cfe pirbkrlcfdi af dustklir sirvadi cfe
schis& Afeustrach cfe Hcnkr ^ihctakfs ^ivaiw ( 95( 941,925&Nksihai( W&( Wccuwi( O& " Ocfssif W& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe
pirbkrlcfdi? Hisskfs brkl tmi Fitmirhcfes& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 3>( 3370,33>9&
Nkrudja( D&D& " Nurji( L&O& -3111!& Cf ixclafctakf kb sirvadi,rihctie cftidieifts tkritcah stkri pirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >7( 154,12>&
Nyrfi( N&L& ->773!& Ttrudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` watm CLKT( ncsad dkfdipts( cpphadctakfs( cfe prk`rcllaf` & Lcmwcm( FO? Hcwrifdi Irhncul&
Dcrr( O&_&( Tdmlaet( C&L&( Bkre( O&J& " EiTmkf( ^&W& ->774!& Dhalcti pirdiptakfs lcttir? C litc,cfchytad pctm cfchysas rihctaf` lkhcr dhalcti( dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi stctis(cfe afeavaeuch hivih wkrj kutdklis& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 279,231&
Dmcf( E& -311=!& Bufdtakfch rihctakfs clkf` dkfstrudts af tmi scli dkftift eklcaf cteabbirift hivihs kb cfchysas? C typkhk`y kb dklpksatakf lkeihs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( >( >45,>52&
@ihcei( @&C& " Aviry( L& ->774!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe wkrj kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 92( 4=4,419&
@hadj( P&M& -31=9!& Dkfdiptuchazaf` cfe licsuraf` kr`cfazctakfch cfe psydmkhk`adchdhalcti? Watbchhs af luhtahivih risicrdm& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( 37( 273,232&
@kkelcf( I&C&( _cllutk( ^&B& " @abbkre( N&E& ->773!& Umi dklpitaf` vchuisbrcliwkrj?Yfeirstcfeaf` tmi alpcdt kb kr`cfazctakfch duhturi kf tmi quchaty kb
wkrj habi& Kr`cfazctakf Eivihkplift Okurfch ( 31( 9=,2=&@rabbitm( ^&( Mkl( W& " @cirtfir( T& ->777!& C litc,cfchysas kb cftidieifts cfe
dkrrihctis kb ilphkyii turfkvir? Ypecti( lkeirctkr tists( cfe risicrdmalphadctakfs bkr tmi fixt lahhiffaul& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >2( 524,5==&
Mcrtir( O&J&( Tdmlaet( I&H& " Mcyis( U&H& ->77>!& Nusafiss ufat hivih rihctakfsmap nitwiifilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( ilphkyii if`c`ilift( cfe nusafiss kutdklis? C litc,cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( >2=,>01&
Misjitt( O&H&( Tcssir( P&I& " Tdmhisaf`ir( H&C& -3110!& Umi sirvadi prkbat dmcaf & Fiw Qkrj?Brii Wriss&
Acbbchecfk( L&U& " Ludmafsjy( W&L& -31=9!& Okn sctasbcdtakf cfe okn pirbkrlcfdi? Clitc,cfchysas& Wsydmkhk`adch Nuhhitaf ( 10( >93,>04&
Oclis( H&^&( Dmka( D&D&( Jk( D&M&I&( LdFiah( W&J&( Laftkf( L&J&( Pra`mt( L&C& " Jal(J& ->77=!& Kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`adch dhalcti? C rivaiw kb tmikry cfe risicrdm&
Iurkpicf Okurfch kb Pkrj cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 30( 9,4>& Oclis( H&^&( Eilcrii( ^&@& " Pkhb( @& -31=5!& Istalctaf` watmaf,`rkup aftirrctir
rihacnahaty watm cfe watmkut rispkfsi nacs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 29( =9,1=& Oclis( H&^&( Luhcaj( T&C& " Nritt( O&L& ->772!& C tchi kb twk litmkes& Kr`cfazctakfch
^isicrdm Litmkes ( 1( >44,>55& Oue`i( C&O&( Umkriskf( U&O&( Nkfk( O&I& " Wcttkf( @&J& ->773!& Umi okn sctasbcdtakf,okn
pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? C quchatctavi cfe qucftatctavi rivaiw& Wsydmkhk`adch Nuhhitaf ( 3>0( 402,570&
Jchhactm( U&O&( Nhuiekrf( C&D& " Ttruni( L&O& -3111!& C tist kb vchui dkf`ruifdi& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >7( 3309,331=&
Jhiaf( J&O&( Nhaisi( W&E&( Jkzhkwsja( T&P&O( Ecfsiricu( B&( @cvaf( L&N&( @rabbaf( L&C& it
ch& ->777!& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& 93>,993!& J& O& Jhiaf " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
303
Jkpihlcf( ^&I&( Nraib( C&W& " @uzzk( ^&C& -3117!& Umi rkhi kb dhalcti cfe duhturi afprkeudtavaty& Af? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >=>,43=!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!&Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&
Jkys( E& O& ->773!& Umi ibbidts kb ilphkyii sctasbcdtakf( kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmapnimcvakr( cfe turfkvir kf kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss? C ufat,hivih( hkf`atueafch
stuey& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 95( 373,335&Juifza( L& " Tdmlafji( L& ->771!& Cssilnhaf` brc`lifts aftk c hifs? C rivaiw( drataqui(
cfe prkpksie risicrdm c`ifec bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch wkrj dhalcti hatircturi& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( 49( 4( 245,030&
Hkdji( I&C& -3102!& Umi fcturi cfe dcusis kb okn sctasbcdtakf& Af? Mcfenkkj kb afeustrach cfe kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y -pp& 3>10,3451!& L&E& Euffitti -Ie&!& Dmadc`k?^cfeLdFchhy&
Lcrjhufe( T&( Nkhaf( L& " Rkf Issif( O& ->77=!& Dcf afeavaeuch michtm eabbirifdis niixphcafie ny wkrjphcdi dmcrcdtirastads; — C luhtahivih cfchysas& Tkdach Tdaifdi "
Lieadafi ( 22( 297,22>&Lcskf( D&L& " @rabbaf( L&C& ->77>!& @rkup tcsj sctasbcdtakf? Cpphyaf` tmi dkfstrudt kb
okn sctasbcdtakf tk `rkups& Tlchh @rkup ^isicrdm ( 44( >03,43>&Ludmafsjy( W&L& -3100!& Kr`cfazctakfch dkllufadctakf? ^ihctakfsmap tk kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti cfe okn sctasbcdtakf& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( >7( 91>,270&Kr`cf( E&P& -31==!& Kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakr? Umi `kke skheair syferkli & Hixaf`tkf(
LC? Hixaf`tkf Nkkjs&Kstrkbb( D& -311>!& Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif sctasbcdtakf( cttatueis( cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cf
kr`cfazctakfch hivih cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 00( 124,105&Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih?(M^ prcdtadis cfe
kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry(risicrdm( cfe litmkes af kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >33,>90!& J&O& Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies&!& Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&
Kstrkbb( D&( Jafadja( C& O& " Ucljafs( L&L& ->774!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti&
Af? Mcfenkkj kb Wsydmkhk`y -vkh& 3>( pp& 929,914!& P&D& Nkrlcf( E&^& Ah`if( " ^&O&Jhalksja -Ies&!& Mknkjif( FO? Pahiy&
Kstrkbb( D& " Tdmlatt( F& -3114!& Dkfba`urctakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss cfeibbadaifdy& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 42( 3459,3423&
Wcrjir( D&W&( Nchtis( N&N&( Qkuf`( T&C&( Mubb( O&P&( Chtlcff( ^&C&( Hcdkst( M&C&( it ch&->774!& ^ihctakfsmaps nitwiif psydmkhk`adch dhalcti pirdiptakfs cfe wkrj kutdklis? C litc,cfchytad rivaiw& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >5( 4=1,532&
Wcttirskf( L&( Pcrr( W& " Pist( L& ->775!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe dklpcfy prkeudtavaty? Umi rkhi kb ilphkyii cbbidt cfe ilphkyii hivih& Okurfch kb Kddupctakfch cfe Kr`cfazctakfch Wsydmkhk`y ( 00( 314,>32&
Wcttirskf( L&@&( Pist( L&C&( Tmcdjhitkf( R&O&( Ecwskf( O&B&( Hcwtmkl( ^&( Lcathas( T&(
^knafskf( E&H& " Pchhcdi( C&L& ->779!& Rchaectaf` tmi kr`cfazctakfch dhalctilicsuri( hafjs tk lcfc`irach prcdtadis( prkeudtavaty cfe affkvctakf& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >2( 401,57=&
Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? Ukwcre cdklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfc`ilift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&
^mkceis( H& " Iasifnir`ir( ^& ->77>!& Wirdiavie kr`cfazctakfch suppkrt? C rivaiw kb tmihatircturi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =0( 21=,035&
^ycf( C&L&( Tdmlat( L&O& " Okmfskf( ^& -3112!& Cttatueis cfe ibbidtavifiss? Ixclafaf` rihctakfs ct cf kr`cfazctakfch hivih& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 51( =94,==>&
Tdmlat( L&O& " Chhsdmiae( T&W& -3119!& Ilphkyii cttatueis cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf?
Lcjaf` tmikritadch cfe ilparadch dkffidtakfs& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 5=( 9>3,940&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( 550,501&
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Dmcptir 2? Dhalcti( Wrkeudtavaty cfe Pkrj Tctasbcdtakf
30>
Tdmfiaeir( N& -31=7!& Umi sirvadi kr`cfazctakf? Dhalcti as drudach& Kr`cfazctakfch Eyfclads (1( 9>,29&
Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117c!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi & Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N& -3117n!& Umi dhalcti bkr sirvadi? Cf cpphadctakf kb tmi dhalcti dkfstrudt&
Af? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& 4=4,53>!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!& Tcf
Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy Ncss&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcf`is( W&O&( Tlatm( E& N& " Tchvc``ak( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst(
ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfazctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( =42, =93&
Tdmfiaeir( N&( Pmati( T&T& " Wcuh( L&D& -311=!& Hafjaf` sirvadi dhalcti cfe dustklirspirdiptakfs kb sirvadi quchaty? Uist kb c dcusch lkeih& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (=4( 397,324&
Tdmuhti( L&( Kstrkbb( D&( Tmluhyacf( T& " Jafadja( C& ->771!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctidkfba`urctakfs? ^ihctakfsmaps tk dkhhidtavi cttatueis( dustklir sctasbcdtakf( cfepirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 15( 4( 23=,245&
Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi; Af?
Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!& Tcf Brcfsasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&
Ucras( U& ->777!& C pralir af hkf`atueafch ectc cfchysas & Hkfekf? Tc`i& Uishuj( W&( Mkblcff( E& " Sua`hiy( F& ->77>!& Afti`rctaf` tmi hafjc`is nitwiif
kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe afeavaeuch kutdklis ct wkrj& Af? Wsydmkhk`adch lcfc`ilift kb afeavaeuch pirbkrlcfdi -pp& 553,521!& T& Tkffiftc` -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
Rcf Luaoif( O&( Jkkplcf( W&( Ei Patti J& " Ncst( N& -3112!& Bkdus kp kr`cfasctaiduhtuur(mit dkfdurrifei wccreiflkeih if mit litif if vircfeirif vcf kr`cfasctaiduhtuur & Tdmkkfmkvif?
Cdceilad Tirvadi& Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Liaolcf( U& B& -3115!& Mit litif vcf psydmkskdachi crniaesnihcstaf` lit
iif vrc`ifhaost(ei vrc`ifhaost nihivaf` if nikkreihaf` vcf ei crniae -RNNC!& Clstirecl?
Fieirhcfes Afstatuut vkkr Crniaesklstcfea`mieif& Raswisvcrcf( D& " Kfis( E& T& ->777!& Wirspidtavis kf lkeihs kb okn pirbkrlcfdi&
Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Tihidtakf cfe Cssisslift ( =( >32,>>2& Pcfkus( O&W&( ^iadmirs( C&I& " Muey( L&O& -3110!& Kvirchh okn sctasbcdtakf( mkw `kke cri
saf`hi, atil licsuris; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =>( >50,>9>& Pchjir( C&@&( Tlatmir( O&P& " Pchelcf( E&C& ->77=!& C hkf`atueafch ixclafctakf kb
dkfdklatcft dmcf`is af ticl hiceirsmap cfe dustklir sctasbcdtakf& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 950,900&
Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr na` sdaifdi& Mulcf ^ihctakfs ( 9=( 5>1,52>&
Paheirs( O& -3120!& Ttaluhus cfe rispkfsi? Umi hcw kb afatach vchui & Nrastkh? Pra`mt&
Qkkf( L&M&( Nictty( T&I& " Tum( O& ->773!& Umi ibbidt kb wkrj dhalcti kf dratadchilphkyii cfe dustklir kutdklis? Cf ilphkyii,hivih cfchysas& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Tirvadi cfe Afeustry Lcfc`ilift ( 3>( 977,9>>&
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0
Easdussakf
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Dmcptir 0? Easdussakf
305
0&3 Aftrkeudtakf
Umas tmisas cals tk ifmcfdi kur ufeirstcfeaf` kb tmi pctmwcys tmrku`m wmadm M^L
afbhuifdis ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af bavi stueais -kfi
rivaiw stuey cfe bkur ilparadch stueais!( bkur dmchhif`is( wmadm risicrdmirs cfe
lcfc`irs bcdi wmif afti`rctaf` tmi ilphkyii pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi
hafjc`i cri ceerissie& Umi bkur dmchhif`is easdussie cri? 3& nrae`af` risicrdm trceatakfs:
>& nchcfdaf` lcfc`irach cfe ilphkyii aftirists: 4& bkdusaf` kf prcdtadch rihivcfdi: 5&
alprkvaf` risicrdm litmkes& Af tmi fixt sidtakf tmi lcaf bafeaf`s bkr icdm dmchhif`i cri
prisiftie cfe easdussie( bkhhkwie ny cf ivchuctakf kb tmi wicjfissis cfe strif`tms kb
tmas tmisas& Tunsiquifthy( tmikritadch( prcdtadch cfe litmkekhk`adch alphadctakfs cri
easdussie& Bafchhy( su``istakfs bkr buturi risicrdm cri kbbirie&
0&>&3 Dmchhif`i 3? Nrae`af` ^isicrdm Urceatakfs
^isicrdm kf M^L mcs niif eavaeie aftk twk sun eklcafs? ”ladrk‑ risicrdm
-bufdtakfch vaiw! bkdusis kf tmi ibbidt kb M^L kf afeavaeuchs( wmahi ”lcdrk‑ risicrdm
-strcti`ad M^L vaiw! bkdusis kf tmi hafjc`is nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi -Nksihai( Nriwstir " Wccuwi( >771: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Pra`mt "
Nkswihh( >77>!& Tdmkhcrs cr`ui tmct dklnafaf` tmi ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑ pirspidtavi as
fiieie tk prk`riss tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi baihe -i&`& Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >777: @uist(>773: Pra`mt " Nkswihh( >77>!& Umiribkri( tmi barst dmchhif`i dkfdirfs nrae`af` risicrdm
trceatakfs&
Pi cttilptie tk nricj ekwf tmi ncrrairs nitwiif ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑ risicrdm ny
cha`faf` tmi KN cfe kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y kraiftctakf tkwcres tmi tkpad kb TM^L
cfe pirbkrlcfdi( watm tmi lkri nusafiss kraiftie pirspidtavi& Pi afti`rctie hatircturi
kf pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&
Barst( stueyaf` ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L ct cf aftirlieacti hivih -tmi nusafiss,
ufat hivih! alprkvie kur ufeirstcfeaf` kb tmi ”lcdrk‑ hafj nitwiif M^L cfe
pirbkrlcfdi ct dklpcfy hivih& Pi smkw tmct tmi pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis kb M^L
vcrais nitwiif nusafiss ufats watmaf c hcr`i kr`cfazctakf -Dmcptir 4 cfe 9!& Chsk( af hafi
watm M^ prkdiss lkeihs -i&`& Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=!( wi
eisdranie tmi afbhuifdi kb M^L , rihctie aftirviftakfs kf ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe
ixpiraifdis kb M^L prkdissis -Dmcptir 9!& Af ceeatakf( wi eilkfstrcti tmct dirtcaf
ixpiraifdis kb M^L prkdissis fclihy pcy sctasbcdtakf( eivihkplift( okn siduraty cfe c
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Dmcptir 0? Easdussakf
309
dklnafctakf kb `kch ibbidtavifiss( quchaty kraiftctakf cfe afbkrlctakf smcraf` cri rihctie
tk bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi -Dmcptir 9!&
Tidkfehy( afti`rctakf wcs istcnhasmie ny rihyaf` kf kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti tmikry
-Dmcptir 4( 5( 2!& Dhalcti mcs ats bkufectakfs af kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y cfe KN& Af
ceeatakf( dhalcti as eisdranie cs tmi lidmcfasl nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Kstrkbb( Jafadja "
Ucljafs( >774!& Pi bkufe tmct bkur M^L,afeudie kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti ealifsakfs
-Jkpihlcf( Nraib " @uzzk( 3117! afbhuifdie kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( rctmir tmcf
tmi rivirsi kr nktm prkdissis niaf` prisift saluhtcfikushy -Dmcptir 5!& Af pcrtaduhcr(
`kch cfe licfs ilpmcsas cfe riwcre kraiftctakf -pksatavi!( cfe skdak,ilktakfch suppkrt
-fi`ctavi! cri prieadtavi kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf( wi afvista`ctie tmi
lieactaf` ibbidt kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
cfe sirvadi( cfe pirbkrlcfdi -Dmcptir 2!& Pi bkufe fk suppkrt tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf
cdts cs aftirlieacry af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif tmi twk strcti`ad dhalcti typis cfe
pirbkrlcfdi( safdi wkrj sctasbcdtakf wcs ny fk licfs rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi&
Bafchhy( wi afti`rctie tmi kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y + KN pirspidtavi aftk tmi
-”lcdrk‑! M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i ny bkdusaf` kf tmi rkhi kb tmrii typis kb ilphkyii
wihh,niaf` -c ”ladrk‑ rihctie kutdkli! af tmas rihctakfsmap& Ncsie kf dkfdiptuch lkeihs
cfe tmikrais bkufeie af kr`cfazctakfch psydmkhk`y cfe KN -i&`& nimcvakrch pirspidtavi-Pra`mt " LdLcmcf( 311>!( skdach ixdmcf`i -Nhcu( 3125!( CLK,tmikry -i&`& Cppihncul
Ncahiy( Nir` " Jchhinir`( >777!( dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m(
31=4!( hcnkr prkdiss tmikry -i&`& @kecre( >773!!( twk dklpitaf` vaiws kf tmi rkhi kb
wihh,niaf` wiri tistie& Umi lcaf bafeaf`s cri prisiftie af lkri eitcah nihkw -Dmchhif`i
>!&
0&>&> Dmchhif`i >? Nchcfdaf` Lcfc`irach cfe Ilphkyii Aftirists
Umi sidkfe jiy dmchhif`i ixphkrie af tmas tmisas dkfdirfs nchcfdaf` lcfc`irach-kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi! cfe ilphkyii -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! aftirists& Uwk
dklpitaf` pirspidtavis kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri prisift af tmi M^L cfe
dhalcti hatircturi& Umi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi cssulis tmct M^L cfe dhalcti mcvi c
pksatavi ibbidt kf nktm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -i&`&
Cppihncul it ch&( >777: Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb " Nkwif(
>777: Uishuj( Mkblcff " Sua`hiy( >77>!( wmirics tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi
cssulis tmct M^L cfe dhalcti mcvi c pksatavi ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi nut
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mcvi fk kr c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -i&`& Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Hi``i(
3119: Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4!&
Pi ceerissie tmas dmchhif`i ny tistaf` wmadm kb tmi dklpitaf` pirspidtavis
prkvaeis c nittir bat bkr tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif
M^L + dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi afdhueie michtm( mcppafiss cfe
rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -@rcft( Dmrastacfskf " Wradi( >770! cs wkrj,rihctie wihh,niaf`
typis& Umi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi as sit c`cafst tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis pirspidtavi tk
tist wmitmir M^L + dhalcti risuhts af alprkvie kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tk tmi
saluhtcfikus cevcftc`i kr ct tmi dkst kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf`&
Barst( wi dkfeudtie c rivaiw stuey kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi
rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Dmcptir >!& Ncsie kf tmi
quchaty cfe tmi dkfsastifdy af bafeaf`s kb 53 stueais punhasmie brkl 3119 tk >77=( wi
dkfdhueie tmct mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` bufdtakf cs lutuch `cafs watm
pirbkrlcfdi& Michtm wihh,niaf`( mkwivir( siils tk bufdtakf cs dkfbhadtaf` kutdkli watm
pirbkrlcfdi&
Tidkfehy( wi ixclafie tmi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf -tmi mcppafiss dklpkfift kb
ilphkyii wihh,niaf`! af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy( dhalcti bkr
sirvadi cfe prkeudtavaty usaf` hkf`atueafch ectc kntcafie brkl lkri tmcf 35(777
ilphkyiis af 303 nrcfdmis kb c bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakf -Dmcptir 2!& Fk ivaeifdibkr tmi ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry‑ pirspidtavi -lutuch `cafs! wcs bkufe? wkrj
sctasbcdtakf wcs fkt rihctie tk prkeudtavaty& Af hafi watm c ”wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs kutdkli‑
pirspidtavi -dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis!( wi bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy wcs lkri
csskdactie watm prkeudtavaty tmcf dhalcti bkr sirvadi( cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi wcs lkri
csskdactie watm wkrj sctasbcdtakf tmcf dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy& Cdrkss tali c trcei,kbb
pcttirf wcs bkufe? dhalcti bkr sirvadi ct U3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk prkeudtavaty ct U>(
cfe dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy ct U3 as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf ct U>&
Tullcrazaf`( wi smkw tmct rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` bufdtakfs cs lutuch `caf cfe
michtm ilphkyii wihh,niaf` siils tk bufdtakf cs dkfbhadtaf` kr`cfazctakfch kutdkli&
Patm rispidt tk mcppafiss wi eilkfstrcti laxie risuhts& Af tmi rivaiw stuey wi
dkfdhuei tmct mcppafiss bufdtakfs cs lutuch `caf( wmirics af tmi ilparadch stuey wi
dkfdhuei tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf -c dcti`kry kb mcppafiss wihh,niaf`! bufdtakfs lkri cs
dkfbhadtaf` kutdkli watm pirbkrlcfdi&
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300
0&>&4 Dmchhif`i 4? Bkdusaf` kf Wrcdtadch ^ihivcfdi
Umi tmare dmchhif`i ceerissie af tmas tmisas wcs prc`lctad af fcturi: at ribirs tk
bkdusaf` kf prcdtadch rihivcfdi kb sdaiftabad bafeaf`s& Ivaeifdi ncsie lcfc`ilift
-^kussicu( >772! cfe cfchytadch M^L -Nkxchh( Wurdihh " Pra`mt( >770! cri prkpksie bkr
nrae`af` tmi `cp nitwiif sdaifdi cfe prcdtadi -i&`& ^kussicu( >772: Cdceily kb
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch( 0( >770: Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift Ttueais( 4( >771!& Nktm cpprkcdmis
ma`mha`mt tmi fiie bkr risicrdmirs tk prkvaei lcfc`irs watm afbkrlctakf kf tmi dcusch
prkdissis nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi watmaf kr`cfazctakfs( tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf
as fiieie tk eivihkp( alphilift cfe usi wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres&
Pi cttilpt tk nrae`i tmi `cp nitwiif sdaifdi cfe prcdtadi ny prkvaeaf` cf ixclphi
kb mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf `caf afsa`mt af tmi dcusch prkdissis tmct cri tcjaf` phcdi watmaf
c dklpcfy nitwiif M^L eisa`fie ct dkrpkrcti hivih kf tmi kfi mcfe cfe
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi kf tmi ktmir& Pi prkvaei c eisdraptakf kb mkw kr`cfazctakfs
dcf lcji nittir usi kb ilphkyii surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc af tmi ha`mt kb wkrjbkrdi
sdkridcres& Pi ceeriss tmrii dmchhif`is bcdaf` prcdtatakfirs wmif sittaf` up cfe lcjaf`
usi kb ilphkyii surviys af ha`mt kb wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres? -c! mkw tk usi afeavaeuch
ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf tk prkvaei licfaf`buh afbkrlctakf kf M^L prkdissis ct
nusafiss ufat hivih( -n! mkw tk lcji tilpkrch afbirifdis nitwiif M^L afeadctkrs cfe
nusafiss kutdklis( -d! mkw tk trcfshcti istcnhasmie rihctakfsmaps aftk rihivcftlcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf&
Barst( wi eivihkpie c brcliwkrj bkr ivchuctaf` tmi suatcnahaty kb c``ri`ctaf`
afeavaeuch surviy afbkrlctakf tk dkfstrudt licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih licsuris& Umi
bavi eivihkpie dratirac wiri? ilir`ifdi prkdissis( ribirift typi( twk typis kb aftrcdhcss
dkrrihctakfs dkibbadaifts cfe aftirrctir c`riilift& Cpphadctakf kb tmi bavi dratirac smkwie
tk c `rict ixtift suppkrt bkr tmi usi kb c``ri`ctie surviy sdchis tk licsuri licfaf`buh
nusafiss ufat,hivih dkfstrudts -Dmcptir 4!& Pi chsk ahhustrctie tmi utahaty kb usaf`
ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf cs licfaf`buh afeadctkr kb tmi wcy M^L pkhadais cri
ifcdtie af kr`cfazctakfs? surviy afbkrlctakf wcs bkufe tk ni prieadtavi kb buturi
pirbkrlcfdi cfe afeadctavi kb tmi M^L,rihctie prkdissis afvkhvie -Dmcptir 9!&
^i`creaf` lcjaf` tilpkrch afbirifdis( wi eilkfstrctie tmct twk wcvis kb ectc cri
fiieie tk ercw tilpkrch dkfdhusakfs? tmas eisa`f ifcnhis tk tist tmi ixtift tk wmadm
pirbkrlcfdi afdricsie cs c risuht kb dmcf`is af ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs( cfe tk tist
bkr tmi pkssanahaty tmct pirbkrlcfdi sdkris afbhuifdie ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs
-Dmcptir 5 cfe 9!& Bafchhy( wi wiri cnhi tk smkw tmct 37&= pirdift kb tmi vcracfdi af
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30=
pirbkrlcfdi dcf ni ixphcafie ny sdkris eiravie brkl surviy sdkris( cbtir dkrridtaf` bkr
prakr pirbkrlcfdi& Urcfshctaf` tmas aftk rihivcft lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf ny
ixtrcpkhctaf` tk chh nrcfdmis kb tmas kr`cfazctakf( wi dkuhe afeadcti tmct dmcf`is af
ilphkyii surviy sdkris prieadt ma`mir yicrhy prkbats kb 30= lahhakf Iurks -30&1 pirdift
kb tmi tktch yicrhy prkbats! cdrkss tmi iftari dklpcfy -Dmcptir 9!&
0&>&5 Dmchhif`i 5? Alprkvaf` ^isicrdm Litmkes
^isicrdm kf M^L cfe dhalcti mcs niif phc`uie watm litmkekhk`adch patbchhs cfe
prknhils -Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Nksihai it ch&( >771: @irmcrt( >770: Juifza "
Tdmlafji( >771: Wccuwi( >771: Pchh " Pkke( >779: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!&
Umiribkri( tmi bkurtm dmchhif`i ceerissie af tmas tmisas as alprkvaf` risicrdm litmkes&
^isicrdm mcs niif dratadazie bkr cf kvir,rihacfdi kf drkss,sidtakfch eisa`fs( pkkrhy
ufeirstkke dcusch rihctakfs cfe hcdj kb skpmastadctakf kb tidmfaquis usie -i&`& @irmcrt(
>770: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Pchh " Pkke( >779: Pra`mt( @crefir( Lkyfamcf " Chhif(
>779: Pra`mt " Mc``irty( >779!( kvir,rihacfdi kf saf`hi skurdi sihb,ripkrt ectc -i&`&
@irmcrt( Pra`mt( LdLcmcf " Tfihh( >777: @irmcrt( Pra`mt " LdLcmcf( >777: @uist(
>773: Pchh " Pkke( >779!( cfe sunoidtavi kr pcrtach kutdkli licsuris -i&`& @irmcrt(
>770: Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117!( cfe cf kvirilpmcsas kf kr`cfazctakfch,hivih kb cfchysas
-i&`& Nidjir " @irmcrt( 3112: Pra`mt " @crefir( >774!& Af kreir tk kvirdkli tmi
aeiftabaie litmkekhk`adch smkrtdklaf`s kb prakr risicrdm( affkvctavi risicrdm
litmkekhk`ais wiri cpphaie af tmas tmisas&
Barst( wi cekptie c twk,wcvi hkf`atueafch eisa`f( wmiriny ilphkyii pirdiptakfs
cfe ixpiraifdis cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi wiri licsurie twadi& Lkrikvir(
strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` wcs usie tk tist rihctakfsmaps nitwiif tmi vcracnhis ufeir
stuey -Dmcptir 5 tmrku`m 2!& Pi bkufe tmct nusafiss ufats watm ma`m sdkris kf
pirdiptakfs kb M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe pirbkrlcfdi af rihctakf tk ktmir nusafiss
ufats ct c dirtcaf tali pkaft ritcafie quati salahcr rihctavi pksatakfs ct c bkhhkw,up talipkaft& Af pcrtaduhcr( pirbkrlcfdi( pcy sctasbcdtakf( quchaty kraiftctakf( `kch ibbidtavifiss(
afbkrlctakf smcraf` smkwie c rihctavihy ma`m stcnahaty -Dmcptir 5,2!& Chsk( pirbkrlcfdi
afbhuifdie okn siduraty -Dmcptir 9!( `kch ibbidtavifiss cfe dustklir sirvadi -Dmcptir 2!(
wmadm afeadcti c rivirsie tilpkrch kreir& Bafchhy( wi bkufe ibbidts cdrkss tali -Dmcptir
9 cfe Dmcptir 2!& Tidkfe( luhtaphi rctirs kb M^L -ilphkyiis! wiri afdhueie af dkftrcst
tk tmi kvir,rihacfdi kf saf`hi -kbtif tmi M^ lcfc`ir‑s! rctaf`s& Pi bkufe sctasbyaf`
aftirrctir c`riilift bkr chh surviy ealifsakfs ixdipt bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf( eivihkplift
cfe okn siduraty( lkeircti aftirrctir c`riilift wcs bkufe bkr tmisi sdchis -Dmcptir 4!&
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301
Umare( tmi pirdiavirs kb M^L -ilphkyiis! prkvaeie afbkrlctakf kf tmiar pirdiptakfs
cfe ixpiraifdis kb M^L& Ny afvista`ctaf` -hkf`atueafch! ibbidts nitwiif ilphkyii
pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe cf knoidtavi pirbkrlcfdi afeadctkr( dkllkf litmke vcracfdi
as dkftrkhhie bkr& Bafchhy( wi dklpcrie nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi kr`cfazctakf af tmi
ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas& Umiribkri( afstatutakfch bcdtkrs cs wihh cs afeustry cfe
dklpcfy ibbidts cri dkftrkhhie bkr&
0&4 Picjfissis cfe Ttrif`tms
Chtmku`m tmas tmisas dkftranutis tk ufeirstcfeaf` tmi rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L(
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi( tmas tmisas mcs c fulnir kb halatctakfs& Umi barst
halatctakf dkfdirfs tmi kvirhcp af stueais cfe ectc usie& Af kur rivaiw stuey -Dmcptir >!
risuhts brkl c fulnir kb stueais wiri afdhueie luhtaphi talis& Af ceeatakf( skli stueaisafdhueie af tmas rivaiw wiri ncsie kf tmi scli ectcsit& Lkrikvir( wi usie tmi scli
crdmavch hkf`atueafch ectcsit bkr bkur ilparadch dmcptirs -Dmcptir 4 tmrku`m 2!& Chtmku`m
af icdm dmcptir kur risicrdm quistakf as stueaie brkl c eabbirift tmikritadch cf`hi -M^L(
kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`( cfe wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres trceatakf!( cfe
eabbirift surviy ealifsakfs -M^L pirdiptakfs( dhalcti( wihh,niaf`! cri afdhueie af icdm
dmcptir( tmiri as kvirhcp af tmi ectcsit usie& Mifdi( tmi dmcptirs ek fkt prkvaei
afeipifeift ivaeifdi ri`creaf` kur risicrdm quistakf kf M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`
cfe pirbkrlcfdi&
Umi halatctakfs kb tmi crdmavch hkf`atueafch ectcsit usie af dmcptir 4 , 2 mcvi niif
eisdranie af eitcah af icdm dmcptir: cddkreaf`hy tmiy cri liftakfie nraibhy miri& Af
ceeatakf( c fulnir kb lkri `ifirch wicjfissis kb tmi ectc cfe tmi litmkes usie cri
easdussie& Barst( tmi ectc cri kntcafie brkl c saf`hi hcr`i Eutdm kr`cfazctakf& Umas halats
tmi `ifirchazcnahaty kb tmi bafeaf`s tk ktmir afeustrais -Dklns( Hau( Mchh " Jitdmif(
>772! cfe dkuftrais -Nksihai( Wccuwi " Ocfssif( >773!& Tidkfehy( tmi clkuft kb vcracfdi
ct tmi nrcfdm hivih -ADD3! wcs rctmir hkw bkr skli surviy sdchis -a&i& ilphkyii wihh,
niaf`!& Umarehy( twk fkasi bcdtkrs wiri aftrkeudie af tmi hkf`atueafch risicrdm eisa`f&
Eabbirift tali,hc`s wiri dklpcrie( cfe eabbirift -pcrthy kvirhcppaf`! yicrs wiri usie bkr
tali pkaft 3 cfe >& Mkwivir( dkftrkhhaf` bkr tmi hif`tm kb tmi tali aftirvch eae fkt
dmcf`i tmi risuhts -Dmcptir 5( 9( 2!& Patm ri`cres tk tmi usi kb kvirhcppaf` yicrs( bkr 333
nrcfdmis tmi tali pkaft 3 licsurilift -af >777 kr >773! pridiei lkst kb tmi tali pkaft
> licsurilifts -kfhy tmrii nrcfdmis mcvi c tali pkaft > licsurilift af >773( tmi
rilcafaf` nrcfdmis mcvi tali pkaft > licsurilifts af >77>( >774( >775 kr >779!& Cfedkfvirsihy( bkr 04 nrcfdmis tmi tali pkaft > licsurilift -af >775 kr >779! dklis cbtir
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3=7
lkst kb tmi tali pkaft 3 licsurilifts -kfi nrcfdm mcs c tali pkaft 3 licsurilift af
>775( tmi rilcafaf` nrcfdmis mcvi tali pkaft 3 licsurilifts af >777( >773( >77> kr
>774!&
^ihctie tk tmi hkf`atueafch ectc dkuphaf` c lkri `ifirch wicjfiss kb tmas ectcsit
dkfdirfs tmi ixdhusakf kb nrcfdmis tmct lir`ie euraf` tmi risicrdm pirake& Umas la`mt
nacs kur sclphi( cs -hiss ibbidtavi! M^L( -hkw! ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe -nce!
pirbkrlcfdi la`mt afbhuifdi prissuris tk lir`i( cfe tmi ktmir wcy crkufe c lir`ir
la`mt afbhuifdi M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi&
Chtmku`m wi afdhueie c licsuri kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf -mcppafiss typi kb ilphkyii
wihh,niaf`!( rihctakfsmaps kr michtm wihh,niaf` wcs fkt stueaie& Mifdi( tmi ilparadch
dmcptirs prkvaei fk afsa`mt af tmi rkhi kb rihctakfsmaps cfe michtm wihh,niaf` af tmi
rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Fk afbkrlctakf wcs cvcahcnhi kf
rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`( cfe tmku`m halatie afbkrlctakf kf michtm wihh,niaf` wcs
cvcahcnhi tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf wcs fkt afdhueie bkr twk ricskfs& Barst( tmi mcppafiss
typi kb wihh,niaf` as lkst briquifthy liftakfie af tmi dhalcti hatircturi -Jkpihlcf it ch&(
3117: Kstrkbb( it ch& >774: Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4: Uishuj it ch&( >77>!& Nisaeis( tmi
kr`cfazctakf ufeir stuey as kfi kb tmi tkp pirbkrlaf` bafcfdach sirvadis kr`cfazctakfs af
tmi Fitmirhcfes( cfe c rihctavihy ”michtmy‑ kr`cfazctakf watm hkw cnsiftiiasl ba`uris ct
nrcfdm hivih& Umiribkri( tmi lcaf bkdus ct nrcfdm hivih wcs kf alprkvaf` pirbkrlcfdi wmahi lcaftcafaf` ilphkyii wkrj sctasbcdtakf hivihs( alprkvaf` ilphkyii michtm wcs kb
hiss alpkrtcfdi ct tmi nrcfdm hivih&
C sidkfe `ifirch wicjfiss dkfdirfs tmi hcdj kb afbkrlctakf kf M^ aftirviftakfs(
ilphkyii nimcvakrs cfe dkftrkh vcracnhis& Chtmku`m wi mcvi afbkrlctakf kf tmi
rifiwie M^L pkhadais -cs eisdranie af Dmcptir 9!( ufbkrtufctihy( fk afbkrlctakf wcs
cvcahcnhi kf tmi alphiliftie M^L aftirviftakfs ct tmi nrcfdm hivih& Tidkfehy( fk
licsuris kb ilphkyii nimcvakrs( sudm cs Kr`cfazctakfch Datazifsmap Nimcvakr -Kr`cf(
31==!( dustklir bkdusie KDN -Tdmfiaeir( Imrmcrt( Lcyir( Tchtz " Fahis,Okhhy( >779! kr
wkrj if`c`ilift -Tchcfkvc( C`ut " Wiark( >779! wiri afdhueie af tmi surviy& Umarehy(
fk afbkrlctakf wcs cvcahcnhi kf c fulnir kb nrcfdm,hivih aftirviftakfs sudm cs
eastranutakf dmcffihs( usi kb afbkrlctakf systils cfe kpirctakfch prcdtadis( wmadm dkuhe
eastkrt kur risuhts( cs dmcf`is af M^L cri usuchhy cddklpcfaie ny dmcf`is af ktmir
lcfc`ilift cdtakfs cfe afvistlifts -Nkxchh " Lcdjy( >771!&
Umi hcst wicjfiss stils brkl tmi c``ri`ctakf kb tmi surviy ealifsakfs tk tmi
nrcfdm hivih& Af tmas tmisas nrcfdm,hivih licf sdkris wiri usie& Mkwivir( risicrdmirs
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3=3
mcvi ni`uf tk ixphkri dhalcti strif`tm( wmadm as eibafie cs tmi hivih kb vcracfdi watmaf c
nrcfdm -i&`& Juifza " Tdmlafji( >771!& At as cr`uie tmct dhalcti strif`tm earidthy
afbhuifdis afeavaeuch cfe kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis( cfe kr lkeirctis rihctakfsmaps
nitwiif dhalcti licf cfe kutdklis -i&`& @kfzchiz,^klc( Wiark( " Ukreirc( >77>:
Hafechh " Nrcfet( >777: Tdmfiaeir( Tchvc``ak " Tunarcts( >77>!& Af tmas tmisas tmi ibbidts
kb dhalcti strif`tm cri fkt stueaie( nidcusi at wcs bkufe tmct lkst nrcfdmis smkwie
lkeircti tk ma`m hivihs kb c`riilift -Dmcptir 4!( wmadm afeadctie c hcdj kb vcractakf af
dhalcti strif`tm af kur sclphi& Ny cssa`faf` icdm nrcfdm ats cvirc`i sdkri kf tmi surviy
ealifsakfs tmi vcracnahaty af tmi sdkris cri rieudie( risuhtaf` af nacsie pcrclitirs
istalctis -Drkkf " Rcf Rihemkvif( >770!& ^idifthy( hctift vcracnhi luhtahivih lkeihaf`(
wmadm tricts tmi afeavaeuch sdkris kb c vcracnhi cs ribhidtavi afeadctkrs bkr c hctift vcracnhi
ct ma`mir hivih kb cfchysas( cfe tmiriny yaiheaf` ufnacsie istalctis( mcs niif eivihkpie
-Drkkf " Rcf Rihemkvif( >770!& Mkwivir( tmas tidmfaqui wcs fkt cpphaie af tmas tmisas(
bkr tmi ricskf tmct tmi surviy afbkrlctakf ct tmi twk tali pkafts dkuhe fkt ni dkuphie
kf cf afeavaeuch ncsi( cfe tmct tmas tidmfaqui wcs fkt cvcahcnhi ct tmi stcrt kb tmas prkoidt&
Eispati tmisi halatctakfs eravif ny tmi fcturi kb tmi ectc dkhhidtie af kf`kaf`
nusafiss prcdtadi( tmi usi kb tmi crdmavch hkf`atueafch ectcsit mcs c fulnir kb strif`tms&
Barst( tmi surviy dkvirie c waei rcf`i kb tkpads& Wirdiptakfs kf M^L( kr`cfazctakfch
dhalcti( cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` wiri afdhueie& Afbkrlctakf brkl lkri tmcf 35(777ilphkyiis wcs cvcahcnhi ct twk tali pkafts prkvaeie ny tmi aftirfch Michtm cfe Tcbity
Ixidutavi& Umi cvirc`i rispkfsi rcti af tmi ilphkyii surviys ct tmi nrcfdm hivih wcs
lkri tmcf 00 pirdift& Umas prkvaeie c ufaqui radmfiss af ectc( cfe af dkrrispkfeaf`
tmikrais tmct dkuhe ni stueaie& Tidkfehy( ny dkuphaf` tmi ilphkyii surviy sdchis tk cf
knoidtavi kutdkli afeadctkr ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih( licfaf`buh rihctakfsmaps nitwiif
ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb alphiliftie lcfc`ilift cdtavatais rihivcft bkr tmi nrcfdmis
ufeir stuey( cfe c dratadch kutdkli bkr wmadm lcfc`irs cri cddkuftcnhi bkr mcvi niif
ixclafie& Umare( tmi watmaf dklpcfy eisa`f mcs niif nifibadach& At ifcnhie us tk ixdhuei
tmi afbhuifdi kb afstatutakfch( afeustry cfe dklpcfy bcdtkrs& Af ceeatakf( tmi sclphi
dkuhe ni ri`creie cs riprisiftctavi bkr tmi tktch kr`cfazctakf af tirls kb nrcfdm sazi cfe
ri`akf af tmi Fitmirhcfes& Bafchhy( ny lcjaf` usi kb cf crdmavch ectcsit wi wiri cnhi tk
stuey ibbidts cdrkss tali& Ysaf` c twk,wcvi eisa`f as rcrihy ekfi nut kbtif cevkdctie af
M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi -i&`& Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Pra`mt it ch&( >779!&
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Dmcptir 0? Easdussakf
3=>
0&5 Alphadctakfs
Kf tmi ncsas kb tmi lcaf bafeaf`s bkr icdm dmchhif`i -cs prisiftie cnkvi!( sivirch
alphadctakfs ilir`ie& Af tmi fixt sidtakf tmikritadch( prcdtadch cfe litmkekhk`adch
alphadctakfs cri prisiftie&
0&5&3 Umikritadch Alphadctakfs
Umas tmisas nrae`is tmi `cp nitwiif ”lcdrk‑ cfe ”ladrk‑ pirspidtavis tk tmi tkpad kb
M^L ny afti`rctaf` dhalcti( pirdiptakfs kb M^L cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` hatircturi&
Patm ri`cres tk pirdiptakfs kb M^L( wi eilkfstrcti tmct ixpiraifdis cfe
pirdiptakfs kb M^L smkw vcracfdi nitwiif tmi nusafiss ufats watmaf c hcr`i
kr`cfazctakf -Dmcptir 4 cfe 9!& Umas cees tk kur jfkwhie`i kb afti`rctaf` ilphkyiis
aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i( cs at smkws tmct tmiri as vcractakf af M^L watmaf
barls -Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Pra`mt " Mc``irty( >779!& Lkrikvir( wi smkw tmct tmi
pirdiptakfs kb M^L dcf ni `rkupie kf tmi ncsas kb vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm&
Umi barst `rkup ribhidts ilphkyii ixpiraifdis kb alphiliftie M^L -i&`& trcafaf` cfe
eivihkplift( okn siduraty!( tmi vcracfdi af tmisi pirdiptakfs ct tmi nrcfdm hivih as rctmir
halatie dklpcrie tk tmi vcracfdi ct tmi afeavaeuch ilphkyii hivih& Cfktmir `rkup kb
ilphkyii ixpiraifdis as lkri ribhidtavi kb tmi strcti`ad `kchs kb tmi kr`cfazctakf -i&`&
`kch ibbidtavifiss( quchaty kraiftctakf( dustklir kraiftctakf( afbkrlctakf smcraf`!( bkr tmas
`rkup lkri vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk tmi nrcfdm as bkufe& Umas eavasakf cees tk tmi
dkfdiptuchazctakf kb M^L& Tdmkhcrs eabbiriftacti nitwiif M^L prcdtadis cfe tmi `kch
M^L dkllufadctis -i&`& Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Kstrkbb "
Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770!&
Bkr dhalcti tmikry( wi smkw tmi scli skrt kb eastafdtakf cs eisdranie cnkvi&
@ifirch dhalcti ealifsakfs ribirraf` tk chh cspidts kb ilphkyiis wkrjaf` ifvarkflift
-i&`& Jkpihlcf it ch&( 3117! smkwie hiss vcracfdi cttranutcnhi tk nrcfdm hivih tmcf dhalcti
ealifsakfs watm c spidabad strcti`ad bkdus& Tidkfehy( af hafi watm Tdmfiaeir‑s wkrj -3109!(dhalcti ealifsakfs watm c spidabad dratirakf kb aftirist wiri lkri strkf`hy rihctie tk
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tmcf ifirch dhalcti ealifsakfs&
Ny smkwaf` tmct tmi strcti`ad bkdusie pirdiptakfs cri hafjie watm kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi wi cee tk M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi& Patm ri`cres tk tmi M^L hatircturi(
Nkwif cfe Kstrkbb ->775! cr`ui tmct M^L prcdtadis smkuhe ni eisa`fie crkufe c
pcrtaduhcr strcti`ad bkdus tk ni ibbidtavi& Umi istcnhasmlift kb c dhalcti bkr c spidabad `kch
as tmi jiy bcdtkr tmct eitirlafis wmitmir ilphkyiis ifcnhi tmi kr`cfazctakf tk cdmaivi
ats `kch& Tdmfiaeir -3109! cr`uis tmct dhalcti pirdiptakfs hafjie tk c spidabad strcti`ad
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Dmcptir 0? Easdussakf
3=4
bkdus dcf sirvi cs c brcli kb ribirifdi bkr `uaeaf` cpprkpracti cfe cecptavi tcsj
nimcvakrs& Umas chsk cees tk tmi ilphkyii ”hafi kb sa`mt‑ tk cf kr`cfazctakf dkfdipt& Hafi
kb sa`mt afeadctis tmi ixtift tk wmadm cf ilphkyii ufeirstcfes tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s
knoidtavis( cfe ufeirstcfes mkw tk ibbidtavihy dkftranuti tk eihaviraf` tmil -Nkswihh(
>772!& Umi pirdiptakfs kf `kch ibbadaifdy( quchaty( afbkrlctakf smcraf`( cfe riwcre cri
lkst dhksihy cha`fie watm tmas nusafiss kutdkli& Pmif ilphkyiis jfkw tmct ibbadaifthy
eihaviraf` ma`m quchaty tk dustklirs as kb ma`m prakraty af tmiar nusafiss ufat cfe tmct tmiy
wahh ni riwcreie cddkreaf`hy( tmas afbkrlctakf wahh `uaei tmiar nimcvakr tk ni af hafi watm
tmas nusafiss `kch&
Af sul( buturi risicrdm lcy nifibat brkl afdkrpkrctaf` tmikry kf pirdiptakfs kb
M^L cfe kf dhalcti tk ufeirstcfe tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i& Afti`rctakf kb tmi
twk risicrdm trceatakfs dkuhe dhcraby tmi afbhuifdi kb strcti`ad virsus `ifirch M^L cfe
dhalcti pirdiptakfs kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
C sidkfe tmikritadch assui dkfdirfie tmi rkhi kb ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi M^L +
dhalcti,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i& Pi tistie tmi lutuch `cafs virsus tmi dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis
pirspidtavis ny usaf` lkeihs tmct afdhuei M^L + dhalcti( wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi&
Bkr M^L tmikry( wi dkftranuti tk privakus risicrdm ny prkvaeaf` c rivaiw kf
rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -mcppafiss( rihctakfsmaps cfe michtm wihh,niaf`! cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi smkw tmct tmiri la`mt ni eabbiriftach
ibbidts prisift? M^L mcs c pksatavi ibbidt kf mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf` -af
hafi watm tmi lutuch `cafs pirspidtavi!( cfe c fi`ctavi ibbidt kf michtm -af hafi watm tmi
pissalastad vaiw! -Dmcptir >!& Umas risuht as af hafi watm stueais ny ^clscy( Tdmkhcras cfe
Mcrhiy ->777!( cfe Krhatzjy cfe Brifjih ->779! wmadm dkfbarlie tmi ”pksatavi‑ cfe
”fi`ctavi‑ dkfsiquifdis kb tmi scli sit kb M^L cdtavatais kf luhtaphi ilphkyii wihh,
niaf` typis& Umas afeadctis tmct tmiri cri pkssanhy twk lidmcfasls ct wkrj ct tmi scli
tali? lutuch `cafs bkr mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps wihh,niaf`( cfe cs c saei ibbidt
dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis bkr michtm& Lkrikvir( c burtmir afvista`ctakf rivichie tmct tmi
pksatavi ibbidt kb M^L kf bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi wcs fkt istcnhasmie tmrku`m c fi`ctavi
ibbidt kf ilphkyii michtm& Mifdi( ilphkyii michtm,rihctie wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch
prkeudtavaty la`mt bufdtakf cs pcrchhih kr`cfazctakfch kutdklis afbhuifdie ny c eabbirift
sit kb M^L ealifsakfs -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=! afstice kb dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis -hcnkr
prkdiss tmikry -@kecre( >773! cfe tmi ixphkatavi fcturi kb M^L -i&`& Hi``i( 3119!!&
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3=5
Bkr dhalcti tmikry( wi cee tk privakus risicrdm ny afvista`ctaf` tmi rkhi kb wkrj
sctasbcdtakf af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi
smkw tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf as fkt rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty -Dmcptir 2!( tmus
fk suppkrt as bkufe bkr wkrj sctasbcdtakf cs aftirlieacry cs prkpksie ny Jkpihlcf it ch&
-3117!( Kstrkbb cfe Nkwif ->777! cfe Uishuj it ch& ->77>!( cfe af hafi watm tmi bafeaf`s
kb kur rivaiw stuey -Dmcptir >!& Umas risuht la`mt ni cttranutcnhi tk tmi bcdt tmct wi
stueaie rihctakfsmaps ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih( ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih cddkreaf` tk tmi
”mcppy prkeudtavi wkrjir tmisas‑ -Oue`i( Umkriskf( Nkfk " Wcttkf( >773: Dcrr( Tdmlaet(
Bkre " Eismkf( >774: Wcrjir( Nchtis( Qkuf`( Mubb( Chtlcff( Hcstkst it ch&( >774! c
pksatavi rihctakfsmap dkuhe ni ixpidtie: mkwivir at as alpkrtcft fkt tk afeasdralafctihy
cpphy afeavaeuch,hivih tmikrais tk nrcfdm,hivih pmifklifc& Cfktmir ixphcfctakf la`mt hai
af tmi typi kb mcppafiss wihh,niaf` afdhueie& Pi stueaie wkrj sctasbcdtakf( ktmir
mcppafiss wihh,niaf` dklpkfifts lkri rihctie tk easdritakfcry ibbkrt( haji kr`cfazctakfch
dkllatlift cfe KDN la`mt ni rihctie tk kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Wkescjkbb(
Pmataf`( Wkescjkbb " Nhuli( >771!& Tidkfehy( wi dkftranuti ny stueyaf` tmi ibbidts kb
luhtaphi dhalcti typis kf kutdklis af eabbirift pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs -Juifza "
Tdmlafji( >771: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774: Tdmuhti( Kstrkbb( Tmluhyacf " Jafadja( >771!& Pi
smkw tmct eabbirift dhalcti typis rihcti tk ibbidtavifiss kutdklis af eabbirift
pirbkrlcfdi eklcafs& Af pcrtaduhcr( wi bkufe tmct dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as rihctie tkprkeudtavaty( wmirics dhalcti bkr sirvadi as rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Lkrikvir( c
dkftranutakf tk tmi dklpitaf` vchuis brcliwkrj -Suaff " ^kmrncu`m( 31=4! as tmct
kvirilpmcsazaf` c dhalcti typi dcf risuht af eysbufdtakfch kr`cfazctakfs Pi eilkfstrcti
tmct `avaf` prakraty skhihy tk dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy kr dustklir sirvadi tk ifmcfdi
pirbkrlcfdi kr wkrj sctasbcdtakf lcy mclpir tmi pursuat kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf cfe
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi( rispidtavihy&
Af sul( wi eilkfstrcti tmct tmi lcafstricl -lutuch `cafs! pirspidtavi wmadm mkhes
tmct M^L cfe dhalcti mcvi pksatavi kutdklis bkr tmi kr`cfazctakf cfe bkr ilphkyii
wihh,niaf` cs wihh as tkk salphastad& Ilphkyii wihh,niaf` dkfsasts kb luhtaphi ealifsakfs(
wmadm cri eabbirifthy afbhuifdie ny M^L cfe dhalcti( cdrkss tali cfe ct eabbirift hivihs
kb cfchysas& Buturi risicrdm lcy nifibat brkl afdkrpkrctaf` dklpitaf` pirspidtavis
-lutuch `cafs cfe dkfbhadtaf` kutdklis! tk smie lkri ha`mt kf tmi eyfclad rkhi kb
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif M^L + dhalcti cfe kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi&
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3=9
0&5&> Wrcdtadch Alphadctakfs
Umas tmisas cees tk nrae`af` tmi `cp nitwiif tmikry cfe prcdtadi& Lcfy
kr`cfazctakfs cri usaf` strcti`y tkkhs sudm cs wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres tk jiip trcdj kb
alphiliftie M^L cfe tmi ibbidts kf nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf( lcfy
kr`cfazctakfs lcji usi kb ilphkyii surviys& Umas tmisas eisdranie mkw kr`cfazctakfs dcf
lcji nittir usi kb ilphkyii surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi ectc af tmi dkftixt kb wkrjbkrdi
sdkridcres&
Barst( wi easduss mkw afeavaeuch ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf dcf ni usie tk
prkvaei licfaf`buh afbkrlctakf kf M^L prkdissis ct nusafiss ufat hivih& Pi eivihkpie
cfe tistie c brcliwkrj bkr ivchuctaf` tmi suatcnahaty kb c``ri`ctaf` afeavaeuch surviy ectc
tk licfaf`buh nusafiss ufat,hivih dkfstrudts& Kr`cfazctakfs fiie tk cssiss wmitmir
surviy sdkris cri rihacnhi ct tmi nusafiss ufat: tmiri fiies tk ni c lafalch clkuft kb
c`riilift nitwiif ilphkyiis watmaf c nusafiss ufat kf tmi surviy ealifsakfs( cfe tmi
sdkris fiie tk eabbiriftacti nitwiif nusafiss ufats& Nisaeis( ilphkyii surviy
afbkrlctakf fiies tk ribhidt tmi M^L,rihctie prkdissis afvkhvie tk bufdtakfs cs cf
afeadctkr kb tmi wcy M^L pkhadais cri ifcdtie af kr`cfazctakfs& Tidkfehy( wi smkw mkw
tk eilkfstrcti dcusch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif surviy afbkrlctakf kf M^L cfe bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi& Bafchhy( wi eilkfstrcti tmi prcdtadch rihivcfdi ny usaf` cf ixtrcpkhctakf
litmke tk trcfshcti tmi ”sdaiftabad istalctis‑ aftk afbkrlctakf tmct dcf ni usie ny lcfc`irs cfe pkhady lcjirs watmaf kr`cfazctakfs& Pi prkvaei cf ixclphi kb mkw tmi
risuhts brkl strudturch iquctakf lkeihs( wmadm cri eabbaduht tk aftirprit ny prcdtatakfirs(
dcf ni eisdranie af pkhady,rihivcft ibbidt sazis&
Af sul( wi afbkrl prcdtadi ny smkwaf` tmi nkufecry dkfeatakfs cfe nifibats kb
dkhhidtaf` ilphkyii surviy afbkrlctakf cfe knoidtavi kutdkli afeadctkrs af c wkrjbkrdi
sdkridcre systil cs as briquifthy ekfi af kr`cfazctakfs fkwcecys& Wrkvaeie tmct rihacnhi
afbkrlctakf kf M^L,rihctie prkdissis ct nusafiss ufat hivih cfe kutdklis cdrkss c
fulnir kb yicrs as cvcahcnhi( hkf`atueafch rihctakfsmaps dcf ni istcnhasmie tk `caf afsa`mt
af tmi prkdissis nitwiif M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmisi rihctakfsmaps dcf ni
trcfshctie aftk lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf&
Mifdi( wi dkfbarl tmi usibuhfiss kb afdhueaf` ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kf M^L +
dhalcti af wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres cs c pcrclitir rihivcft bkr cdmaivaf` buturi bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi& Umi sdkris kb c pcrtaduhcr nrcfdm kf ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs
dklpcrie tk ats prakr sdkris cfe dklpcrie tk tmi sdkris kb ktmir nrcfdmis prkvaei
nrcfdm lcfc`irs watm usibuh lcfc`ilift afbkrlctakf kf tmi nrcfdm‑s durrift pksatakf&
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3=2
Lkfatkraf` cfe lcfc`af` eabbirifdis af ilphkyii surviy ealifsakfs as alpkrtcft bkr
kr`cfazctakfs& Cbtir chh( tmisi cspidts cri pirbkrlcfdi,staluhctaf` bcdtkrs wmadm kbbir
hafi cfe M^ lcfc`irs nittir dkftrkh kppkrtufatais tmcf( bkr ixclphi( ixtirfch bcdtkrs(
sudm cs lcrjit trifes kr lcrjit pradis&
Mkwivir( tmi lkfatkraf` cfe lcfc`ilift kb M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe
pirbkrlcfdi sdkris bcdi lcfc`irs watm c eahillc wmadm dkuhe ni eisdranie cs? bkr
wmkl cfe mkw wihh -Nkxchh it ch&( >770!& Pi ahhustrcti tmct M^L as nifibadach bkr
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` af tirls kb mcppafiss cfe rihctakfsmaps: mkwivir M^L as tk c
dirtcaf ei`rii eitraliftch tk ilphkyii michtm& Af ceeatakf( wi eilkfstrcti tmct c dhalcti
bkr ibbadaifdy as pralcrahy rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi( wmahi c dhalcti bkr dustklir as
pralcrahy rihctie tk wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Lcfc`ilift dcf ifdkurc`i c ma`m,sirvadi kr c
ma`m,ibbadaifdy dhalcti eipifeaf` kf tmi strcti`ad `kch-s! lcfc`ilift pursuis -Dmcptir
2!& Pi dkfdhuei tmct eabbirift kutdklis -ilphkyii wihh,niaf` virsus kr`cfazctakfch
pirbkrlcfdi! cri rihctie tk eabbirift M^L cspidts& Umiribkri( tmi barst eahillc
dkfdirfs bkr wmkl& Kr`cfazctakfs fiie tk dmkksi wmiri tk bkdus kf&
Pi chsk smkw tmct cdrkss tali dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk wkrj
sctasbcdtakf( cfe dhalcti bkr sirvadi as fi`ctavihy rihctie tk pirbkrlcfdi& Af ”ma`m,
ibbadaifdy dhalcti nrcfdmis‑( tmi lkst alpkrtcft tcr`it la`mt ni sctasbadaf` rctmir tmcf
lcxalazaf` tmi hivih kb ibbadaifdy dhalcti( cfe af ”ma`m,sirvadi dhalcti nrcfdmis‑( tmilkst alpkrtcft tcr`it la`mt ni sctasbadaf` rctmir tmcf lcxalazaf` tmi hivih kb sirvadi
dhalcti& Chkf` salahcr hafis( lcxalazaf` kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi la`mt mcvi c
eitraliftch ibbidt kf ilphkyii michtm wihh,niaf`& Mifdi( tmi sidkfe eahillc as mkw
wihh( at ribirs tk tmi eahillc kb sittaf` tmi kptalch hivih kb cf kutdkli&
0&5&4 Litmkekhk`adch Alphadctakfs
Umi cpphadctakf kb affkvctavi risicrdm litmkekhk`ais tk alprkvi tmi
litmkekhk`adch quchaty cfe ra`kr kb M^L + dhalcti cfe pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm risuhts afalphadctakfs bkr burtmir risicrdm&
Barst( tmas tmisas as kfi kb tmi barst stueais tmct usie c twk,wcvi hkf`atueafch eisa`f
cfe usie strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf` tk afvista`cti rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( wihh,
niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf tk drkss,sidtakfch risicrdm smkwaf` csskdactakfs
nitwiif M^L + dhalcti( wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi tmas eisa`f ifcnhis us tk smkw tmct
tmisi rihctakfsmaps chsk mkhe hkf`atueafch& Umas afeadctis tmct M^L cfe dhalcti sdkris cri
prieadtavi kb kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cfe tmct c dmcf`i af M^L + dhalcti as
csskdactie watm c dmcf`i af wihh,niaf` cfe kr kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af ceeatakf(
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Dmcptir 0? Easdussakf
3=0
tmas eisa`f lcjis at pkssanhi tk dkftrkh bkr prakr sdkris( wmadm as bkufe tk ni alpkrtcft(
cs tmi clkuft cfe earidtakf kb cdrkss,tali dmcf`i eipifes kf tmi nrcfdm‑s afatach sdkri
-Paheir‑s -3120! hcw kb afatach vchuis!& Umi usi kb tmas eisa`f mcs cf ceeatakfch cevcftc`i(
at dkftranutis tk kur jfkwhie`i cnkut rivirsie dcusctakf ibbidts ixphcafie cs
afvistlifts af M^L -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Taimh " Lcrtaf( 3117! cfe sa`fchaf`
ibbidts -Wccuwi " Nksihai( >779: Tdmfiaeir( Mcf`is( Tlatm " Tchvc``ak( >774!& Pi
dkfdhuei tmct tmi rivirsi dcusctakf ibbidts cri lkri af hafi watm sa`fchaf` ibbidts tmcf
watm M^L afvistlift ibbidts af tmas stuey& Nrcfdm lcfc`irs kb ma`m pirbkrlcfdi
nrcfdmis la`mt fkt aftrkeudi ceeatakfch M^ prcdtadis( safdi M^ pkhadais cri diftrchhy
eisa`fie( nrcfdm lcfc`irs mcvi halatie kptakfs bkr eisa`faf` M^ pkhadais( cfe tmiar
rispkfsanahatais tife lkri tk dkfdirf tmi alphiliftctakf cfe cecptctakf kb tmisi
pkhadais watmaf tmiar nrcfdm& Tidkfehy( tmi tali,hc` kb twk yicrs as lkri af hafi watm
sa`fchaf` tmct afvistlift ricskfaf`& Wrakr dhalcti risicrdm prkpksie tmct at tcjis crkufe
twk yicrs tk prkeudi nacs af ilphkyiis‑ pirdiptakfs kb kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cs c risuht
kb ma`m nrcfdm sdkris kf pirbkrlcfdi -Tdmfiaeir( Pmati " Wcuh( 311=!( wmahi M^L
risicrdm prkpksie tmct at tcjis ct hicst tmrii yicrs tk eisa`f cfe eihavir fiw M^ prcdtadis
cfe nibkri tmisi prcdtadis mcvi cf ibbidt kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi -Pra`mt "
Mc``irty( >779!& Mifdi( wi ridkllife tmi usi kb hkf`atueafch eisa`fs tk prkvaei c
eiipir ufeirstcfeaf` kb rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L cfe kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti(ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss tali&
Tidkfehy( wi usi luhtaphi ilphkyii rctaf`s kf M^L watmaf c nrcfdm af dkftrcst tk
stueais usaf` c saf`hi lcfc`ir‑s pkaft kb vaiw ri`creaf` alphiliftie M^L prcdtadis&
Umi usi kb c saf`hi M^ prkbissakfch kr hafi lcfc`ir cs rctir kb M^L as ma`mhy
quistakfie( cs cf M^ prkbissakfch kr hafi lcfc`ir la`mt fkt ni cnhi tk prkvaei cf
cddurcti eisdraptakf kb tmi alphiliftie prcdtadis cfe cri susdiptanhi tk rctir nacs
-Nkswihh( Dkhvaf " Ecrfkhe( >77=: @irmcrt it ch&( >777: @irmcrt it ch&( >777: @uist(
>773!& Pi smkw tmct rctaf`s kb ilphkyiis kf M^L cri tk c hcr`i ixtift rihacnhi& Af
ceeatakf( wi ahhustrcti tmct afbkrlctakf dkhhidtie tmrku`m ilphkyii surviys as afeadctavi
kb tmi M^L,rihctie prkdissis afvkhvie& Umiribkri( wi su``ist usaf` ilphkyii
afbkrlctakf kf M^L( cs c rihacnhi skurdi kb afbkrlctakf kf mkw tmiy pirdiavi(
ixpiraifdi( cfe aftirprit M^L&
Ceeatakfchhy( at as c strif`tm kb tmi durrift tmisas tmct eabbirift ectc skurdis cri usie&
Pi dkffidt M^L( dhalcti cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` ectc dkhhidtie vac ilphkyii surviys
watm knoidtavi kutdkli ectc& Luhta,skurdi rihctakfsmaps cri hiss prkfi tk dkllkf
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3==
litmke nacs -Ekty " @hadj( 311=!& Lkrikvir( tmi ectc cri dkhhidtie watmaf kfi
kr`cfazctakf( wi dklpcri nrcfdmis& Umas cpprkcdm ifcnhis us tk dkftrkh bkr afstatutakfch
cs wihh cs afeustry cfe dklpcfy bcdtkrs& At chsk prkvaeis us watm c dklpcrcnhi kutdkli
afeadctkr cvcahcnhi bkr chh nrcfdmis wmadm wcs strkf`hy rihctie tk tmi bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi kb tmi tktch kr`cfazctakf& Chtmku`m tmisi litmkekhk`ais la`mt risuht af
hkwir ibbidt sazis( tmiy prkvaei nittir kppkrtufatais tk ercw dkfdhusakfs kf tmi
rihctakfsmaps bkufe&
Af sul( kur affkvctavi risicrdm litmkekhk`ais? tmi cpphadctakf kb c hkf`atueafch
eisa`f cfe cfchysis -strudturch iquctakf lkeihaf`!( tmi dklnafctakf kb ectc brkl
luhtaphi rctirs -ilphkyiis! cfe skurdis -ilphkyiis cfe knoidtavi afeadctkrs!( cfe tmi
dklpcraskf kb nusafiss ufats watmaf kfi kr`cfazctakf prkvaeie af kur kpafakf cf af,
eiptm afsa`mt af eyfclad M^L , ilphkyii wihh,niaf` , kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi
prkdissis kpirctaf` watmaf c dklpcfy& Umiribkri( usaf` crdmavch surviy cfe pirbkrlcfdi
ectc( lksthy dkhhidtie ny eabbirift eipcrtlifts -mulcf riskurdis: bafcfdi cfe dkftrkh!
brkl c hcr`ir kr`cfazctakf( cfe istcnhasmaf` hkf`atueafch rihctakfsmaps nitwiif ilphkyii
surviy ectc kf M^L( dhalcti cfe wihh,niaf` cfe bafcfdach kutdklis cs wi eae af tmas
tmisas dcf kpif up fiw kppkrtufatais bkr risicrdmirs&
0&9 Buturi ^isicrdm
Umi bafeaf`s cfe alphadctakfs kb tmi bkur dmchhif`is ri`creaf` afti`rctaf` ilphkyii
pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i af tmas tmisas prkvaeis tmrii su``istakfs
tmct fiie tk ni ceerissie af buturi risicrdm&
0&9&3 Aftirviftakfs
Af tmi ilparadch dmcptirs kb tmas tmisas ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb M^L( dhalcti cfe
ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cri hafjie watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi ct tmi nusafiss ufat
hivih& Umas cpprkcdm afti`rctie tmi ilphkyii pirspidtavi aftk tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi
hafjc`i& Mkwivir( fk aftirviftakfs ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih tk afbhuifdi cfe smcpi tmisi
smcrie pirdiptakfs kf M^L cfe dhalcti mcvi niif afvista`ctie& Brkl c prcdtatakfir
vaiwpkaft tmas typi kb afbkrlctakf dkhhidtie ny jiy afbkrlcft aftirvaiws dkuhe ni usie
tk ”lcfc`i‑ pirdiptakfs kf M^L cfe dhalcti( cfe dkuhe ni afdhueie cs M^L afeadctkrs
af wkrjbkrdi sdkridcres& Buturi risicrdm as fiieie tk aeiftaby tmi aftirviftakfs tk
afbhuifdi tmi dkftift kb pirdiptakfs kr tmi hivih tk wmadm tmisi pirdiptakfs cri smcrie&
Barst( tmi prkdiss lkeihs kb M^L -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=:
Kstrkbb " Nkwif( >777: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770! suppksi tmct cdtuch prcdtadis -prcdtadis
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3=1
tmct cri alphiliftie! risuht af ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmksi prcdtadis& Af tmas prkdiss
tmi rkhi kb hiceirs as drudach -Eif Mcrtk`( Nksihai " Wccuwi( >775!& Umi cpphadctakf kb
M^ prcdtadis ny hafi lcfc`irs smcpis ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb cfe ricdtakfs tk M^L
-Fasmaa " Pra`mt( >77=: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770! ^idifthy( Fasmaa( Hipcj cfe Tdmfiaeir
->77=! prkpksi tk pcy cttiftakf tk tmi cttranutakfs ilphkyiis lcji ri`creaf`
lcfc`ilift‑s lktavctakf bkr usaf` pcrtaduhcr M^ prcdtadis tk `caf lkri afsa`mt af mkw
ilphkyiis ixpiraifdi M^L& Mkwivir( ktmir sdmkhcrs -Nkxchh " Wurdihh( >77=: @irmcrt(
>779: Wurdihh " Mutdmafskf( >770: Wurdihh " Jaffai( >770! fkti tmi pkssanahaty tmct fkt
kfhy tmi M^L prcdtadis wahh afbhuifdi ilphkyii pirdiptakfs cfe ixpiraifdis& Hiceirs
cfe tmi kr`cfazctakfch duhturi dkllufadcti tmi fcturi kb tmi barl( tmi vchuis cfe tmi
nimcvakrs tmct cri ixpidtie&
Tidkfehy( buturi risicrdm dkuhe afvista`cti mkw lcfc`ilift cdtakfs dkuhe afbhuifdi
tmi ilir`ifdi kb smcrie pirdiptakfs& Pi smkw tmct chtmku`m pirdiptakfs kb M^L cri
smcrie watmaf nrcfdmis( pirdiptakfs chsk vcry watmaf nrcfdmis& Ilphkyiis ek mcvi
aeaksyfdrctad ixpiraifdis kb M^L& Umiribkri cfktmir cvifui bkr burtmir risicrdm
dkfdirfs cftidieifts kb tmi hivih kb wmadm pirdiptakfs cri smcrie& Nisaeis tmi CTC,
brcliwkrj -Tdmfiaeir( 31=0!: skdach afbkrlctakf prkdissis -Tchcfdaj " Wbibbir( 310=!:
skdach aftircdtakf -Jhiaf( Dkff( Tlatm " Tkrrc( >773!( tmi lkri lcfc`icnhi bcdtkrs kb
hiceirsmap cfe litc,bicturis kb M^L systil cri prkpksie cs ufeirpaffaf`s bkr tminkttkl,up ilir`ifdi& Hiceirs cri cnhi tk aftrkeudi c dkllkf aftirpritctakf clkf`
ufat lilnirs( nidcusi kb tmiar dkllufadctakf cfe aftircdtakf watm ilphkyiis -Kstrkbb
it ch&( >774: _kmcr " Uiffi,@czat( >77=!& Nkwif cfe Kstrkbb ->775! prkpksi vasanahaty(
ufeirstcfecnahaty( hi`atalcdy kb cutmkraty( rihivcfdi( afstruliftchaty( vchaeaty( dkfsastifdy(
c`riilift clkf` eidasakf lcjirs( bcarfiss kb M^L prcdtadis cs litc,bicturis tk dricti
smcrie pirdiptakfs&
0&9&> Lidmcfasls cfe Urcei,kbbs C sidkfe cric bkr buturi risicrdm dkfdirfs tmi lidmcfasls nitwiif M^L +
dhalcti( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Pi smkw tmct tmi strcti`ad
,kraiftie dhalcti cfe M^L ealifsakfs cri hafjie watm kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi& Af
ceeatakf wi eilkfstrcti tmct wkrj sctasbcdtakf ekis fkt bufdtakf cs aftirlieacry af tmas
rihctakfsmap& Dkfdipts ncsie kf lktavctakf tmikrais -Nkswihh it ch&( >77=! haji ”hafi kb
sa`mt‑( cf ilphkyii‑s ufeirstcfeaf` kb cf kr`cfazctakf‑s knoidtavis cfe mkw tk dkftranuti
tk tmksi knoidtavis -Nkswihh( >772!( nimcvakr kutdkli dkftaf`ifdais -i&`& Jkpihlcf it
ch& 3117: _kmcr( 31=7!( cfe cf ilphkyii‑s wahhaf`fiss tk ixirt ibbkrt tk ifcdt nimcvakrs
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cfe tmi vchifdi csskdactie watm tmksi nimcvakrs -Fich " @rabbaf( >772! dkuhe smie ha`mt
kf tmi lidmcfasls ufeirhyaf` tmas rihctakfsmap&
^ihctie tk tmi eabbirifdi nitwiif strcti`ad cfe fkf,strcti`ad M^L cfe dhalcti
ealifsakfs( buturi risicrdm dkuhe bkdus kf tmi pkssanhi eastafdt rihctakfsmap watm
kutdklis& Pi smkw tmct strcti`ad,kraiftie ealifsakfs cri lkri hafjie watm
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi tmcf fkf,strcti`ad,kraiftie ealifsakfs& Mkwivir at as hajihy
tmct tmi fkf,strcti`ad ealifsakfs cri lkri hafjie tk afeavaeuch kutdklis ct afeavaeuch,
hivih kb cfchysas -Dcrr it ch&( >774: Wcrjir it ch&( >774! kr ct tmi okn,hivih kb cfchysas -i&`&
Jcrcsij " Umikrihh( 3117: Hipcj " Tfihh( >77>!& Cs c dkfsiquifdi fkt chh M^L cfe
dhalcti ealifsakfs fiie tk ni ma`m tk cdmaivi bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi( lkeircti hivihs kb
skli ealifsakfs la`mt ni oust cs ibbidtavi cs ma`m hivihs bkr bafcfdach pirbkrlcfdi
-Tdmuhti it ch&( >771!& Burtmir risicrdm as fiieie tk afvista`cti tmisi twk dklpkfifts cfe
tk easiftcf`hi tmiar eabbiriftach ibbidts kf ufat,( afeavaeuch, cfe okn,hivih kutdklis&
Cfktmir cvifui bkr burtmir risicrdm dkfdirfs tmi ibbidts kb luhtaphi strcti`ad,M^L
cfe dhalcti typis& M^L cfe dhalcti dcf ni cfdmkrie watm c spidabad `kch kr knoidtavi
-Nkwif " Kstrkbb( >775: Tdmfiaeir( 3109!& Af tmi M^L cfe dhalcti hatircturi c
eastafdtakf as lcei nitwiif M^L cfe dhalcti bkdusaf` pralcrahy kf pirbkrlcfdi cfe
bkdusaf` pralcrahy kf ilphkyii wihh,niaf` -@kf`( Hcw( Dmcf` " ]af( >771: Suaff "
^kmrncu`m( 31=4!& Buturi risicrdm smkuhe bkdus kf tmi aftirphcy nitwiif tmisi twktypis kf kutdklis&
Pi smkw tmct viry ma`m prkhkf`ie sdkris kf strcti`ad dhalcti bkr ibbadaifdy
-pirbkrlcfdi! la`mt ni eitraliftch bkr ilphkyii wihh,niaf`& Cfe tmi ktmir wcy crkufe
viry ma`m prkhkf`ie sdkris kf dustklir sirvadi cfe hiceirsmap -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`!
la`mt ni eitraliftch bkr pirbkrlcfdi& Lkrikvir( wi smkw tmct M^L la`mt mcvi c
fi`ctavi ibbidt kf ilphkyii michtm wihh,niaf`& Umas la`mt ni afeadctavi kb c trcei,kbb
prkdiss& Umas riprisifts cf aftiristaf` eahillc? kptalazaf` kfi kutdkli -i&`& bafcfdach
pirbkrlcfdi! la`mt ni ct tmi dkst kb kptalazaf` cfktmir kutdkli -ilphkyii wihh,niaf`!&
Lafalazaf` tmas trcei,kbb prkvaeis cf cric bkr burtmir tmikritadch eivihkplift cfe
risicrdm& Wrakr risicrdm bkdusaf` kf tmi trcei,kbb nitwiif lktavctakf cfe lidmcfastad
wkrj eisa`f dkfdhuei ncsie kf tmi prafdaphi kb okaft kptalazctakf tmct nchcfdi as jiy tk
lafalazaf` trcei,kbbs -Lkr`ifskf " Dclpakf( >77>!& Umi M^L eincti crkufe tmi
dkfba`urctakfs kb afvkhvilift -cdmaivaf` `cafs tmrku`m ilphkyii dkllatlift! cfe
aftifsabadctakf -cdmaivaf` `cafs tmrku`m wkrj aftifsabadctakf! -@kecre( >775: Nkxchh "
Lcdjy( >771! dkuhe prkvaei vchucnhi afsa`mts af tmi dklnafctakf kb eabbirift cpprkcdmis&
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^idifthy( Jrkkf( Rcf Ei Rkkrei cfe Rcf Rihemkvif ->771! dklpcrie twk pktiftach
lieactaf` lidmcfasls tmct dkuftirnchcfdi icdm ktmir af tmi eivihkplift kb nurfkut? c
dratadch lidmcfasl wmadm stctis tmct MWPWs aftifsaby okn eilcfes -wmadm afdricsi
nurfkut! cfe c pksatavi lidmcfasl wmadm stctis tmct MWPWs afdricsi bcarfiss clkf`
ilphkyiis -wmadm rieudis nurfkut!& Bafchhy( tmi wkrj kb Talkf -3101! la`mt ni mihpbuh
tk tmikrazi cnkut tmi csparctakf hivih kb eabbirift kutdklis( c eastafdtakf as lcei
nitwiif ”kptalazi‑ virsus ”sctasbadi‑&
Af sul( tmiri as c fiie tk afvista`cti ibbidts kb dklnafctakfs kb ma`m+lkeircti+hkw
sdkris kb M^L cfe dhalcti typis -strcti`ad cfe lkri `ifirch!( kf lktavctakfch dkfdipts(
cfe kf luhtaphi kutdklis -afeavaeuch cfe kr`cfazctakfch! tk `caf lkri afsa`mt af tmi
ufeirhyaf` lidmcfasls cfe trcei,kbbs&
0&9&4 Uali
Umi bafch sit kb alphadctakfs dkfdirfs tmi rkhi kb tali af M^L( dhalcti ilphkyii
wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi risicrdm& Umas tmisas as kfi kb tmi barst stueais tmct usie c
twk,wcvi hkf`atueafch eisa`f tk afvista`cti rihctakfsmaps nitwiif M^L( wihh,niaf` cfe
pirbkrlcfdi cdrkss tali& Chtmku`m tmas eisa`f dkftranutis tk kur jfkwhie`i cnkut tmisi
rihctakfsmaps cdrkss tali( tmi rkhi kb tali af tmikrazaf` cfe risicrdm af lcfc`ilift cfe
psydmkhk`y fiie burtmir afvista`ctakf -i&`& Cfdkfc( @kkelcf( Hcwrifdi " Uusmlcf(
>773: @ikr`i " Okfis( >777: Latdmihh " Oclis( >773: ^ki( >77=!& Miri( wi bkdus kf tmi
rkhi kb tali af M^L( dhalcti( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` risicrdm&
Barst( tmikry eivihkplift kf tmi cpprkpracti tali hc` as fiieie af kreir tk spidaby
wmif c rihctakfsmap nitwiif vcracnhis as hajihy tk kddur kvir tali -Latdmihh " Oclis(
>773!& Bkr ixclphi ab M^L pirdiptakfs dmcf`i wmif wahh pirbkrlcfdi dmcf`i& Umas
typi kb mypktmisas nuaheaf` as hcr`ihy hcdjaf` watmaf tmi ixastaf` hatircturi -Kstrkbb it ch&(
>774: Pra`mt " Mc``irty( >779!& Lkrikvir( M^L pirdiptakfs cfe dhalcti eivihkplift
as c prkdiss ufbkheaf` cdrkss tali af wmadm nktm dkftift cfe ilir`ifdi prkdissis phcy crkhi -Ecfsiricu( Qcllcrafk " Jkmhis( 3111: Kstrkbb it ch&( >774!& Umarehy( wi smkw
ridaprkdch cfe afvirsi dcusctakf nitwiif M^L pirdiptakfs + dhalcti ealifsakfs cfe
wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi& Umas afeadctis tmi eyfclad fcturi kb tmisi rihctakfsmaps&
Bafchhy( wi eilkfstrcti tmct ibbidts eabbir cdrkss tali( cfe tmct tmi afatach vchui as rihctie
tk tmi sazi kb tmi ibbidt -Paheir( 3120!& Mifdi( buturi risicrdmirs smkuhe afdkrpkrcti tmi
rkhi kb tali af tmikry cfe risicrdm kf M^L + dhalcti( wihh,niaf` cfe pirbkrlcfdi&
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31>
0&2 Dkfdhusakf
Umas tmisas afti`rctie ilphkyiis af risicrdm kf tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`i(
wmadm as afeadctie cs c pririquasati bkr cevcfdaf` tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi baihe& Pi
ixphkrie tmi euchatais bkr risicrdm cfe prcdtadi ny cha`faf` tmi KN pirspidtavi tkwcres
tmi tkpad kb TM^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tistaf` tmi lutuch `cafs cfe dkfbhadtaf`
kutdklis pirspidtavis( cfe ny ixpksaf` tmisi euchatais tk ra`ae tists ny cpphyaf`
affkvctavi risicrdm litmkekhk`ais& Umi lcaf dkfdhusakf as tmct cekptaf` sudm c
nchcfdie cpprkcdm hices tk c lkri dklphiti ufeirstcfeaf` rihivcft bkr sdaifdi cfe
prcdtadi kb tmi dklphix( aftircdtavi cfe eyfclad pctmwcys tmrku`m wmadm M^L
afbhuifdis ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&
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0&0 ^ibirifdis
Cfdkfc( E&@&( @kkelcf( W&T&( Hcwrifdi( N&T& " Uusmlcf( L&H& ->773!& Uali? C fiw risicrdm hifs& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( >2( 5( 259,224&
Cppihncul( I&( Ncahiy( U&( Nir`( W& " Jchhinir`( C& ->777!& Lcfubcdturaf` cevcftc`i? Pmy
ma`m pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils pcy kbb & Fiw Qkrj? Dkrfihh Yfavirsaty Wriss&Nidjir( N&I& " @irmcrt( N& -3112!& Umi alpcdt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift kf
kr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? Wrk`riss cfe prkspidts& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 41( 001,=73&
Nhcu( W&L& -3125!& Ixdmcf`i cfe pkwir af skdach habi & Fiw Qkrj? Pahiy&Nksihai( W&( Nriwstir( D& " Wccuwi( O& ->771!& Af sicrdm kb nchcfdi,lcfc`af` tmi euchatais
kb M^L? Cf kvirvaiw kb tmi assuis& Wirskfffih ivaiw ( 4=( 9( 523,503&Nksihai( W&( Wccuwi( O& " Ocfssif W& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe
pirbkrlcfdi? Hisskfs brkl tmi Fitmirhcfes& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 3>( 3370,33>9&
Nkswihh( P& ->772!& Cha`faf` ilphkyiis watm tmi kr`cfazctakf‑s strcti`ad knoidtavis? kut
kb ”hafi kb sa`mt‑( kut kb lafe& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift (30( 1( 35=1,3933&
Nkswihh( P&^&( Dkhvaf( C&O&T& " Ecrfkhe( U&D& ->77=!& Kr`cfazctakfch systils cfeilphkyii lktavctakf& Af? Pkrj lktavctakf? Wcst( prisift cfe buturi -pp& 423,577!& ^&Jcfbir( @& Dmif( " ^&E& Wratdmcre -Ies&!& Fiw Qkrj? ^kuthie`i Cdceilad&
Nkwif( E& " Kstrkbb( D& ->775!& Yfeirstcfeaf` M^L,barl pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`is? tmirkhi kb tmi ”strif`tm‑ kb tmi M^L systil& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( >1( >74,>>3&
Nkxchh( W& " Lcdjy( J& ->771!& ^isicrdm cfe tmikry kf ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils?Wrk`rissaf` tmi ma`m,afvkhvilift stricl& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 31(3( 4,>4&
Nkxchh( W& " Wurdihh( O& ->77=!& Ttrcti`y cfe mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift & -sidkfe ieatakf!&Ncsaf`stkji? Wch`rcvi Lcdlahhcf&
Nkxchh( W&( Wurdihh( O& " Pra`mt( W& ->770!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift? Tdkpi( cfchysas(cfe sa`fabadcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift -pp& 3,32!& W&Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!& Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&
Dcrr( O&_&( Tdmlaet( C&L&( Bkre( O&J& " EiTmkf( ^&W& ->774!& Dhalcti pirdiptakfs lcttir? C litc,cfchytad pctm cfchysas rihctaf` lkhcr dhalcti( dk`fatavi cfe cbbidtavi stctis(cfe afeavaeuch hivih wkrj kutdklis& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 279,231&
Dklns( O&( Hau( Q&( Mchh( C& " Jitdmif( E& ->772!& Mkw ludm ek ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis lcttir; C litc,cfchysas kb tmiar ibbidts kf kr`cfasctakfch pirbkrlcfdi&Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 91( 4( 973,9>=&
Drkkf( L& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->770!& Wrieadtaf` `rkup hivih kutdkli vcracnhis brkl vcracnhis licsurie ct tmi afeavaeuch hivih? C hctift vcracnhi luhtahivih cpprkcdm&Wsdymkhk`adch Litmkes ( 3>( 3( 59,90&
Ecfsircu( B&( Qcllcrafk( B&O& " Jkmhis( O&D& -3111!& Luhtaphi hivihs kb cfchysas brkl chkf`atueafch pirspidtavi? Tkli alphadctakfs bkr tmikry nuaheaf`& Cdceily kb
Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( >5( >( 452,490&Eif Mcrtk`( E&F&( Nksihai( W& " Wccuwi( O& ->775!& Wirbkrlcfdi lcfc`ilift? C lkeih
cfe risicrdm c`ifec& Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y? Cf aftirfctakfch ^ivaiw ( 94( 5( 992,921&Ekty( M&E& " @hadj( P&M& -311=!& Dkllkf litmkes nacs? Ekis dkllkf litmke nacs
vcracfdi richhy nacs tmi risuhts; Kr`cfazctakfch ^isicrdm Litmkes ( 3( 405,572&@ikr`i( O&L& " Okfis( @&^& ->777!& Umi rkhi kb tali af tmikry cfe tmikry nuaheaf`& Okurfch
kb Lcfc`ilift ( >2( 5( 290,2=5&
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@irmcrt( N& ->779!& Mulcf riskurdis cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi? Bafeaf`s( ufcfswiriequistakfs( cfe cf chtirfctavi cpprkcdm& Lcfc`ilift ^ivui ( 32( >( 305,3=9&
@irmcrt( N& ->770!& Lkeihaf` M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi hafjc`is& Af? Umi Kxbkre mcfenkkj kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift -pp& 99> , 9=7!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&
@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L& " LdLcmcf( @&D& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr cfe istalctis kb tmi M^,barl pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? Burtmir ivaeifdi cfe cfchysas& Wirskffih Wsdydmkhk`y ( 94( =99,=0>&
@irmcrt( N&( Pra`mt( W&L&( LdLcmcf( @&D& " Tfihh( T&C& ->777!& Licsurilift irrkr afrisicrdm kf mulcf riskurdis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Mkw ludm irrkr as tmiricfe mkw ekis at afbhuifdi ibbidt sazi istalctis; Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 94( 5( =74,=45&
@kecre( O& ->773!& Niykfe tmi ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi pcrcea`l; Cf cfchysas kb vcractakf afDcfceacf lcfc`irach pirdiptakfs kb ribkrl prk`rclli ibbidtavifiss& Nratasm
Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 41( 3( >9,9>&@kecre( O& ->775!& C dratadch cssisslift kb tmi ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi pcrcea`l& Nratasm Okurfch
kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 5>( >( 451,40=&@kf`( Q&( Hcw( J&T&( Dmcf`( T& " ]af( J&^& ->771!& Mulcf riskurdis lcfc`ilift cfe
barl pirbkrlcfdi? Umi eabbiriftach rkhi kb lcfc`irach cbbidtavi cfe dkftafucfdidkllatlift& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsdymkhk`y ( 15( 3( >24,>09&
@kfzchiz,^klc( R&( Wiark( O&L& " Ukreirc( F& ->77>!& Cf ixclafctakf kb tmicftidieifts cfe lkeirctkr afbhuifdis kb dhalcti strif`tm& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsdymkhk`y ( =0( 4( 529,504
@rcft( C&L&( Dmrastacfskf( L&J& " Wradi( ^&M& ->770!& Mcppafiss( michtm( krrihctakfsmaps; Lcfc`irach prcdtadis cfe ilphkyii wihh,niaf` trceikbbs& Cdceily kb
Lcfc`ilift Wirspidtavis ( >3( 93,24&@uist( E& -3111!& ”Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift — tmi wkrjir‑s vireadt‑& Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 35( 33( 01,12&@uist( E& ->773!& Mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift? Pmif risicrdm dkfbrkfts tmikry&
Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 3>( 371>,3372& Oue`i( C&O&( Umkriskf( U&O&( Nkfk( O&I& " Wcttkf( @&J& ->773!& Umi okn sctasbcdtakf,okn
pirbkrlcfdi rihctakfsmap? C quchatctavi cfe qucftatctavi rivaiw& Wsydmkhk`adch Nuhhitaf ( 3>0( 402,570&
Jcrcsij( ^&C& " Umikrihh( U& -3117!& Michtmy wkrj? Ttriss( prkeudtavaty cfe tmi ridkfstrudtakf kb wkrjaf` habi & Fiw Qkrj? Ncsad Nkkjs&
Jhiaf( J&O&( Dkff( C&N&( Tlatm( E& " Tkrrc( O&T& ->773!& As ivirykfi af c`riilift; Cfixphkrctakf kb watmaf,`rkup c`riilift af ilphkyii pirdiptakfs kb tmi wkrj ifvarkflift& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =2( 4,32&
Jkpihlcf( ^&I&( Nraib( C&W& " @uzzk( ^&C& -3117!& Umi rkhi kb dhalcti cfe duhturi afprkeudtavaty& Af? Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >=>,43=!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie&!&Tcf Brcfdasdk( DC? Okssiy,Ncss&
Jrkkf( N&( Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->771!& Drkss,hivih ibbidts kb ma`mpirbkrlcfdi wkrj prcdtadis kf nurfkut? Uwk dkuftircdtaf` lieactaf` lidmcfasls dklpcrie& Wirskffih ivaiw ( 4=( 9( 971,9>9&
Juifza( L& " Tdmlafji( L& ->771!& Cssilnhaf` brc`lifts aftk c hifs? C rivaiw( drataqui(cfe prkpksie risicrdm c`ifec bkr tmi kr`cfazctakfch wkrj dhalcti hatircturi&
Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( 49( 4( 245,030&Hi``i( J& -3119!& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift? ^mitkrads cfe ^ichatais & Lcdlahhcf?
Ncsaf`stkji( Hkfekf&
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Hipcj( E&W& " Tfihh( T&C& ->77>!& Ixclafaf` tmi mulcf riskurdi crdmatidturi? Umirihctakfsmaps clkf` mulcf dcpatch( ilphkylift( cfe mulcf riskurdidkfba`urctakfs& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift( >=( 930,954&
Hafeihh( L&J& " Nrcfet( D&O& ->777!& Dhalcti quchaty cfe dhalcti dkfsifsus cs lieactkrskb tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch cftidieifts cfe kutdklis& Okurfch kb
Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( =9( 443,45=&Latdmihh( U&^& " Oclis( H&^& ->773!& Nuaheaf` nittir tmikry? Uali cf tmi spidabadctakf kb
wmif tmaf`s mcppif& Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( >2(5( 947,950&Lkr`iskf( B&W& " Dclpakf( L&C& ->77>!& Lafalazaf` trceikbbs wmif rieisa`faf` wkrj?
Ivaeifdi brkl c hkf`atueafch qucsa,ixpiralift& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 99( 9=1,23>&Fich( C& " @rabbaf( L&C& ->772!& C stuey kb tmi hc``ie rihctakfsmaps clkf` scbity
dhalcti( scbity lktavctakf( scbity nimcvakr( cfe cddaeifts ct tmi afeavaeuch cfe`rkup hivihs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 13( 152,194&
Fasmaa( H&( Hipcj( E&W& " Tdmfiaeir( N& ->77=!& Ilphkyii cttranutakfs kb tmi ”wmy‑ kb M^ prcdtadis? Umiar ibbidts kf ilphkyii cttatueis cfe nimcvakrs( cfe dustklirsctasbcdtakf& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 23( 4( 974,959&
Fasmaa( H& " Pra`mt( W& ->77=!& Rcracnahaty watmaf kr`cfazctakfs? Alphadctakfs bkr strcti`admulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift& Af? Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi? Eyfclad hafjc`is nitwiif afeavaeuchs cfe kr`cfazctakfs -pp& >>9,>5=!& E&N& Tlatm -Ie&!& Fiw Qkrj? Ucyhkr cfeBrcfdas @rkup&
Kstrkbb( D& " Nkwif( E&I& ->777!& Lkvaf` M^ tk c ma`mir hivih? M^ prcdtadis cfekr`cfazctakfch ibbidtavifiss& Af? Luhtahivih tmikry( risicrdm( cfe litmkes af r`cfazctakfs -pp& >33,>90!& J&O Jhiaf( " T& Jkzhkwsja -Ies!& Tcf Brcfdasdk? Okssiy,Ncss&
Kstrkbb( D&( Jafadja( C&O& " Ucljafs( L&L& ->774!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe dhalcti&Af? Mcfenkkj kb Wsydmkhk`y -vkh& 3>( pp& 929, 914!& P&D& Nkrlcf( E&^& Ah`if( " ^&O&Jhalksja -Ies&!& Mknkjif( FO? Pahiy&
Kr`cf( E&P& -31==!& Kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakr? Umi `kke skheair syferkli& Hixaf`tkf(
LC? Hixaf`tkf Nkkjs&Krhatzjy( L& " Brifjih( T&O& ->779!& Chtirfctavi pctmwcys tk ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi
wkrjphcdis& Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift ( 32( =( 34>9,345=&Wccuwi( O& ->771!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? Cdmaivilifts( litmkekhk`adch assuis cfe
prkspidts& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift Ttueais ( 52( 3( 3>1,399&Wccuwi( O& " Nksihai( W& ->779!& M^L cfe pirbkrlcfdi? wmct fixt;& Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 39( 5( 2=,=>&Wcrjir( D&W&( Nchtis( N&N&( Qkuf`( T&C&( Mubb( O&P&( Chtlcff( ^&C&( Hcdkst( M&C& it ch&
->774!& ^ihctakfsmaps nitwiif psydmkhk`adch dhalcti pirdiptakfs cfe wkrj kutdklis? C litc,cfchytad rivaiw& Okurfch kb Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr ( >5( 4=1,532&
Wkescjkbb( F&W&( Pmataf`( T&P&( Wkescjkbb( W&L& " Nhuli( N&E& ->771!& Afeavaeuch,cfe
kr`cfazctakfch,hivih dkfsiquifdis kb kr`cfazctakfch datazifsmap nimcvakrs? Clitc,cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 3( 3>>,353&
Wurdihh( O& " Mutdmafskf( T& ->770!& Brkft,hafi lcfc`irs cs c`ifts af tmi M^L,pirbkrlcfdi dcusch dmcaf? Umikry( cfchysas cfe ivaeifdi& Mulcf ^iskurdi
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 30( 3( 4,>7&Wurdihh( O& " Jaffai( F& ->770!& M^L cfe nusafiss pirbkrlcfdi& Af? Umi kxbkre mcfenkkj kb
mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift -pp& 944,993!& W& Nkxchh( O& Wurdihh( " W& Pra`mt -Ies&!&Fiw Qkrj? Kxbkre Yfavirsaty Wriss&
Suaff( ^&I& " ^kmrncu`m( O& -31=4!& C spctach lkeih kb ibbidtavifiss dratirac? Ukwcre cdklpitaf` vchuis cpprkcdm tk kr`cfazctakfch cfchysas& Lcfc`ilift Tdaifdi ( >1( 424,400&
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^clscy( M&( Tdmkhcraks( E& " Mcrhiy( N& ->777!& Ilphkyiis kb ma`m,pirbkrlcfdi wkrj systils? Uistaf` afsaei tmi nhcdj nkx& Nratasm Okurfch kb Afeustrach ^ihctakfs ( 4=( 5(973,943&
^ki( ^&C& ->77=!& Uali af cpphaie psydmkhk`y? tmi stuey kb ”wmct mcppifs‑ rctmir tmcf”wmct as‑& Iurkpicf Wsydmkhk`ast ( 34( 3( 40,9>&
^kussicu( E& ->772!& As tmiri sudm c tmaf` cs ”Ivaeifdi ncsie lcfc`ilift‑; Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift ^ivaiw ( 43( >92—>21&
Tchcfdaj( @&^& " Wbibbir( O& -310=!& C skdach afbkrlctakf prkdissaf` cpprkcdm tk okncttatueis cfe tcsj eisa`f& Celafastrctavi Tdaifdi Suctirhy ( >4( >>5,>94&
Tchcfkvc( L&( C`ut( T& " Wiark( O&L& ->779!& Hafjaf` kr`cfazctakfch riskurdis cfe wkrj if`c`ilift tk ilphkyii pirbkrlcfdi cfe dustklir hkychty? Umi lieactakf kb sirvadi dhalcti& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 17( 2( 3>30,3>>0&
Tdmfiaeir( N& -3109!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctis? Cf isscy& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( >=( (550,501&Tdmfiaeir( N& -31=0!& Umi pikphi lcji tmi phcdi& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 57( 540,595&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Imrmcrt( L&@&( Lcyir( E&L&( Tchtz( O&H& " Fahis,Okhhy( J& ->779!&
Yfeirstcfeaf` kr`cfazctakf,dustklir hafjs af sirvadi sittaf`s& Cdceily kb
Lcfc`ilift Okurfch ( 5=( 2( 3730,374>&Tdmfiaeir( N&( Mcf`is( W& O&( Tlatm( E&N& " Tchvc``ak( C&F& ->774!& Pmadm dklis barst?
Ilphkyii cttatueis kr kr`cfasctakfch bafcfdach cfe lcrjit pirbkrlcfdi; Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( ==( 9( =42,=93&
Tdmfiaeir( N&( Tchvc``ak( C&F& " Tunarcts( L& ->77>!& Dhalcti strif`tm? C fiw earidtakfbkr dhalcti risicrdm& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsdymkhk`y ( =0( >>7, >>1&
Tdmfiaeir N&( Pmati T&T& " Wcuh( L&D& -311=!& Hafjaf` sirvadi dhalcti cfe dustklirspirdiptakfs kb sirvadi quchaty? Uist kb c dcusch lkeih& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y (=4( >( 397,324&
Tdmuhti( L&( Kstrkbb( D&( Tmluhyacf( T& " Jafadja( C& ->771!& Kr`cfazctakfch dhalctidkfba`urctakfs? ^ihctakfsmaps tk dkhhidtavi cttatueis( dustklir sctasbcdtakf( cfe
pirbkrlcfdi& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 15( 4( 23=,245&Taimh( D& " Lcrtaf( O& -3117!& Kr`cfazctakfch duhturi? C jiy tk bafcfdach Wirbkrlcfdi; Af?
Kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe duhturi -pp& >53,>=3!& N& Tdmfiaeir -Ie!& Tcf Brcfdasdk(DC? Okssiy Ncss&
Talkf( M&C& -3101!& Lkeihs kb tmku`mt & Hkfekf? Qchi Yfavirsaty Wriss& Uishuj( W&( Mkblcff( E& " Sua`hiy( F& ->77>!& Afti`rctaf` tmi hafjc`is nitwiif
kr`cfazctakfch duhturi cfe afeavaeuch kutdklis ct wkrj& Af? Wsydmkhk`adch lcfc`ilift kb afeavaeuch pirbkrlcfdi -pp& 553,521!& T& Tkffiftc` -Ie&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
Pchh( U&E& " Pkke( T&O& ->779!& Umi rklcfdi kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfenusafiss pirbkrlcfdi( cfe tmi dcsi bkr na` sdaifdi& Mulcf ^ihctakfs ( 9=( 5( 5>1,52>&
Paheir( O& -3120!& Ttaluhus cfe rispkfsi? Umi hcw kb afatach vchui & Nrastkh? Pra`mt& Pra`mt( W& " Nkswihh& P& ->77>!& Eisi`ri`ctaf` M^L? C rivaiw cfe syftmisas kb ladrk
cfe lcdrk mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift risicrdm& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( >=( >50,>02&
Pra`mt( W&L& " @crefir( U&L& ->774!& Umi mulcf riskurdi,barl pirbkrlcfdirihctakfsmap? Litmkekhk`adch cfe tmikritadch dmchhif`is& Af? Umi fiw wkrjphcdi? C
`uaei tk tmi mulcf alpcdt kb lkeirf wkrjaf` prcdtadis -pp& 433 , 4>=!& W& Tpcrrkw( " C&Mkwcre -Ies&!& Dmadmistir? Pahiy&
Pra`mt( W&( @crefir( U&( Lkyfamcf( H& " Chhif( L& ->779!& Umi rihctakfsmap nitwiif mrprcdtadis cfe barl pirbkrlcfdi? Ixclafaf` dcusch kreir& Wirskffih Wsydmkhk`y ( 9=( >(571,552&
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Pra`mt( W&L& " Mc``irty( O&O& ->779!& Lassaf` vcracnhis af tmikrais kb strcti`ad mulcfriskurdi lcfc`ilift? Uali( dcusi( cfe afeavaeuchs//& Lcfc`ilift ^ivui ( 32( >(325,304&
Pra`mt( W&L& " LcdLcmcf( @&D& -311>!& Umikritadch pirspidtavis bkr strcti`ad mulcfriskurdi lcfc`ilift& Okurfch kb Lcfc`ilift ( 3=( >( >19,4>7&
_kmcr( E& -31=7!& Tcbity dhalcti af afeustrach kr`cfazctakfs& Umikritadch cfe cpphaiealphadctakfs& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 29( 12,37>&
_kmcr( E& " Uiffi,@czat( K& ->77=!& Urcfsbkrlctakfch hiceirsmap cfe `rkup aftircdtakfcs dhalcti cftidieifts? C skdach fitwkrj cfchysas& Okurfch kb Cpphaie Wsydmkhk`y ( 14(5( 055,090&
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Tclifvcttaf` -Eutdm!
M^L( wihzaof if kr`cfasctaipristctai?
Kp zkij fccr nchcfs
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Tclifvcttaf`
>77
Aftrkeudtai
Ei rihctai tussif M^L if mit pristirif vcf kr`cfasctais as iif nihcf`raoj kfeirwirp
naffif M^L kfeirzkij& Kfeirzkijirs dkfdhueirif ect M^L iif `rkti afvhkie miibt
kp mit pristirif vcf kr`cfasctais( if eccrlii ect M^L iif nihcf`raoji lcfc`ilifttccj
vkrlt& Umikrai if ilparasdm kfeirzkij zaof mairnao vkkrfclihaoj `iradmt kp ei
cftidieiftif if dkfsiquiftais vcf M^L kp kr`cfasctaifavicu -TM^L kfeirzkij!& Eat
typi kfeirzkij hivirt wiafa` tmikritasdmi jiffas kp kvir mki M^L wirjt -a&i& mit
kfeirha``ifei lidmcfasli!& Kkj hivirt mit wiafa` rihivcfti lcfc`iliftafbkrlctai kp
kvir mki lieiwirjirs naffif iif kr`cfasctai naoerc`if ccf mit pristirif vcf ei
nitribbifei kr`cfasctai zkchs virkfeirstihe af sdkridcres& Liir afzadmt af ei rkh vcf
lieiwirjirs af ei rihctai tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai( as zkwih vcfuat tmikritasdmchs prcjtasdm kk`puft `iwifst& Ei naoerc`i vcf eat prkibsdmrabt ha`t af mit ccfpcjjif vcf
vair uatec`af`if wccrlii M^L kfeirzkijirs if lcfc`irs `idkfbrkftiire wkreif chs
mit `cct kl ei rihctai tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai&
Ei iirsti uatec`af` ha`t af ”Mit dklnafirif vcf kfeirzkijstrceatais‑& M^L kfeirzkij
wkret `ijiflirjt ekkr iif stirji sdmiaeaf` af lcdrk -TM^L! if ladrk -crniaes, if
kr`cfasctaipsydmkhk`asdm! kfeirzkij& Iif afti`rctai vcf ladrk lit lcdrk kfeirzkij as
`iwifst kl liir afzadmt ti jrao`if af mki M^L wirjt -ei kfeirha``ifei prkdissif!& Eat
prkibsdmrabt lccjt `inruaj vcf erai typis crniaes, if kr`cfasctaipsydmkhk`asdmi
dkfdiptif if tmikraiêf& Chs iirsti nistueirif wi rihctais tussif lieiwirjirpirdiptais
vcf M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctais& Wirdiptais vcf lieiwirjirs spihif iif diftrchi rkh af
ridift kftwajjihei M^L,pristctai lkeihhif& Eccrfccst lcjif wi `inruaj vcf
kr`cfasctaijhalcct hatirctuur& Kkj kr`cfasctaijhalcct wkret `izaif chs tussifha``ifei
bcdtkr af ei rihctai tussif M^L if pristctai& Ukt shkt afti`ririf wi hatirctuur kvir mit
wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs lit TM^L hatirctuur& Eizi afti`rctai wkret vireir uat`iwirjt
af ei vkh`ifei uatec`af`&
Iif twiiei uatec`af` vkrlt? ”Mit nchcfdirif vcf lieiwirjirs, if kr`cfasctainihcf`if‑&
Mair tistif wi ei rkh vcf lieiwirjirwihzaof af ei rihctai tussif M^L if pristctai& Pi
kfeirsdmiaeif mairnao erai typis wihzaof( fclihaoj wirj`ihuj -naovkkrniihe? tivrieifmiae(
dkllatlift!( wirjrihctais -naovkkrniihe? lkrcch( sclifwirjaf`! if `izkfemiae
-naovkkrniihe? wirjeruj( striss!& Kptalastasdmi tmikraiêf nicr`uliftirif ect M^L if
kr`cfasctaijhalcct iif `ufsta` ibbidt minnif kp zkwih mit wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs chs
kkj kp mit pristirif vcf kr`cfasctais& Tdiptasdmi if pissalastasdmi tmikraiêfnicr`uliftirif idmtir ect M^L if kr`cfasctaijhalcct iif pksataib ibbidt minnif kp mit
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>73
pristirif vcf kr`cfasctais( lccr `iif kb iif fi`ctaib ibbidt minnif kp mit wihzaof vcf
lieiwirjirs&
Ei eirei uatec`af` jklt vkkrt uat ei jhkkb tussif witifsdmcp if prcjtaoj( eizi
huaet? ”Mit virstirjif vcf ei prcjtasdmi rihivcftai vcf witifsdmcppihaoj kfeirzkij‑ & Ttiies liir
kr`cfasctais pcssif sdkridcres tki kl afzadmt ti jrao`if af ei prkdissif tussif M^L if
kr`cfasctaipristctai naffif iif kr`cfasctai( if lcjif eccrnao `inruaj vcf
lieiwirjirvrc`ifhaostif if knoidtaivi pristctai,afeadctkrif kp vista`af`s, kb
cbeihaf`sfavicu& Af eat prkibsdmrabt nistieif wi ccfecdmt ccf mki
lieiwirjirvrc`ifhaostif zafvkhhi M^L afbkrlctai juffif hivirif kp vista`af`sfavicu&
Kkj nistieif wi ccfecdmt ccf mki rihctais tussif M^L afbkrlctai if cbeihaf`spristctai
`ihi`e juffif wkreif( if virvkh`ifs mki eizi rihctais zadm hctif virtchif af prcjtasdmi
alphadctais&
Uifshktti as mit vcf nihcf` kl ccfecdmt ti nistieif ccf
kfeirzkijslitmkekhk`ai vkkr mit juffif ekif vcf tmikritasdmi if prcjtasdmi
ccfnivihaf`if& M^L kfeirzkij as nijratasiire vcfwi`i mit fc`ifki` uatshuatife `inruaj
vcf drkss,sidtakfiih kfeirzkij( mit tkipcssif vcf nipirjti stctastasdmi litmkeif( mit
`inruaj vcf ectc uat ááf ectcnrkf if vcf ááf nikkreihccr( if mit mkkbezcjihaoj
vir`ihaojif tussif liireiri kr`cfasctais& Iif hcctsti uatec`af` wkret eccrkl `ivkrle
ekkr? ”Mit virnitirif vcf kfeirzkijslitmkeif‑& Eat kfeirzkij pcst `icvcfdiireikfeirzkijslitmkeif tki& Pi pcssif hkf`atueafcch kfeirzkij if `icvcfdiirei cfchysis
tki& Pi `inruajif liireiri ectcnrkffif if liireiri nikkreihccrs& Eccrfccst vkirif
wi iif stueai uat naffif ááf kr`cfasctai lit iif `rkkt ccftch vista`af`if lit vkhekifei
niwi`af`srualti kl mit M^L nihiae af ti radmtif&
Eizi uatec`af`if wkreif af vaob mkkbestujjif nimcfeihe& Mit iirsti mkkbestuj
as iif hatirctuurkvirzadmtstueai fccr `ipunhadiirei stueais kvir M^L( wihzaof if
kr`cfasctaipristctai& Ei kvira`i vair mkkbestujjif nisdmraovif ilparasdm kfeirzkij
`incsiire kp sidufecari ectc eai wireif virzclihe nao liir ecf 35&777 lieiwirjirs if
zaof `ijkppihe ccf knoidtaivi uatjklstif vcf 303 vista`af`if vcf iif `rkti Fieirhcfesi
bafcfdaêhi eaifstvirhifir& Kfzi risuhtctif wkreif mairkfeir pir uatec`af` jkrt tki`ihadmt&
^isuhtctif
3& Mit dklnafirif vcf kfeirzkijstrceatais
Af mkkbestuj 4 if 9 dklnafirif wi hatirctuur kvir M^L pirdiptais lit TM^L
hatirctuur& Pi tkfif ccf ect lieiwirjirs naffif ááf kr`cfasctai M^L virsdmahhifeirvcrif( if ect eizi irvcraf`if `ivkrle wkreif ekkr M^L aftirviftais& Rireir tkkft
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>7>
mkkbestuj 9 ccf ect pirdiptais kvir nihkfaf`( kftwajjihaf`( tkijklstzijirmiae(
ekih`iradmtmiae( jwchatiats`iradmtmiae if afbkrlctaivkkrzaifaf` `irihctiire zaof ccf
bafcfdaêhi pristctais vcf vista`af`if& Uif twiiei lcjif wi `inruaj vcf jhalccthatirctuur
-mkkbestuj 5 if 2!& Mair kfeirzkijif wi kb vair cspidtif vcf jhalcct( eai vkkrtjklif
uat M^L aftirviftais -pirdiptais kvir mit ekih if ei lcfair wccrkp eat niriajt wkret
naffif ei vista`af`( nihkfaf`( wirjkfeirstiufaf` if skdachi stiuf! ei pristctai vcf iif
vista`af` vkkrspihhif( kb ei pristctai vcf iif vista`af` ei jhalcctcspidtif niëfvhkiet( kb
ect niaei prkdissif ccfwiza` zaof& Mkkbestuj 5 tkkft ccf ect jhalcct pristctai
niëfvhkiet& Wirdiptais kvir mit ekih if ei lcfair wccrkp eat ekih niriajt wkret naffif
ei vista`af`( nihkfaf`( if skdachi stiuf minnif iif ibbidt kp ei pristctai vcf iif
vista`af`& Rireir kfeirzkijif wi ei rkh vcf wirjtivrieifmiae af ei rihctai tussif twii
typis jhalcct -jhalcct `iradmt kp ibbadaifdy if jhalcct `iradmt kp jhcft`iradmtmiae! if mit
pristirif vcf ei vista`af`& Mair tkfif wi ccf ect wirjtivrieifmiae `iif lieactkr vkrlt
af eizi rihctai( wirjtivrieifmiae as fclihaoj fait `irihctiire ccf mit pristirif vcf iif
vista`af`& Ukt shkt dklnafirif wi tmikrai kvir wihzaof lit TM^L hatirctuur& ^isuhtctif
wkreif mairkfeir nisprkjif nao uatec`af` twii&
>& Mit nchcfdirif vcf lieiwirjirs, if kr`cfasctainihcf`if
Mkkbestuj > if 2 `ccf chhinia af kp ei vrcc` kb M^L + jhalcct iif `ufsta` ibbidt
miibt kp zkwih mit pristirif vcf ei kr`cfasctai chs kp mit wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs( kb
ect M^L + jhalcct iif `ufsta` ibbidt miibt kp mit pristirif vcf ei kr`cfasctai( lccr fait
kp mit wihzaof vcf ei lieiwirjirs& ^isuhtctif vcf iif hatirctuurkvirzadmtstueai
-mkkbestuj >! tkfif ccf ect ei rkh vcf wihzaof cbmcf`t vcf mit typi wihzaof& M^L miibt
iif pksataib ibbidt kp wirj`ihuj if wirjrihctais& Rkkr `izkfemiae vafeif wi ect M^L
`iif if af sklla`i stueais zihbs iif fi`ctaib ibbidt miibt& Af mkkbestuj 2 kfeirzkijif
wi ei rkh vcf wirjtivrieifmiae af ei rihctai tussif twii typis jhalcct if
kr`cfasctaipristctai -jhalcct `iradmt kp ibbadaifdy if jhalcct `iradmt kp jhcft`iradmtmiae!& Pi tistif kb wirjtivrieifmiae iif lieactkr vkrlt tussif ei jhalccttypis if pristctai&
Eccrfccst tistif wi kb iif jhalcct `iradmt kp ibbadaifdy vkkrfclihaoj `irihctiire as ccf
kr`cfasctaipristctai( tirwaoh iif jhalcct `iradmt kp jhcft`iradmtmiae vkkrfclihaoj
`irihctiire as ccf wirjtivrieifmiae& Ei stueai tkkft ccf ect tivrieifmiae `iif
lieaêrifei bcdtkr vkrlt af ei rihctai tussif ei twii jhalccttypis if kr`cfasctaipristctai&
Jhalcct `iradmt kp ibbadaifdy as `irihctiire ccf kr`cfasctaipristctai( tirwaoh iif jhalcct
`iradmt kp jhcft`iradmtmiae `irihctiire as ccf wirjtivrieifmiae& Eccrfccst vkfeif wi
iif trcei,kbb? jhalcct `iradmt kp ibbadaifdy kp taoestap 3 as fi`ctaib `irihctiire ccf
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>74
wirjtivrieifmiae kp taoestap >( tirwaoh jhalcct `iradmt kp jhcft`iradmtmiae kp taoestap 3
fi`ctaib `irihctiire as ccf kr`cfasctaipristctai kp taoestap >&
4& Mit virstirjif vcf ei prcjtasdmi rihivcftai vcf witifsdmcppihaoj kfeirzkij
Ei eirei uatec`af` as iif naoerc`i ti hivirif ccf mit eadmtif vcf ei jhkkb tussif witifsdmcp if prcjtaoj& Af eat prkibsdmrabt `ivif wi iif vkkrniihe vcf mki kr`cfasctais
liir afzadmt juffif jrao`if af dcuschi prkdissif tussif M^L if pristctai& Eizi
afbkrlctai as vcf nihcf` nao mit kftwajjihif( alphiliftirif if `inruajif vcf sdkridcres&
Af mkkbestuj 4 stihhif wi vaob dratirac kp vkkr mit vir`ihaojif vcf afbkrlctai uat
lieiwirjirvrc`ifhaostif kp vista`af`sfavicu& Eizi dratirac zaof? mit kftstccf vcf
`ieiihei pirdiptais( ribirift `inruaj( twii typis aftrcjhcssi dkrrihctai dkêbbadaêftif if
iif afeix vkkr kviriifstillaf` tussif nikkreihccrs& Af mkkbestuj 9 `ivif wi iif
ahhustrctai vcf mki afbkrlctai uat lieiwirjirvrc`ifhaostif `inruajt jcf wkreif af
sdkridcres( chs afeadctkr vcf ei M^L aftirviftais eai tki`ipcst zaof naffif iif
kr`cfasctai& Pi tkfif ccf ect lit afbkrlctai uat lieiwirjirvrc`ifhaostif tkijklsta`i
pristctais vkkrspihe juffif wkreif& Ekkr `inruaj ti lcjif vcf iif hkf`atueafcch
eisa`f tkfif wi ccf ect 37(= prkdift vcf ei vcracftai af pristctai virjhccre jcf wkreif
ekkr vrc`ifhaostafbkrlctai& Eat risuhtcct wkret kkj virtcche af rihivcfti
lcfc`iliftafbkrlctai -mkkbestuj 9!& Pct fiirjklt kp iif occrhaojs nierc` vcf 30=
lahokif Iurk vkkr ei `imihi kr`cfasctai vcf 477 vista`af`if lit 49&777 lieiwirjirs
-kp ncsas vcf `i`ivifs uat >774!&
5& Mit virnitirif vcf kfeirzkijslitmkeif
Ei hcctsti uatec`af` nitribt mit virnitirif vcf kfeirzkijslitmkeif&
@inruajlcjife vcf iif ufaiji ectcsit juffif wi ei litmkekhk`asdmi jwchatiat vcf
iireir kfeirzkij virnitirif& Chs iirsti lcjif wi `inruaj vcf iif hkf`atueafcch eisa`f(
lieiwirjirspirdiptais if irvcraf`if if pristctais zaof twii jiir `ilitif& Eccrfccst
`inruajif wi strudturihi vir`ihaojaf`slkeihhif kl ei rihctais ti cfchysirif -mkkbestuj 5
, 2!& Pi vafeif ect vrc`ifhaostafbkrlctai if pristctais af iif nipcchei lcti stcnaih zaof(
eat mkuet af ect iif rihctaivi sdkri kp taoestap 3 iif vkkrspihhir vkrlt vkkr ei rihctaivi
sdkri kp taoestap >& Rireir tkfif wi ccf ect `kie pristirif vcf iif vista`af` hiaet tkt
lafeir tkijklstkfzijirmiae( if tkt mk`iri sdkris kp jhalcct vkkr ibbadaifdy if jhalcct
vkkr jhcft`iradmtmiae -mkkbestuj 9 if 2!& Kkj vafeif wi ibbidtif af ei taoe( tussif
vrc`ifhaostafbkrlctai kp taoestap 3 if uatjklstif kp taoestap >& Uif twiiei lcjif wi af
eat kfeirzkij `inruaj vcf liireiri M^L nikkreihccrs pir vista`af` -lieiwirjirs!( eaiiif nitrkuwnccr kkreiih hivirif -mkkbestuj 4!& Eat af ti`ifstihhaf` tkt kfeirzkij ect
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>75
`inruajt lccjt vcf ááf M^L nikkreihccr& Nkvifeaif juffif wi dkftrkhirif vkkr
dkllkf litmke nacs( ekkr `inruaj ti lcjif vcf ectc uat twii nrkffif -lieiwirjirs
if knoidtaivi `i`ivifs!& Ukt shkt juffif wi dkftrkhirif vkkr afstatutakfihi( nieraobstcj
if kr`cfasctai virsdmahhif ekkr kfeirzkij ti ekif naffif ááf kr`cfasctai&
Alphadctais
Uiru`nhajjife kp ei vair uatec`af`if vcf kfeirzkijirs if lcfc`irs kp mit `inaie
vcf ei rihctai tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai( wkreif af mkkbestuj 0 ei risuhtctif
if alphadctais nisdmrivif&
Eat prkibsdmrabt tkkft ccf ect mit afti`ririf vcf M^L, if jhalcctpirdiptais hiaet
tkt iif nitir afzadmt af ei prkdissif tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai& Af mit
naozkfeir ei M^L, if jhalcct ealifsais eai nitrijjaf` minnif kp mit dkllufadirif vcf ei kr`cfasctaiekihif nhaojif `irihctiire ccf ei vista`af`spristctai& Iif virjhcraf`
mairvkkr vkrlt mit aeii ect chs lieiwirjirs ei kr`cfasctaiekihif nitir jiffif if
eccrfccr wkreif nihkkfe( zao zadm liir vkh`ifs eai ekihif `ccf `ierc`if( wct iif
naoerc`i hivirt ccf mit nimchif vcf eizi ekihif&
Uif twiiei hivirt eat prkibsdmrabt afzadmt af ei rkh vcf wihzaof af ei rihctai tussif
M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai& Pi tkfif ccf ect M^L iif virsdmahhife ibbidt jcf minnif
kp mit wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs cbmcfjihaoj vcf mit typi wihzaof& Pirj`ihuj if
wirjrihctai zaof pksataib `irihctiire ccf M^L( tirwaoh M^L idmtir `iif kb iif fi`ctaib
ibbidt haojt ti minnif kp `izkfemiae& Eccrfccst tkkft eat prkibsdmrabt ccf ect iif jhalcct
`iradmt kp ibbadaifdy pksataib naoercc`t ccf mit pristirif vcf iif vista`af`( if ect iif
jhalcct `iradmt kp jhcft`iradmtmiae naoercc`t ccf wirjtivrieifmiae& Nkvifeaif tkfif wi
ccf ect mit bkdussif kp ááf typi jhalcct lit ááf nipcchei uatjklst kp eif euur tif
jksti `cct vcf cfeiri uatjklstif&
Uif eirei wkret `inruaj `ilccjt vcf iif vkkr M^L kfeirzkij affkvctaivi
kfeirzkijslitmkei& Mit hkf`atueafchi jcrcjtir vcf ei ectc if cfchysis( mit `inruaj vcf
liireiri nikkreihccrs if ectcnrkffif naffif iif kr`cfasctai hivirt kfs afzaifs iif
eaip`ccfe afzadmt kp af ei eyfclasdmi prkdissif tussif M^L( wihzaof if pristctai& Pi
dkfdhueirif ect mit `inruaj vcf sidufecari vrc`ifhaostectc if knoidtaivi uatjklstif
virzclihe naffif ááf `rkti kr`cfasctai faiuwi jcfsif naiet vkkr mit ekif vcf
witifsdmcppihaoj kfeirzkij&
Eat prkibsdmrabt tkkft mit nihcf` vcf mit kpfilif vcf lieiwirjirafbkrlctai af
sdkridcres( lats eizi afbkrlctai nitrkuwnccr as if iif cbspai`ihaf` vkrlt vcf ei M^Laftirviftais af ei kr`cfasctai& Mit lkfatkrif if lcfc`if vcf sdkris kp
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>79
lieiwirjirvrc`ifhaostif as nihcf`raoj? eizi sdkris zaof ti niëfvhkieif( af ti`ifstihhaf` tkt
viih vcf ei ixtirfi bcdtkrif wccr kr`cfasctais lii ti lcjif minnif& Mit lcfc`if vcf
M^L( wihzaof if pristctais jift eccrifti`if kkj eahillc‑s& Pi tkfif ccf ect
virsdmahhifei uatjklstif `irihctiire zaof ccf virsdmahhifei M^L cspidtif& Iif jiuzi
eaift `ilccjt ti wkreif wihji uatjklst `ikptalchasiire wkret& Eccrfccst nhaojt ect mit
bkdussif kp ááf uatjklst kp tirlaof tif jksti jcf `ccf vcf cfeiri uatjklstif& Eat hiaet
tkt iif twiiei jiuzi? kbwih ááf uatjklst lcxalchasirif -tif jksti vcf cfeiri
uatjklstif!( kb iif nchcfs tussif virsdmahhifei uatjklstif fcstrivif&
Tclif`ivct( eat prkibsdmrabt radmt zadm kp ei rkh vcf lieiwirjirs af ei rihctai
tussif M^L if kr`cfasctaipristctai& Af eat prkibsdmrabt wkreif crniaes, if
kr`cfasctaipsydmkhk`asdmi tmikraiêf af ei TM^L hatirctuur `iëfti`riire( if wkret ei
afvhkie vcf M^L kp wihzaof if pristctai vcfuat iif kptalastasdm if jratasdm pirspidtaib
nistueiire& Kl eizi twii euchatiatif ti tistif wkret iif vkkr M^L kfeirzkij
affkvctaib kfeirzkijskftwirp tki`ipcst& Eizi nifceiraf` -kp zkij fccr nchcfs! `iibt
iif dklphitir niihe( rihivcft vkkr zkwih M^L kfeirzkij chs prcjtaoj( vcf ei
aftircdtaivi rihctais tussif M^L( mit wihzaof vcf lieiwirjirs if mit pristirif vcf ei
kr`cfasctai&
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Durraduhul Ratci
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>7=
Durraduhul Ratci -If`hasm!
Jcrafc Rcf Ei Rkkrei wcs nkrf kf >3 Eidilnir 31=3( af
Laeeihnur`( tmi Fitmirhcfes& Cbtir smi `rceuctie -dul hcuei!
af Mulcf ^iskurdi Ttueais ct Uahnur` Yfavirsaty( smi wcs
cppkaftie cs oufakr ticdmir ct tmi eipcrtlift kb Mulcf
^iskurdi Ttueais ct Uahnur` Yfavirsaty& Af >772 smi stcrtie tk
wkrj kf mir eassirtctakf cnkut ”M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf`
cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? C nchcfdie pirspidtavi‑&
Taluhtcfikus tk wrataf` mir Wm&E& tmisas( smi chsk wkrjie kf
risicrdm prkoidts kf aftirfctakfch mulcf riskurdi
lcfc`ilift( cfe tmi ibbidt kb mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift kf ilphkyii kutdklis& Tmiprisiftie mir wkrj ct aftirfctakfch dkfbirifdis( afdhueaf` tmi Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift
Liitaf`( TAKW dkfbirifdi( tmi ICPKW dkfbirifdi( tmi Aftirfctakfch Pkrjsmkp kf
M^L( cfe tmi M^L Fitwkrj Dkfbirifdi& Af >770( smi wkf tmi nist pcpir cwcre ct tmi
Aftirfctakfch Pkrjsmkp kf M^L( af >771 kfi kb mir pcpirs wcs punhasmie af tmi nist
pcpir prkdiieaf`s kb tmi Kr`cfazctakfch Nimcvakr eavasakf kb tmi Cdceily kb
Lcfc`ilift& Tmi mcs tcu`mt dkursis kf mulcf riskurdi lcfc`ilift cfe risicrdm
litmkes cfe smi mcs supirvasie nktm Ncdmihkr‑s cfe Lcstir‑s tmisis& Nisaeis ticdmaf`(
smi mcs niif afvkhvie af cpphaie risicrdm bkr sivirch hcr`i dklpcfais af tmi Fitmirhcfes&
Af ceeatakf( smi mcs sirvie cs dmcar kb tmi Ekdtkrch Dkfskrtaul M^L Fitwkrj
Dkfbirifdi ->770!( cs dkkreafctkr kb Wmrism -Aftirfctakfch fitwkrj kb Wm&E& stueifts af
M^L! cfe cs c lilnir kb tmi Wm&E& dkufdah kb tmi Bcduhty kb Tkdach cfe Nimcvakurch
Tdaifdis ct Uahnur` Yfavirsaty&
Durraduhul Ratci -Eutdm!
Jcrafc vcf ei Rkkrei as `inkrif kp >3 eidilnir 31=3 ti Laeeihnur`& Fc mit
cbrkfeif -dul hcuei! vcf mccr stueai Wirskfiihwitifsdmcppif ccf ei Yfavirsatiat vcf
Uahnur`( wire zi ccf`istihe chs oufakrekdift nao mit eipcrtilift
Wirskfiihwitifsdmcppif& Af >772 ni`kf Jcrafc ccf mccr prklktai kfeirzkij kvir
”M^L( ilphkyii wihh,niaf` cfe kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? C nchcfdie pirspidtavi‑&
Ui`ihaojirtaoe wirjti zao ccf kfeirzkijsprkoidtif kvir aftirfctakfch M^L( if ei ibbidtif
vcf M^L kp lieiwirjiruatjklstif& Jcrafc prisiftiirei mccr wirj kp aftirfctakfchi
dkf`rissif( wccrkfeir ei Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift -af Wmahceihpmac if Dmadc`k!( ei
TAKW -af Tcf Brcfdasdk!( ei ICPKW -af Ttkdjmkhl if Tcftac`k ei Dklpkstihc!( ei
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>71
Aftirfctakfch Pkrjsmkp kf M^L -af Oiriz ei Brkftirc if Lurdac!( if mit M^L
Fitwirj dkf`ris -af Uahnur` if Clstirecl!& Af >770 wkf zao ei nist pcpir cwcre kp ei
Aftirfctakfch Pkrjsmkp kf M^L( af >771 wcs iif vcf mccr pcpirs `isihidtiire if
`ipunhadiire af ei nist pcpir prkdiieaf`s vcf ei Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift& Fccst
kfeirzkij `cb Jcrafc vcjjif kvir M^L( kfeirzkijslitmkeif( if ni`ihiaeei zao
cbstueiirkfeirzkij& Fccst kfeirwaos( wcs Jcrafc nitrkjjif nao tki`ipcst kfeirzkij
vkkr liieiri `rkti Fieirhcfesi kr`cfasctais& Jcrafc kr`cfasiirei liei mit WmE
dkfskrtaul vcf mit M^L Fitwirj dkf`ris ->770!( wcs dkkreafctkr vcf Wmrism -iif
fitwirj vcf cak‑s af M^L!( if wcs hae vcf ei cak,rcce vcf ei Tkdachi Bcduhtiat vcf ei
Yfavirsatiat vcf Uahnur`&
Wunhadctakfs Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Wccuwi( O& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& -af priss!& Wrieadtaf`
nusafiss ufat pirbkrlcfdi usaf` ilphkyii surviys? Lkfatkraf` M^L,
rihctie dmcf`is& Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift Okurfch&
Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O& -af priss!& Uali
pridieifdi af tmi rihctakfsmap nitwiif kr`cfazctakfch dhalcti cfe
kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi? C drkss,hc``ie stuey ct tmi nusafiss ufat hivih&
Aftirfctakfch Okurfch kb Mulcf ^iskurdi Lcfc`ilift&
Jrkkf( N&( Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->771!& Drkss,hivih
ibbidts kb Ma`m Wirbkrlcfdi Pkrj Wrcdtadis kf nurfkut? Uwk
dkuftircdtaf` lieactaf` lidmcfasls dklpcrie& Wirskffih ^ivaiw( 4=( 9( 971,
9>9&
Pra`mt( W& " Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J& ->771!& Luhta,hivih tmikrazaf` af strcti`ad
aftirfctakfch M^ risicrdm? Afti`rctaf` pikphi( prkdiss cfe dkftixt& Af?
Mcfenkkj kb Aftirfctakfch M^ ^isicrdm -pp& >1,57!& W& Tpcrrkw -Ie&!& Kxbkre?
Nhcdjwihh&
Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J&( Rcf Rihemkvif( L& " Wccuwi( O& ->771!& Ttrcti`ad dhalcti
cfe kr`cfazctakfch prkeudtavaty? Umi rkhi kb wkrj sctasbcdtakf& Af? Wrkdiieaf`s
kb tmi Taxty,Taxtm Cffuch Liitaf` kb tmi Cdceily kb Lcfc`ilift -DE!& @&U&
Tkhklkf -Ie&!& ATTF 3954,=254&
Rcf Ei Rkkrei( J& " Rcf Rihemkvif( L& ->770!& Pct jklt iirst?
Kr`cfasctaijhalcct kb kr`cfasctaipristctai; @ierc` if Kr`cfasctai ( 4( >30,>40&
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Ttihhaf`if
3& M^L miibt iif pksataib ibbidt kp wirj`ihuj if wirjrihctais& Rkkr `izkfemiae
zaof ei nivafeaf`if lafeir iifeuaea`( lccr waozif irkp ect `izkfemiae fait kb
zihbs fi`ctaib niëfvhkie wkret ekkr M^L&
>& Afti`rctai vcf mit lieiwirjirspirspidtaib af kfeirzkij fccr ei rihctai tussif
M^L if pristctai hkkft? Rircfeiraf`if af M^L, if jhalcctpirdiptais vcf
lieiwirjirs vkkrspihhif 30(1 prkdift vcf ei occrhaojsi wafst&
4& Mit lkttk ”litif as witif‑ nao mit `inruaj vcf sdkridcres chs lcfc`ilifttkkh
`cct chhiif kp chs rihivcfti `i`ivifs nitrkuwnccr vir`ihijif wkreif( dcuschi
virncfeif `ihi`e wkreif if prcjtasdmi alphadctais ekkr irijife wkreif&
5& Wrkeudtavatiat jcf nivkreire wkreif ekkr iif jhalcct vkkr ibbidtavatiat ti
staluhirif( if wirjtivrieifmiae jcf nivkreire wkreif ekkr iif jhalcct vkkr
jhcft`iradmtmiae ti staluhirif& Idmtir( kvirlcta`i ccfecdmt vkkr iif jhalcct
vkkr ibbidtavatiat `cct kp tirlaof tif jksti vcf tivrieif wirjfilirs ifkvirlcta`i ccfecdmt vkkr jhcft`iradmtmiae `cct kp tirlaof tif jksti vcf ei
prkeudtavatiat&
9& Ukijklsta` M^L kfeirzkij eaift nao mit kfeirzkijseisa`f rijifaf` ti mkueif
lit ei lk`ihaojmiae ect M^L virsdmaht naffif kr`cfasctais if tussif
lieiwirjirs& _k kkj lit ei lk`ihaojmiae ect M^L fait chhiif vcf afvhkie as kp
uatjklstif( lccr uatjklstif kkj M^L juffif niëfvhkieif&
2& Ei jhkkb tussif witifsdmcp if prcjtaoj eadmtif vir`t afspcffaf`if ccf niaei
jcftif&
0& Mit afsturif vcf iif lcfusdrapt vkkr punhadctai af iif taoesdmrabt as ”haji c nkx kb
dmkdkhctis& Qku fivir jfkw wmct yku'ri `kffc `it‑ -Bkrrist @ulp( 3115!&
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Umi alpcdt kb M^L kf kr`cfazctakfch pirbkrlcfdi mcs nidkli tmi
eklafcft tkpad af M^ risicrdm& Chtmku`m c hcr`i nkey kb ilparadch
risicrdm mcs smkwf tmct M^L mcs c sunstcftach ibbidt kf dklpcfy
pirbkrlcfdi( hatthi risicrdm mcs niif ekfi kf tmi rkhi kb ilphkyiis af tmas