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Disciplinary Core Idea

HS.PS1.A: Structure and Properties of MatterEach atom has a charged substructure consisting of a nucleus,which is made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.(HSPS11)


HS.PS1.A: Structure and Properties of MatterThe periodic table orders elements horizontally by the number ofprotons in the atom’s nucleus and places those with similar chemicalproperties in columns. The repeating patterns of this table reflectpatterns of outer electron states. (HSPS11)


HS.PS1.A: Structure and Properties of MatterThe structure and interactions of matter at the bulk scale are determined by electrical forces within and between atoms. (HSPS13), (HSPS26)


HS.PS1.C: Nuclear ProcessesNuclear processes, including fusion, fission, and radioactive decaysof unstable nuclei, involve release or absorption of energy. The totalnumber of neutrons plus protons does not change in any nuclearprocess. (HSPS18)


HS.PS2.B: Types of InteractionsAttraction and repulsion between electric charges at the atomic scaleexplain the structure, properties, and transformations of matter, aswell as the contact forces between material objects. (HSPS11), (HSPS13), (HSPS26)


HS.PS2.B: Types of InteractionsForces at a distance are explained by fields (gravitational, electric,and magnetic) permeating space that can transfer energy throughspace. Magnets or electric currents cause magnetic fields; electriccharges or changing magnetic fields cause electric fields. (HSPS25)


HS.PS3.A: Definitions of Energy“Electrical energy” may mean energy stored in a battery or energytransmitted by electric currents. (HSPS25)


HS.PS3.A: Definitions of EnergyEnergy is a quantitative property of a system that depends on themotion and interactions of matter and radiation within that system.That there is a single quantity called energy is due to the fact that asystem’s total energy is conserved, even as, within the system, energy is continually transferred from one object to another and betweenits various possible forms. (HSPS31)


HS.PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and EnergyTransferConservation of energy means that the total change of energy in anysystem is always equal to the total energy transferred into or out ofthe system. (HSPS31)


HS.PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and EnergyTransferEnergy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transportedfrom one place to another and transferred between systems. (HSPS31)


HS.PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and EnergyTransferMathematical expressions, which quantify how the stored energy ina system depends on its configuration (e.g. relative positions ofcharged particles, compression of a spring) and how kinetic energydepends on mass and speed, allow the concept of conservation ofenergy to be used to predict and describe system behavior. (HSPS31)


HS.PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and EnergyTransferThe availability of energy limits what can occur in any system. (HSPS31)


HS.PS3.A: Definitions of EnergyEnergy is a quantitative property of a system that depends on themotion and interactions of matter and radiation within that system.That there is a single quantity called energy is due to the fact that asystem’s total energy is conserved, even as, within the system, energy is continually transferred from one object to another and betweenits various possible forms. (HSPS32)


HS.PS3.A: Definitions of EnergyAt the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple ways,such as in motion, sound, light, and thermal energy. (HSPS32)


HS.PS3.A: Definitions of EnergyThese relationships are better understood at the microscopic scale,at which all of the different manifestations of energy can be modeledas a combination of energy associated with the motion of particlesand energy associated with the configuration (relative position of theparticles). In some cases the relative position energy can be thoughtof as stored in fields (which mediate interactions between particles).This last concept includes radiation, a phenomenon in which energystored in fields moves across space. (HSPS32)


HS.PS3.A: Definitions of EnergyAt the macroscopic scale, energy manifests itself in multiple ways,such as in motion, sound, light, and thermal energy. (HSPS33)


HS.PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes andEveryday LifeAlthough energy cannot be destroyed, it can be converted to lessuseful forms—for example, to thermal energy in the surrounding environment. (HSPS33)


HS.ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting EngineeringProblemsCriteria and constraints also include satisfying any requirements setby society, such as taking issues of risk mitigation into account, andthey should be quantified to the extent possible and stated in such away that one can tell if a given design meets them. (HSPS33)


HS.PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and EnergyTransferEnergy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transportedfrom one place to another and transferred between systems. (HSPS34)


HS.PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and EnergyTransferUncontrolled systems always evolve toward more stable states—thatis, toward more uniform energy distribution (e.g., water flows downhill, objects hotter than their surrounding environment cool down).(HSPS34)


HS.PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes andEveryday LifeAlthough energy cannot be destroyed, it can be converted to lessuseful forms—for example, to thermal energy in the surrounding environment. (HSPS34)


HS.PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy andForcesWhen two objects interacting through a field change relative position,the energy stored in the field is changed. (HSPS35)


HS.PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes andEveryday LifeSolar cells are humanmade devices that likewise capture the sun’senergy and produce electrical energy. (HSPS45)


HS.PS4.A: Wave PropertiesInformation can be digitized (e.g., a picture stored as the values ofan array of pixels); in this form, it can be stored reliably in computermemory and sent over long distances as a series of wave pulses.(HSPS45)


HS.PS4.B: Electromagnetic RadiationPhotoelectric materials emit electrons when they absorb light of ahighenough frequency. (HSPS45)


HS.PS4.C: Information Technologies andInstrumentationMultiple technologies based on the understanding of waves and theirinteractions with matter are part of everyday experiences in the modern world (e.g., medical imaging, communications, scanners) and inscientific research. They are essential tools for producing, transmitting, and capturing signals and for storing and interpreting the information contained in them. (HSPS45)


HS.LS1.C: Organization for Matter and EnergyFlow in OrganismsThe process of photosynthesis converts light energy to stored chemical energy by converting carbon dioxide plus water into sugars plusreleased oxygen. (HSLS15)


HS.LS1.C: Organization for Matter and EnergyFlow in OrganismsAs matter and energy flow through different organizational levels ofliving systems, chemical elements are recombined in different waysto form different products. (HSLS16)


HS.LS1.C: Organization for Matter and EnergyFlow in OrganismsThe sugar molecules thus formed contain carbon, hydrogen, andoxygen: their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acidsand other carbonbased molecules that can be assembled into largermolecules (such as proteins or DNA), used for example to form newcells. (HSLS16)


HS.LS1.C: Organization for Matter and EnergyFlow in OrganismsAs matter and energy flow through different organizational levels ofliving systems, chemical elements are recombined in different waysto form different products. (HSLS17)


HS.LS1.C: Organization for Matter and EnergyFlow in OrganismsAs a result of these chemical reactions, energy is transferred fromone system of interacting molecules to another. Cellular respirationis a chemical process in which the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and new compounds are formed that cantransport energy to muscles. Cellular respiration also releases theenergy needed to maintain body temperature despite ongoing energy transfer to the surrounding environment. (HSLS17)


HS.PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes andEveryday LifeThe main way that solar energy is captured and stored on Earth isthrough the complex chemical process known as photosynthesis.(HSLS25)


HS.LS2.B: Cycles of Matter and Energy Transferin EcosystemsPhotosynthesis and cellular respiration are important components ofthe carbon cycle, in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and geosphere through chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. (HSLS25)


HS.PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes andEveryday LifeNuclear Fusion processes in the center of the sun release the energy that ultimately reaches Earth as radiation. (HSESS11)


HS.ESS1.A: The Universe and Its StarsThe star called the sun is changing and will burn out over a lifespanof approximately 10 billion years. (HSESS11)


HS.PS4.B: Electromagnetic RadiationAtoms of each element emit and absorb characteristic frequencies oflight. These characteristics allow identification of the presence of anelement, even in microscopic quantities. (HSESS12)


HS.ESS1.A: The Universe and Its StarsThe study of stars’ light spectra and brightness is used to identifycompositional elements of stars, their movements, and their distances from Earth. (HSESS12)


HS.ESS1.A: The Universe and Its StarsThe Big Bang theory is supported by observations of distant galaxiesreceding from our own, of the measured composition of stars andnonstellar gases, and of the maps of spectra of the primordial radiation (cosmic microwave background) that still fills the universe. (HSESS12)


HS.ESS1.A: The Universe and Its StarsOther than the hydrogen and helium formed at the time of the BigBang, nuclear fusion within stars produces all atomic nuclei lighterthan and including iron, and the process releases electromagneticenergy. Heavier elements are produced when certain massive starsachieve a supernova stage and explode. (HSESS12)


HS.ESS1.A: The Universe and Its StarsThe study of stars’ light spectra and brightness is used to identifycompositional elements of stars, their movements, and their distances from Earth. (HSESS13)


HS.ESS1.A: The Universe and Its StarsOther than the hydrogen and helium formed at the time of the BigBang, nuclear fusion within stars produces all atomic nuclei lighterthan and including iron, and the process releases electromagneticenergy. Heavier elements are produced when certain massive starsachieve a supernova stage and explode. (HSESS13)


HS.PS1.C: Nuclear ProcessesSpontaneous radioactive decays follow a characteristic exponentialdecay law. Nuclear lifetimes allow radiometric dating to be used todetermine the ages of rocks and other materials. (HSESS15)


HS.ESS1.C: The History of Planet EarthContinental rocks, which can be older than 4 billion years, are generally much older than the rocks of the ocean floor, which are less than200 million years old. (HSESS15)


HS.ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and LargeScaleSystem InteractionsPlate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides aframework for understanding its geologic history. Plate movementsare responsible for most continental and oceanfloor features and forthe distribution of most rocks and minerals within Earth’s crust. (HSESS15)


HS.PS1.C: Nuclear ProcessesSpontaneous radioactive decays follow a characteristic exponentialdecay law. Nuclear lifetimes allow radiometric dating to be used todetermine the ages of rocks and other materials. (HSESS16)


HS.ESS1.C: The History of Planet EarthAlthough active geologic processes, such as plate tectonics and erosion, have destroyed or altered most of the very early rock record onEarth, other objects in the solar system, such as lunar rocks, asteroids, and meteorites, have changed little over billions of years.Studying these objects can provide information about Earth’s formation and early history. (HSESS16)


HS.ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth’sSurface ProcessesThe abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its uniquecombination of physical and chemical properties are central to theplanet’s dynamics. These properties include water’s exceptional capacity to absorb, store, and release large amounts of energy, transmit sunlight, expand upon freezing, dissolve and transport materials,and lower the viscosities and melting points of rocks. (HSESS25)

Performance Expectation

HSPS11: Use the periodic table as a model to predict therelative properties of elements based on the patterns ofelectrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.Clarification Statement: Examples of properties that could be predictedfrom patterns could include reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed,numbers of bonds formed, and reactions with oxygen. Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to main group elements.Assessment does not include quantitative understanding of ionization energy beyond relative trends.


HSPS13: Plan and conduct an investigation to gatherevidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulkscale to infer the strength of electrical forces betweenparticles.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on understanding the strengths offorces between particles, not on naming specific intermolecular forces(such as dipoledipole). Examples of particles could include ions, atoms,molecules, and networked materials (such as graphite). Examples of bulkproperties of substances could include the melting point and boiling point,vapor pressure, and surface tension. Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include Raoult’s law calculations of vapor pressure.


HSPS18: Develop models to illustrate the changes in thecomposition of the nucleus of the atom and the energyreleased during the processes of fission, fusion, andradioactive decay.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on simple qualitative models, suchas pictures or diagrams, and on the scale of energy released in nuclearprocesses relative to other kinds of transformations. Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include quantitative calculation of energy released. Assessment is limited to alpha, beta, and gamma radioactive decays.


HSPS26: Communicate scientific and technicalinformation about why the molecularlevel structure isimportant in the functioning of designed materials.*Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the attractive and repulsiveforces that determine the functioning of the material. Examples could include why electrically conductive materials are often made of metal, flexible but durable materials are made up of long chained molecules, andpharmaceuticals are designed to interact with specific receptors. Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to provided molecularstructures of specific designed materials.* This performance expectation integrates traditional science content withengineering through a practice or disciplinary code idea.


HSPS25: Plan and conduct an investigation to provideevidence that an electric current can produce a magneticfield and that a changing magnetic field can produce anelectric current.Clarification Statement: none Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to designing and conducting investigations with provided materials and tools.


HSPS31: Create a computational model to calculate thechange in the energy of one component in a system whenthe change in energy of the other component(s) and energyflows in and out of the system are known.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on explaining the meaning of mathematical expressions used in the model. Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to basic algebraic expressions or computations; to systems of two or three components; and to thermal energy, kinetic energy, and/or the energies in gravitational, magnetic,or electric fields.


HSPS32: Develop and use models to illustrate that energyat the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as acombination of energy associated with the motions ofparticles (objects) and energy associated with the relativepositions of particles (objects).Clarification Statement: Examples of phenomena at the macroscopicscale could include the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy, theenergy stored due to position of an object above the earth, and the energystored between two electricallycharged plates. Examples of models couldinclude diagrams, drawings, descriptions, and computer simulations. Assessment Boundary: none


HSPS33: Design, build, and refine a device that workswithin given constraints to convert one form of energy intoanother form of energy.*Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on both qualitative and quantitativeevaluations of devices. Examples of devices could include Rube Goldbergdevices, wind turbines, solar cells, solar ovens, and generators. Examplesof constraints could include use of renewable energy forms and efficiency. Assessment Boundary: Assessment for quantitative evaluations is limited to total output for a given input. Assessment is limited to devices constructed with materials provided to students.* This performance expectation integrates traditional science content withengineering through a practice or disciplinary code idea.


HSPS34: Plan and conduct an investigation to provideevidence that the transfer of thermal energy when twocomponents of different temperature are combined within aclosed system results in a more uniform energy distributionamong the components in the system (second law ofthermodynamics).Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking to describe the energychanges both quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigationscould include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures or adding objects at different temperatures to water. Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to investigations based onmaterials and tools provided to students.


HSPS35: Develop and use a model of two objectsinteracting through electric or magnetic fields to illustratethe forces between objects and the changes in energy ofthe objects due to the interaction.Clarification Statement: Examples of models could include drawings, diagrams, and texts, such as drawings of what happens when two charges ofopposite polarity are near each other. Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to systems containing twoobjects.


HSPS45: Communicate technical information about abouthow some technological devices use the principles of wavebehavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit andcapture information and energy.*Clarification Statement: Examples could include solar cells capturinglight and converting it to electricity; medical imaging; and communicationstechnology. Assessment Boundary: Assessments are limited to qualitative information. Assessments do not include band theory.* This performance expectation integrates traditional science content withengineering through a practice or disciplinary code idea.


HSLS15: Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesistransforms light energy into stored chemical energy.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on illustrating inputs and outputs ofmatter and the transfer and transformation of energy in photosynthesis byplants and other photosynthesizing organisms. Examples of models couldinclude diagrams, chemical equations, and conceptual models Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include specific biochemical steps.


HSLS16: Construct and revise an explanation based onevidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugarmolecules may combine with other elements to form aminoacids and/or other large carbonbased molecules.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using evidence from models andsimulations to support explanations. Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the details of thespecific chemical reactions or identification of macromolecules.


HSLS17: Use a model to illustrate that cellular respirationis a chemical process whereby the bonds of food moleculesand oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in newcompounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding ofthe inputs and outputs of the process of cellular respiration Assessment Boundary: Assessment should not include identification ofthe steps or specific processes involved in cellular respiration.


HSLS25: Develop a model to illustrate the role ofphotosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling ofcarbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere,and geosphere.Clarification Statement: Examples of models could include simulationsand mathematical models. Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the specific chemical steps of photosynthesis and respiration.


HSESS11: Develop a model based on evidence to illustratethe life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in thesun’s core to release energy in the form of radiation.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the energy transfer mechanismsthat allow energy from nuclear fusion in the sun’s core to reach Earth. Examples of evidence for the model include observations of the masses andlifetimes of other stars, as well as the ways that the sun’s radiation variesdue to sudden solar flares (“space weather”), the 11year sunspot cycle,and noncyclic variations over centuries. Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include details of theatomic and subatomic processes involved with the sun’s nuclear fusion.


HSESS12: Construct an explanation of the Big Bangtheory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra,motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter in theuniverse.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the astronomical evidence of thered shift of light from galaxies as an indication that the universe is currentlyexpanding, the cosmic microwave background as the remnant radiationfrom the Big Bang, and the observed composition of ordinary matter of theuniverse, primarily found in stars and interstellar gases (from the spectra ofelectromagnetic radiation from stars), which matches that predicted by theBig Bang theory (3/4 hydrogen and 1/4 helium). Assessment Boundary: none


HSESS13: Communicate scientific ideas about the waystars, over their life cycle, produce elements.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the way nucleosynthesis, andtherefore the different elements created, varies as a function of the mass ofa star and the stage of its lifetime. Assessment Boundary: Details of the many different nucleosynthesispathways for stars of differing masses are not assessed.


HSESS15: Evaluate evidence of the past and currentmovements of continental and oceanic crust and the theoryof plate tectonics to explain the ages of crustal rocks.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ability of plate tectonics toexplain the ages of crustal rocks. Examples include evidence of the agesoceanic crust increasing with distance from midocean ridges (a result ofplate spreading) and the ages of North American continental crust increasing with distance away from a central ancient core (a result of past plateinteractions). Assessment Boundary: none


HSESS16: Apply scientific reasoning and evidence fromancient Earth materials, meteorites, and other planetarysurfaces to construct an account of Earth’s formation andearly history.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using available evidence withinthe solar system to reconstruct the early history of Earth, which formedalong with the rest of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. Examples ofevidence include the absolute ages of ancient materials (obtained by radiometric dating of meteorites, moon rocks, and Earth’s oldest minerals), thesizes and compositions of solar system objects, and the impact crateringrecord of planetary surfaces. Assessment Boundary: none


HSESS25: Plan and conduct an investigation of theproperties of water and its effects on Earth materials andsurface processes.Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on mechanical and chemical investigations with water and a variety of solid materials to provide the evidencefor connections between the hydrologic cycle and system interactions commonly known as the rock cycle. Examples of mechanical investigations include stream transportation and deposition using a stream table, erosionusing variations in soil moisture content, or frost wedging by the expansionof water as it freezes. Examples of chemical investigations include chemical weathering and recrystallization (by testing the solubility of different materials) or melt generation (by examining how water lowers the meltingtemperature of most solids). Assessment Boundary: none

Science and Engineering Practice

Developing and Using ModelsModeling in 9–12 builds on K–8 experiences and progresses to using, synthesizing, and developing models to predict and show relationships amongvariables between systems and their components in the natural and designed world(s).

Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationshipsbetween systems or between components of a system. (HSPS18)



Use a model to predict the relationships between systems or between components of a system. (HSPS11)


Planning and Carrying Out InvestigationsPlanning and carrying out investigations in 912 builds on K–8 experiencesand progresses to include investigations that provide evidence for and testconceptual, mathematical, physical, and empirical models.

Plan and conduct an investigation individually and collaboratively toproduce data to serve as the basis for evidence, and in the design:decide on types, how much, and accuracy of data needed to produce reliable measurements and consider limitations on the precision of the data (e.g., number of trials, cost, risk, time), and refinethe design accordingly. (HSPS13)


Obtaining, Evaluating, and CommunicatingInformationObtaining, evaluating, and communicating information in 9–12 builds on K–8experiences and progresses to evaluating the validity and reliability of theclaims, methods, and designs.

Communicate scientific and technical information (e.g. about theprocess of development and the design and performance of a proposed process or system) in multiple formats (including orally, graphically, textually, and mathematically). (HSPS26)





Using Mathematics and Computational ThinkingMathematical and computational thinking in 9–12 builds on K–8 experiencesand progresses to using algebraic thinking and analysis, a range of linearand nonlinear functions including trigonometric functions, exponentials andlogarithms, and computational tools for statistical analysis to analyze, represent, and model data. Simple computational simulations are created andused based on mathematical models of basic assumptions.

Create a computational model or simulation of a phenomenon, designed device, process, or system. (HSPS31)



Develop and use a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system. (HSPS32)


Constructing Explanations and DesigningSolutionsConstructing explanations and designing solutions in 9–12 builds on K–8 experiences and progresses to explanations and designs that are supportedby multiple and independent studentgenerated sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories.

Design, evaluate, and/or refine a solution to a complex realworldproblem, based on scientific knowledge, studentgenerated sourcesof evidence, prioritized criteria, and tradeoff considerations. (HSPS33)






Develop and use a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system. (HSPS35)



Communicate technical information or ideas (e.g. about phenomenaand/or the process of development and the design and performanceof a proposed process or system) in multiple formats (including orally, graphically, textually, and mathematically). (HSPS45)



Use a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system. (HSLS15)



Construct and revise an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (including students’ owninvestigations, models, theories, simulations, peer review) and theassumption that theories and laws that describe the natural worldoperate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in thefuture. (HSLS16)



Use a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system. (HSLS17)



Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationshipsbetween systems or between components of a system. (HSLS25)



Develop and use a model based on evidence to illustrate the relationships between systems or between components of a system. (HSESS11)



Construct an explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources (including students' own investigations, models, theories, simulations, peer review) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operatetoday as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future.(HSESS12)



Communicate scientific ideas (e.g. about phenomena and/or theprocess of development and the design and performance of a proposed process or system) in multiple formats (including orally, graphically, textually, and mathematically). (HSESS13)


Engaging in Argument from EvidenceEngaging in argument from evidence in 9–12 builds on K–8 experiencesand progresses to using appropriate and sufficient evidence and scientificreasoning to defend and critique claims and explanations about the naturaland designed world(s). Arguments may also come from current scientific orhistorical episodes in science.

Evaluate evidence behind currently accepted explanations or solutions to determine the merits of arguments. (HSESS15)



Apply scientific reasoning to link evidence to the claims to assessthe extent to which the reasoning and data support the explanationor conclusion. (HSESS16)



Plan and conduct an investigation individually and collaboratively toproduce data to serve as the basis for evidence, and in the design:decide on types, how much, and accuracy of data needed to produce reliable measurements and consider limitations on the precision of the data (e.g., number of trials, cost, risk, time), and refinethe design accordingly. (HSESS25)

Crosscutting Concept

PatternsDifferent patterns may be observed at each of the scales at which asystem is studied and can provide evidence for causality in explanations of phenomena. (HSPS11), (HSPS13)


Energy and MatterIn nuclear processes, atoms are not conserved, but the total numberof protons plus neutrons is conserved. (HSPS18)


Structure and FunctionInvestigating or designing new systems or structures requires a detailed examination of the properties of different materials, the structures of different components, and connections of components to reveal its function and/or solve a problem. (HSPS26)


Cause and EffectEmpirical evidence is required to differentiate between cause andcorrelation and make claims about specific causes and effects. (HSPS25)


Systems and System ModelsModels can be used to predict the behavior of a system, but thesepredictions have limited precision and reliability due to the assumptions and approximations inherent in models. (HSPS31)


Energy and MatterEnergy cannot be created or destroyed—it only moves between oneplace and another place, between objects and/or fields, or betweensystems. (HSPS32)


Energy and MatterChanges of energy and matter in a system can be described interms of energy and matter flows into, out of, and within that system.(HSPS33)


Systems and System ModelsWhen investigating or describing a system, the boundaries and initialconditions of the system need to be defined and their inputs and outputs analyzed and described using models. (HSPS34)


Cause and EffectCause and effect relationships can be suggested and predicted forcomplex natural and human designed systems by examining what isknown about smaller scale mechanisms within the system. (HSPS35)


Cause and EffectSystems can be designed to cause a desired effect. (HSPS45)


Energy and MatterChanges of energy and matter in a system can be described interms of energy and matter flows into, out of, and within that system.(HSLS15)


Energy and MatterChanges of energy and matter in a system can be described interms of energy and matter flows into, out of, and within that system.(HSLS16)


Energy and MatterEnergy cannot be created or destroyed—it only moves between oneplace and another place, between objects and/or fields, or betweensystems. (HSLS17)


Systems and System ModelsModels (e.g., physical, mathematical, computer models) can be usedto simulate systems and interactions—including energy, matter, andinformation flows—within and between systems at different scales.(HSLS25)


Scale, Proportion, and QuantityThe significance of a phenomenon is dependent on the scale, proportion, and quantity at which it occurs. (HSESS11)


Energy and MatterEnergy cannot be created or destroyed—it only moves between oneplace and another place, between objects and/or fields, or betweensystems. (HSESS12)


Energy and MatterIn nuclear processes, atoms are not conserved, but the total numberof protons plus neutrons is conserved. (HSESS13)


PatternsEmpirical evidence is needed to identify patterns. (HSESS15)


Stability and ChangeMuch of science deals with constructing explanations of how thingschange and how they remain stable. (HSESS16)


Structure and FunctionThe functions and properties of natural and designed objects andsystems can be inferred from their overall structure, the way theircomponents are shaped and used, and the molecular substructuresof its various materials. (HSESS25)

Connection to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science

Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, andTheories Explain Natural PhenomenaA scientific theory is a substantiated explanation of some aspect ofthe natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment and the sciencecommunity validates each theory before it is accepted. If new evidence is discovered that the theory does not accommodate, the theory is generally modified in light of this new evidence. (HSESS12)


Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, andTheories Explain Natural PhenomenaA scientific theory is a substantiated explanation of some aspect ofthe natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment and the sciencecommunity validates each theory before it is accepted. If new evidence is discovered that the theory does not accommodate, the theory is generally modified in light of this new evidence. (HSESS16)


Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, andTheories Explain Natural PhenomenaModels, mechanisms, and explanations collectively serve as tools inthe development of a scientific theory. (HSESS16)


Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order andConsistency in Natural SystemsScience assumes the universe is a vast single system in which basiclaws are consistent. (HSPS31)


Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order andConsistency in Natural SystemsScience assumes the universe is a vast single system in which basiclaws are consistent. (HSESS12)


Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order andConsistency in Natural SystemsScientific knowledge is based on the assumption that natural lawsoperate today as they did in the past and they will continue to do soin the future. (HSESS12)


Influence of Science, Engineering, andTechnology on Society and the Natural WorldModern civilization depends on major technological systems. Engineers continuously modify these technological systems by applyingscientific knowledge and engineering design practices to increasebenefits while decreasing costs and risks. (HSPS33)


Influence of Science, Engineering, andTechnology on Society and the Natural WorldModern civilization depends on major technological systems. (HSPS45)


Interdependence of Science, Engineering, andTechnologyScience and engineering complement each other in the cycle knownas research and development (R&D). (HSPS45)


Interdependence of Science, Engineering, andTechnologyScience and engineering complement each other in the cycle knownas research and development (R&D). Many R&D projects may involve scientists, engineers, and others with wide ranges of expertise.(HSESS12)

Common Core State Standards for ELA/Literacy

Reading in ScienceRST.1112.1 Key Ideas and DetailsCite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science andtechnical texts, attending to important distinctions the author makesand to any gaps or inconsistencies in the account. (HSPS13), (HSPS26)


Reading in ScienceRST.910.7 Integration of Knowledge and IdeasTranslate quantitative or technical information expressed in words ina text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) intowords. (HSPS11)


Writing in ScienceWHST.1112.7 Research to Build and PresentKnowledgeConduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a selfgenerated question) or solve aproblem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding ofthe subject under investigation. (HSPS13)


Writing in ScienceWHST.1112.8 Research to Build and PresentKnowledgeGather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess thestrengths and limitations of each source in terms of the specific task,purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectivelyto maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overrelianceon any one source and following a standard format for citation. (HSPS13)


Writing in ScienceWHST.1112.9 Research to Build and PresentKnowledgeDraw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. (HSPS13)


Writing in ScienceWHST.912.2 Text Types and PurposesWrite informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes. (HSPS26)

Common Core State Standards for Mathematics

Number and Quantity » QuantitiesHSNQ.A.1 Reason quantitatively and use units to solveproblems.Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution ofmultistep problems; choose and interpret units consistently in formulas;choose and interpret the scale and the origin in graphs and data displays.(HSPS13), (HSPS18), (HSPS26)


Number and Quantity » QuantitiesHSNQ.A.2 Reason quantitatively and use units to solveproblems.Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling. (HSPS18), (HSPS26)


Number and Quantity » QuantitiesHSNQ.A.3 Reason quantitatively and use units to solveproblems.Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurementwhen reporting quantities. (HSPS13), (HSPS18), (HSPS26)


Mathematical PracticesMP.4 Model with mathematicsModel with mathematics. (HSPS18)

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HS.PS1.A: Structure and Properties of MatterHS.+Structure+and+Properties+of+Matt… · properties...

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