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HSI Crushers
Basic Principles - Crusher
3
• Horizontal Shaft Impact crusher, commonly
referred to as HSI’s are the largest volume selling
type of crusher in the world, outselling all other
crusher types.
• Two main variants of HSI crushers are marketed,
Primary and Secondary.
• Primary crushers can take feed sizes typically up
to one metre in size (40” inch) and produce a
secondary material size (150mm to 200mm). (6”-
8” inch)
• Secondary crushers typically take a feed size of
about 200mm (6-8 inch) to produce a range of
aggregate sizes from sand up to generally 25
mm.(1” inch)
• Historically HSI crushers are most effective when
used on relatively low abrasion index material (up
to 0.3 Ai) but are also very effective when being
utilised in the recycling industry, especially in the
recycling of re-enforced concrete or asphalt.
• They have high reduction ratios of typically 10 to
1 and sometimes even greater, which makes
them ideal to replace a stage of crushing (in a
typical 3 stage crushing plant) but can also be
operated as a single stage crusher.
HSI Crushers
Basic Principles - Rotor
4
• HSI crushers have one main method of crushing, that of
impact. This impact comes primarily from a high speed
rotating rotor, mounted horizontally in the crusher and
fitted with replaceable hammers.
• The hammers are manufactured from a high wearing
material that can also withstand the high energy impact
forces within the crusher.
• The rotor design is an important factor in the efficiency
of the crusher. The width of the rotor, the weight or mass
of the rotor combined with the efficiency of the hammer
design are all major factors which should be considered.
• Generally the width of the rotor will dictate the capacity
of the crusher, i.e. how much rock we can process
through the crusher.
• The weight or mass of the rotor will effect the breakage
ratio of the rock, combined with the ability to reduce
power spikes and surges during operation, that could
cause bearing failure, and or drive transmission
problems.
• The hammers and the design of them are also important
factors to be considered in the efficient operation of the
crusher.
• The shape and size of the hammers give not only
maximum impact, but also shears the incoming rock,
thus ensuring maximum reduction.
• Hammers with good wear characteristics and good
design shape will promote better shearing and breakage
of the rocks whilst good hammer metallurgy will result in
extended hammer life and lower operating costs.
HSI Crushers
Basic Principles -
Curtains
5
• Secondary breakage comes from the curtains. As can be
seen from the cross section models there are two
curtains in each crusher type. The first curtain (1) in
conjunction with the hammers, does the initial (and
greatest) size reduction.
• The second curtain (2) does the final crushing to deliver
the product size distribution required from the crusher.
• The shape, design and positioning of the curtains within
the crushing chamber all have a dramatic effect on the
efficiency of the crusher. Also the ability to maintain the
setting of the curtains (i.e. the set gap between the rotor
hammers and the toe edge of the curtains) is very
important as it will have a direct effect on the crushers
performance in terms of particle size distribution out of
the crusher.
Primary Crusher Secondary Crusher
1 1
2 2
HSI Crushers
Basic Principles – How it
works
6
• The crusher works by feeding rocks into the crusher,
either by a mechanical feeder for Primary crushers, or by
means of gravity from either a feeder or conveyor for
Secondary crushers.
• The feed material is directed into the first crushing
chamber via the feed chute, where it comes into contact
with the hammers of the rotating rotor.
• The incoming rock impacts against the hammers in the
rotor thus causing the first stage of breaking of the rock.
From the first impact when the rocks come into contact
with the hammers on the high speed rotating rotor,
broken rock from the hammers is then accelerated
against the first curtain, where secondary breakage
occurs. This rock then falls back towards the rotor, where
more impact and breaking occurs when it comes into
contact again with the hammers of the rotating rotor and
this process is repeated many times. Once the material
has become smaller than the gap between the hammer
top edge and the toe of the curtain, it then falls through,
into the second chamber ( second curtain) , where the
whole process is repeated.
• This crushing action results in very good product shape
with low flake and elongation indecis.
• Once the rock has been crushed to a particle size below
the gap setting between the hammer top edge and the
toe of the second curtain, it falls down into the discharge
chute and out of the crusher.
2nd Curtain Gap = 80% Product size required.
7
HSI Crushers
Basic Principles – How it works • It is vitally important for the efficient operation
of the crusher, that the incoming feed
material is distributed evenly across the full
width of the rotor.
• It is also important the crusher is never
“choke fed” , as is sometimes the case for
some other crushers.
• Feed material should be adjusted to ensure a
steady, even and uninterrupted flow into the
crusher whilst ensuring that motor full load
amps (power) are never exceeded.
• Choke feeding of the crusher will result in
rapid hammer and wear part wear combined
with reduced crusher throughput.
• Not feeding the feed material across the
complete width of the rotor (feed opening),
will result in rapid hammer wear and curtain
liner wear, either to one side of the crusher,
or the other or even in the middle.
Feed material should be across complete width of rotor / crusher.
Impactor Principles
In General
Impactors generally produce a good cubical product.
Impactors can achieve much higher reduction ratios than compression type crushers.
Impactors can very often do the same job as a jaw and cone combination. ?
Due to high wear costs, Impactors should not be used in very abrasive applications.?
Impactors generally produce a wider range of sizes from a given feed gradation.
Impactors generally produce better shaped fines than compression crushing.
Impactors are most effective with larger feed sizes.
Impactors generally find the natural fracture zones within the material.
With the advancement in metallurgies more applications are now being opened up to impact crushers.
A break with Tradition
• Traditionally impactors have been used in low abrasive
applications.
• Now with the introduction of different metallurgies (ceramic
inlays, cast in carbides) higher abrasion applications can
now be accepted.
20 yr Uranium future 87-07
We are moving towards a sellers market for many sources of energy!
Natural gas spot 99-06
7 yr NYMEX Crude future 97-07 Electricity spot,
Conclusion:
Energy conservation will become
increasingly important in the future !
Why we have to change
We can no longer bury our heads in the “sand”
2 Stage crushing
Open circuit
Single stage crushing
Open circuit
2 Stage crushing
Closed circuit
Single stage crushing
Closed circuit
549 kW or 736 hp
$ 0.20 per hp =
$ 147 per hour
350 mtph
385 stph 684 kW or 918 hp
$ 0.20 per hp =
$ 184 per hour
$ 37 per hour savings
www.quarryacademy.com
VSI Crusher Applications
• Applications (Hard or Soft rock)
• How VSI Autogenous (rock on rock) crushers work
• Manufactured Sand V Natural Sand
• The importance of particle shape
• Other applications
VSI Applications
Ab
ras
ion
Ind
ex
Low High
Low
High
HSI S & A
Cones and
Jaws
VSI
● What mother nature achieves over millions of years (weathering, erosion, glacial deposits
etc)
● VSI crushers accomplish in seconds
● A third or fourth stage crusher, that crushes with a “rock on rock” crushing action.
● No wear parts are used to directly “crush” the rock.
● Product gradation remains constant, even when rotor parts wear.
VSI Crushers How it works?
Most VSI’s are Rotor feed only
Rotor feed only
Some VSI’s do have a secondary feed option
Secondary feed option
How It Works - VSI Crushing Action
Attrition
Cleavage
Impact
Operate crusher
at maximum
designed
tonneage
throughput.
To maximise all 3 types of crushing action listed below which are:-
Why Manufactured Sand?
Environmental
● Water table retention and associated lack of planning consents.
● Removal of natural filtration affecting water quality.
● Silt storage and recovery.
● Reduction of stock piles of unusable sand.
● Land re-use.
Economic
● Cost of 75micron (200 mesh) materials removal, storage and disposal
● Reduction in water content
● Reduction in cement content
● End product enhancement
● Increased product strength in concrete/asphalt products
● Improved flow and trowlability
The importance of shape.
VSI crushed material Compression crushed material
● Higher compression strengths
● Improved packing density
● Improved fineness modulus (FM)
● Improves flowability.
Frac Sand
Cubicity S
ph
ericity ● Shape is of great Importance
● American Petroleum Institute
recommends that both roundness
and sphericity are greater than,
0.6 when compared to the chart.
Concrete Sand
Material 0,125 mm
Grain Comparison
Natural Grains VSI Grains Comp. Crushed Grains
Other applications
Cement clinker Pre-grinding
Iron ore Pre-grinding
Energy consumption
Particle size
20 yr Uranium future 87-07
We are moving towards a sellers market for many sources of energy!
Natural gas spot 99-06
7 yr NYMEX Crude future 97-07 Electricity spot,
Norway
Conclusion:
Energy conservation will become
increasingly important in the future !
Glass recycling
From This To This
Glass recycling
Crusher, operated in closed circuit @ 3mm, producing product at 80 metric
TPH.
Minus 3mm Crushed Glass
Glass Recycling
Re-cycle into new glass products, Golf Bunker Sand, Aggregate Sand, Aquarium
filtration, Garden Centre weed suppressant, Patio Slab surfacing, Tile Grouting,
Children’s Play Areas and many many more !!!
Some present uses –
3mm Particles, 0.131” 7 mesh.