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http://universe-review.ca/R10-23-plants.htmhttp://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/en/life-3.htm
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. Non-tracheophytes5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Characteristics:
Vascular (tracheophytes) with true leaves (euphyllophytes)Most release spores to the environment from sporangiaHave swimming spermDo NOT have seeds (distinguishing them from the other major clade within the euphyllophytes, the spermatophytes)
Ophioglossales
Psilotales
Equisitales
Osmundales
Salvinales
Cyatheales
Polypodiales
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
Ophioglossales
Psilotales
These primitive groups lack true roots. Ophioglossum, “Adder’s tongue”, is very reduced, producing one 2-part leaf (frond) a year; one part bears spores and the other doesn’t.
Psilotum – a whisk fern – is even more reduced; lacking leaves. The sporangia are borne on short stalks from the stem
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
Equisitales
Osmundales
“Horsetails” are an ancient group, with fossil representatives growing 30 ft tall. They have reduced leaves and may have whorled branches. Spores born in a strobilus.
Dimorphic fronds; photosynthetic or spore bearing, like this Cinnamon fern.
Salvinales
Cyatheales
Polypodiales
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
The Salvinales are unusual, having adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. These are the “water ferns”. They are also unusual in have two types of spores.
Salvinales
Cyatheales
Polypodiales
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
The Cyatheales include the tree ferns – an ancient group considered to be ‘living fossils’. The group also includes some forms that have stems (rhizomes) that grow along the ground, rather than vertically.
Salvinales
Cyatheales
Polypodiales
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity
The Polypodiales is the largest group of Monilophytes, with 1200 of the 1500 monilophyte species. They are the most advanced group, evolving 100 mya
Photos from: http://biology.byu.edu/Faculty/laj39/bio430/Polypodiaceae_files/
IV. The Domain Eukarya D. Plants:4. “Non-tracheophytes”5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Diversity - Life Cycle
http://www.science-art.com/image/?id=3553&search=1&pagename=fern_life_cycle
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2003/fernlifecycle.htm
http://universe-review.ca/R10-23-plants.htm
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Evolutionary History Evolve during the Devonian
http://www.wemyss.ukfossils.co.uk/Wemyss-Fossils-Geology/geology-guide.htm
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
- Radiate and Diversify during the Carboniferous, with Lycopodiophytes
http://forum.nationstates.net/viewtopic.php?f=20&t=34345&start=50
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes Sequestration of cellulose (carbon in
sediments caused CO2 concentration to drop; oxygen rose as photosynthesis > respiration
http://www.texas-geology.com/Texas%20Post%20Triassic%20Dinosaurs.html
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
The unification of Pangaea during the Permian dried the climate
http://www.search4dinosaurs.com/carr_Permian_riverside.html
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
Giving an edge to organisms that had finally cut ties with aquatic habitats: the gymnosperms and reptiles
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms - characteristics
Seeds: seeds evolved in ancestral progymnosperms and “seed ferns”. Dispersal phase of life cycle is bigger and fortified with nutrients, increasing the probability of survival of the diploid embryo.
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_130/Diversity/plants/Vascular_Plants/Coniferophyta/images/
Seed coat – original sporophyte ovuleEndosperm – haploid gametophyteEmbryo – new sporophyte generation
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms - characteristics
Pollen: the male gametophyte carries sperm to the egg; no more swimming sperm and need for surface water! (in most gymnosperms)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/chrisashurst/4630312934/
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot201/conifers/conifer_lecture.htm
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity
http://sorokaapbio1011.blogspot.com/
Common Conifers:Pines SpruceFir HemlockCedars CypressYew LarchRedwood
http://www.moplants.com/blog/?p=1077
Cycads
Ginkgo
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgo.html
Gnetales
http://dbpedia.neofonie.de/browse/rdf-type:Plant/rdf-type:Gnetophytes/
Conifers*
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Cycads
Still have flagellated spermFern-like, leathery leaves;Usually unbranched trunkPollen produced in conesOvules on specialized leaves or in conesSEEDS
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Ginkgo
A ‘living fossil’ – single species of a once diverse group. Native to China. Flagellated sperm, pollen in cones, ovules in fruit-like structures.
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Gnetales
A rare group with only three families and ~60 species; sister group to the conifers. Sperm do not have flagella; they are transferred through the grown of a pollen tube from the pollen to the ovule, as in conifers.
Gnetum sp.
Welwitschia mirabilisEphedra – “mormon tea”
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms - Diversity Conifers
The dominant group of gymnosperms today, with about 600 of the 900 gymnosperm species. Both pollen and ovules borne in cones. Representatives include the largest and longest lived plants on earth.
PinesYewsSpruceFirRedwoodsSequoiaCypressHemlockCedarJuniperLarch
5. Tracheophytes b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms - Life cycle
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot201/conifers/MicroGameto240Lab.jpg
http://longleafs.info/pages/ecosystem.html
http://www.ontariossunsetcountry.ca/category.cfm/code/300/tbid/1
http://friendsoftheinyo.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=11&Itemid=4
Still dominate in harsh, dry, or cold environments