Future Development of Modular HTGR in China after HTR-PM
7th International Topic Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology (HTR2014)Oct. 27-31, 2014, Weihai, China
Zhang Zuoyi, Wang Haitao*, Dong Yujie, Li Fu
Institute of Nuclear and New Energy TechnologyTsinghua University, Beijing, China
Plenary Session 4: Application and market
Outline
HTGR roadmap in ChinaHTR-PM600 as next step
Main philosophyDesign descriptionsEconomics
Conclusions
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HTGR roadmap in China
Key feature of HTGR: extend the application of nuclear energy to process heat, a similar market volume to nuclear power
Supplement to LWR for power generation
HTGR Roles in China
Hydrogen production as next step
Co-generation to supply steam
Water desalination District heating Oil recovery Petroleum refinery Coal liquefaction
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HTGR roadmap in China
Basic researchTest reactor Demonstration plant
1970s1986, HTR-10 2001, HTR-PM
Commercial plant
2014~
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HTR-1010 MWt High Temperature gas-cooled test Reactor
HTR-10 in 1995 HTR-10 in 1997 HTR-10 in 2000
1986: Became one of the key projects in the “National High Technology Program (863)” 1992: Government approved to construct HTR-101995: Started to construct HTR-10 in INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing2000: HTR-10 reached first criticality2003: HTR-10 operated in full power
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HTR-PM in 2008 HTR-PM in 2009 HTR-PM in 2014
2004: Industry investment agreement was signed2006: Decided to use 2×250 MWt reactor modules with a 200 MWesteam turbine, became a key government R&D project2008: ATP was issued2012.12: FCD the first concrete poured
HTR-PM200 MWe High Temperature gas-cooled Reactor Pebble-bed Module
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HTGR roadmap in China
Next Step: commercialization based on HTR-PM experiences
HTR-PM HTR-PM600Engineering verification tests
Design
Manufacture
Construction
Commissioning
Licensing
Project management
HTGR roadmap in ChinaObjectives of HTR-PM600
Standardized plant (2x600MWe)Cogeneration
ElectricityProcess steam
Inherent safetyModularization
Based on the 250MWth reactor module from HTR-PMEconomic competitiveness
Comparable to a PWR of the same size
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HTR-PM600 as next step
Philosophy of markets
Small to medium size power generation
Cogeneration Overseas markets
Areas of China
• Constrained siting
• Lack of water
• Limited grid capacity
• Electricity• District heating
ResidentialCommercial
• Process steamIndustrial
12-th Five-Year Plan of Energy Development in China (2011-2015)
Targeted incremental capacity of coal-fired cogeneration: 70GW
Maturity• Design• Supply chain• Project management• Licensing
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HTR-PM600 as next step
Philosophy of Design
Inherent safety Design characteristics of HTR-PM as reference• Retention of radionuclides
• Self reactivity control• Self decay heat removal
• Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) module
• System configuration• Plant layout
HTR
No electricity, No water are required
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HTR-PM600 as next step
Philosophy of Design
Proven technologies from HTR-PM
Mature turbine technologies from fossil power plants
Modularization & standardization
• Fuel element• Manufacture- RPV- Steam generator- Metal internals- Control rod system- Main helium circulator- Fuel handling- Spent fuel storage
• Mature technologies of the 600MW steam turbine that is popular in Chinese fossil power plants can be adopted
• Modularized NSSS• Standard plant- 2 HTR-PM600 units- 12 NSSS modules
HTR-PM600 as next step
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HTR-PM600 deploys the same NSSS module with HTR-PMA HTR-PM600 unit comprises six NSSS modulesEach NSSS consists of one 250MWth pebble-bed reactor module and one steam generator(once through helical coiled) arranged side-by-sideSix NSSS modules feed one steam turbineHTR-PM600 cogenerates electricity & steamSteam is extracted at the turbine sideA standardized plant consists of two HTR-PM600 units
Design descriptions
HTR-PM600 as next step
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FuelThe same with HTR-PM
Fuel circulationMulti-pass
Fuel handlingOnline continuous refueling
Spent fuel storageStorage canister (40,000 fuels)Storage well (interim storage)Capacity at nuclear island: tenyears interim storage
Design descriptions
HTR-PM600 as next step
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Parameter Unit ValueReactor thermal power MW 6 x 250Electrical power (electricity only) MW 650Designed life time a 40Working mode - CogenerationMaximum process steam temperature
oC 550
Primary helium pressure MPa 7Core inlet temperature oC 250Core outlet temperature oC 750Fuel type - Coated particle spherical fuelEnrichment of fresh fuel % 8.5Number of fuels per reactor core - ~420,000Average burn-up GWd/tU 90Main feed water temperature oC 205Main steam temperature oC 566Main steam pressure MPa 13.24Containment type - Low pressure ventilatedTurbine type - Super high-pressure steam turbine
6 250×
HTR-PM600 as next step
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Design descriptions – plant layout
HTR-PM HTR-PM600
NSSS
• RPV, steam generator
• CR, SAS
• Reactor internals
• Main helium circulator
Fuel handling system
Decay heat removal system
I&C and electrical systems
Containment
HTR-PM600 as next step
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HTR-PM600 as next step
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HTR-PM600 as next step
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The cost issue is one of the focus in the project.Practices from the HTR-PM project provide a basis.More than 90% (in costs) of the equipments has been orderedthrough bidding process. There is a detailed costs databankfor HTR-PM and also the PWR projects currently underconstruction in China.The conclusion which was accepted is: given that thegovernment provides 30% of the capital cost and 100% of theR&D cost, and that the owner share the site infrastructure, theHTR-PM demonstration plant will achieve the capital cost(USD/kWe) and generation costs (cents/kWhr) similar to thecurrent 2nd generation 1000 MWe PWR in the Chinese market.
Economics
HTR-PM600 as next step
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Major difference: costs of the RPVs and reactor internalsHTR-PM has heavier RPVs and reactor internalsRPVs and reactor internals account for ~2% of total plant costsfor a PWR in Chinese market, the cost increase from RPVs andreactor internals has limited impact
Significantly simplified auxiliary systemsReduce associated equipment costsHelp compensate part of the cost increase from the RPVs andreactor internals
Turbine costs are reduced as mature turbine technologiesfrom coal-fired plants in the Chinese market are availableNo significant difference between HTR-PM and a PWR in other
costs
Economics
HTR-PM600 as next step
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Economics
HTR-PM600 as next step
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Cost of HTR-PM600 would be further reduced considering:Reduced siting (need discussion with regulatory body)Mass production: cost reductions due to the economies of scaleKnowledge share of modules
Erection and commissioning workWork parallelization to reduce construction scheduleReduction in indirect costs by knowledge share in the design andproject management work
Domestic manufacture to a large extent: Main components andsystems of HTR-PM are primarily domestic manufactured.Localization work is underway for some costly components suchas graphite and electromagnetic bearing system, which areexpected to apply to HTR-PM600
Economics
Conclusions
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Following the HTGR roadmap in China, HTR-PM600 is underdevelopment as a new step towards commercializationHTR-PM600 cogenerates electricity and steamHTR-PM600 takes full advantages of HTR-PM outcomes
Design (safety, NSSS, systems, plant layout)ManufactureCivil and erection workCommissioningLicensingProject management
A preliminary study indicates HTR-PM600’s economiccompetitiveness similar to a PWR of the same size in Chinesemarket
Thanks for your attention!
