QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/NCI/research-funding

Homework #3 is due 11/19Bonus #2 is postedNo class W 11/21

Federal Spending on Cancer

Treating cancer:• Avoid it

– Avoid mutagens– DNA repair gets less efficient as we age

• Surgery– Must remove all cancer cells– Non-invasive

• Radiation– Directed at tumor – Mutagenic, side effects

• Chemotherapy– Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells– Mutagenic, many side effects

Chemotherapy

a rapidly dividing cell

Toxin

X X

Some cancers over-express MDR

Toxin

MDR

MD

R

MDRMDRMDR

MD

RMDRMDRMDRMDR

MD

RM

DR

toxin toxin

toxin toxin toxin toxin

toxintoxinto

xin

toxi

n

toxin toxin

I’m a cancer cell with over-expressing MDR. I laugh at your toxins.

Cells need the proximity of blood vessels to survive

One of the latest chemotherapy treatments involves cutting off the blood supply to the tumor.(anti-angiogenesis)

Tumors must have sufficient blood flow to continue cell division

induce blood vessel growth

(angiogenesis)

Tumors Evolve: Only tumor cells near blood vessels or that can attract blood vessels survive.

Treating cancer:• Avoid it

– Avoid mutagens– DNA repair gets less efficient as we age

• Surgery– Must remove all cancer cells– Non-invasive

• Radiation– Directed at tumor – Mutagenic, side effects

• Chemotherapy– Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells– Mutagenic, many side effects

Detecting Cancer or Types of Cancer

Fig 13.18-19

A Microarray is a chip with DNA sequences (genes) bound to the surface at known locations.

It can be used to track or monitor expression of many genes.

Tracking changes in gene expression using a Microarray

Making cDNA from RNA

Tracking changes in gene expression using a Microarray

Tracking changes in gene expression using a Microarray

Use of microarray to estimate genes likely present in malignant cancers

Patients cancer free for 5+ years

Patients cancer spread in 5 years

Use of microarray to estimate genes likely present in malignant cancers

similar to Fig 13.18-19

different genes

Young (>55) Breast cancer patients

More accurate profiling of tumors results in more accurate choices of treatments. Patients with benign tumors can avoid chemotherapy (adjuvant).

Treating cancer:• Avoid it

– Avoid mutagens– DNA repair gets less efficient as we age

• Surgery– Must remove all cancer cells– Non-invasive

• Radiation– Directed at tumor – Mutagenic, side effects

• Chemotherapy– Toxins directed at rapidly dividing cells– Mutagenic, many side effects

For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on.

{Mitosis:producing more cells}

{Meiosis:producing gametes}

extremely lowgenetic diversity

greater geneticdiversity

vs.Asexaul Reproduction

SexaulReproduction

Gene forblue eye pigment

Gene forbrown hair pigment

Gene forgrowth hormone

Haploidchromosomes

Gene forhemoglobin

Gene forDNA polymerase

similar to Fig 2.18

Gene forhemoglobin

Gene forhair color

Gene forgrowth hormone

Allele forblack hair

Allele forblack hair

Allele forlow express(short)

Allele forhigh express(tall)

Allele for normal Hb

Allele forsickle cell Hb

Diploidchromosomes

similar to Fig 2.18

Each pair of chromosomes is comprised of a paternal and maternal chromosome

Fig 2.19

Meiosis splits apart the pairs of chromosomes.

X 23in humans

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/NCI/research-funding

Homework #3 is due 11/19Bonus #2 is postedNo class W 11/21

Federal Spending on Cancer