Ancient Cryptology

http://williamstallings.com/Extras/Security-Notes/lectures/classical.html

The Spartans in 400 B.C. used cryptographic system called scytale.It is cylinder shaped with leather wrapped

around it with a written message • In the 5th century, Greeks used enciphered

warnings about planned surprise attacksThe Greek historian Polybius introduced the

Polybius’ checkerboard.Uses a form of substitution that pairs of numbers

substitute letters

Caesar is well-known in two instances of enciphering:first documented cipher for military purposes in the

Gallic Wars.Caesar Shift Cipher which replaced

each letter with the letter three places further down the alphabet

Battista Alberti invented a cipher wheel. It was the first polyalphabetic substitution.

http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/CaesarCipher/

The first cryptanalysts were born among the Arabs around the 8th centuryIslam extremists concealed their writings from the orthodox through encipherment The Subh al-a ‘sha is an Arab encyclopedia detailing all Arabic knowledge of cryptology

In Europe during the Renaissance, cryptography was becoming a routine diplomatic tool

Cryptanalysis was moving into the West during the 15th century time

By the 18th century the telegraph was invented. During the Civil War U.S. Military Telegraph Corps used route ciphers.

Many cryptanalysists invented different ciphers between the 15th and 18th century periods: Giovanni Battista Porta (1535-1615) invented the earliest

digraphic cipher. Blaise de Vigenere (1523-1596) invented the first

acceptable autokey cipher system. Also the Vigenere Square.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) invented the Bilateral cipher. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) invented the wheel cipher. Charles Wheatstone invented the digraphic cipher

(playfair cipher).

http://williamstallings.com/Extras/Security-Notes/lectures/classical.html

The code book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography, by Simon Singh, 1999, Anchor Books

http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Cryptography

Invitation to Cryptology, By Thomas Barrhttp://www.answers.com/topic/cryptology-

history