Tannaim Repeaters of Torah + tradition. Collected in Mishnah
Slide 3
http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsega l/TalmudMap/Mishnah.html MISHNAH: continued to attract commentaries: Now traditional to print the MISHNAH along with respected commentaries made in Middle Ages.
Slide 4
Mishnah Discusses HALACHAH Jewish Law. HEBREW Uses Bible, but does not discuss it directly. NOT essays, but discussions.
Slide 5
Mishnah: 2 uses Mishnah: A collection of discussions mishnah: each discrete discussion The Mishnah is made up of all the mishnahs
Slide 6
First mishnah When to recite Evening Shema? R. Eliezer, From when the priests enter to eat offerings, until end of first watch Sages, Until Midnight R. Gamaliel, Until dawn
Slide 7
Resolution Gamaliel, If it is not dawn yet, you must recite Shema, even if Sages say you have only until Midnight.
Slide 8
Why did sages say until Midnight? To keep a man far from sin. Fence around the Torah
Slide 9
2. When to recite the morning Shema? When you can tell apart blue and white. R. Eliezer says, Blue and Green, and do it before sunrise. R. Joshua says, within 3 hours of sunrise: like reading Torah. NO RESOLUTION. First option preferable
Slide 10
3. Recline, or stand for shema? Shammai: evening you must recline morning you must stand When you lie down and when you rise up. (Deut. 6:7) Hillel: However you want And as you go about your way
Slide 11
If Hillel is right, then why does Bible say when you lie down rise up Majority position: since Shema-time is about the time people go to bed and wake up. Very simple answer, but it needs to be said.
Slide 12
R. Tarfon Recites according to Shammai Moral: following Shammai is dangerous But Hillels position is not binding on everyone.
Slide 13
4. Number of blessings They say no changes to the custom. Seal off a blessing No description of what this means.
Slide 14
5. Exodus at night? Unclear references.
Slide 15
Issue: Mishnah not final word more questions raised than answered
Slide 16
Interpretation. Mishnah requires study, interpretation. Rabbinic interpreters recorded their work over the centuries.
Slide 17
Tannaim Repeaters of Torah + tradition. Collected in Mishnah
Slide 18
Mishnah Discussed by the AMORAIM Famous discussions remembered Others hypothetical R. So-&-so would have said
Slide 19
Discussions Gemara = Traditions of the Amoraim concerning Mishnah
Slide 20
Gemara collected Gemara discussions on particular mishnah paragraphs are collected with the Mishnah quotations.
Slide 21
New Tradition: Talmud Discussions stemming from Mishnah.
Slide 22
MISHNAH + GEMARA ---------------- TALMUD On handout diagram, A & B sections are the Talmud proper Surrounding sections are later additions by medieval commentators, etc.
Slide 23
2 Talmuds JERUSALEM BABYLONIAN 4th c. CE6th c. CE. YerushalmiBavli
Slide 24
Bavli Longer More Authoritative Better edited THE Talmud usually refers to Bavli.
Slide 25
Extent More than Mishnah discussed Each mishnah followed by Gemara Gemara on short mishnahs can go on for pages
Slide 26
Gemara on Mishnah Berakhot 1. T: When to recite evening Shema? G. Where is the Tanna standing? Why start with evening? Start with the Morning!
Slide 27
G. Answer Tanna stands on scripture: When you lie down rise up Amora adds: he can also argue from creation: Evening and morning (Gen. 1:5)
Slide 28
Proof-text Reference to a passage to prove a halakhic opinion. Bible Early Rabbinic discussions outside Mishnah Tosefta Midrash
Slide 29
Amora: Troubled by lack of concern for proof by the Tanna. Assumes Tanna MUST have had a biblical reason for his opinion, so Amora fills the need.
Slide 30
Goal of Talmud: Mishnah and Written Torah MUST be shown to be inter-related. Show Mishnah to be consistent.
Slide 31
Problem Mishnah puts: Evening first in 1.1. Morning first in 1.4. Amora in Gemara first proved 1.1 based on Torah, now 1.4 disregards the principle!
Slide 32
Solution: Simple, but must be made clear: Tanna spoke of evening then morning, but continued to talk of morning since he was on the subject Then returned to the evening CHIASTIC structure.
Slide 33
G. Question: When is it evening? Tanna mentioned the offerings? Why? Amora assumes that Tanna knew: evening was when the time the stars come out. Answer: to teach something else: the time of the priests ate the offerings.
Slide 34
Digression: Ritual impurity Does the coming of evening remove some impurity? Yes
Slide 35
Back to the point Mishnah refers to offerings A baraita refers to a poor mans evening meal. Solution: both events were simultaneous.
