INFORMATION REPORT NO. 22 REVIEW OF FORESTRY LEGISLATION, POLICY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES and THE CURRENT STATUS OF PROVINCIAL FORESTRY LEGISLATION AND POLICY WITH REFERENCE TO EASTERN ONTARIO Prepared by Clarence Coons R. P. F. Coons Agroforestry Consulting R. R.# 5 Kemptville Ontario K0G 1J0 Prepared for Eastern Ontario Model Forest P.O. Bag 2111, Kemptville Ontario K0G 1J0 February 1996 Printed August 1996 "A forest for seven generations”
Transcript
INFORMATION REPORT NO. 22
REVIEW OF FORESTRY LEGISLATION, POLICYAND FOREST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES and
THE CURRENT STATUS OFPROVINCIAL FORESTRY LEGISLATION AND
POLICY WITH REFERENCE TO EASTERN ONTARIO
Prepared by
Clarence Coons R. P. F.Coons Agroforestry Consulting
R. R.# 5 KemptvilleOntario K0G 1J0
Prepared for
Eastern Ontario Model ForestP.O. Bag 2111, Kemptville
Ontario K0G 1J0
February 1996Printed August 1996
"A forest for seven generations”
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to acknowledge the effort of the Steering Committee in the development of theproject proposal which was the basis of this study and for their assistance and advicethroughout the project.
In particular I would like to thank the Project Steering Committee Chair. Dave Chapeskie, R.P.F.Agroforestry Extension Advisor, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs of Kemptville,who provided much time and assistance throughout the study.
Special thanks to all whose who returned the Questionnaires which formed an essential partof this study. Your opinions and the information you provided are greatly appreciated.
Also my thanks to Shirley Newell for her assistance with the formatting and wordprocessing.
Finally, I would like to thank the members of the Board of Directors of the Eastern OntarioForest Group who made this study possible through their support.
Clarence F. CoonsFebruary 1, 1996
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i Introduction and Objectivesii Methodology
Chapter 1
A. History and Development of Forest Management Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1for Private Land in Ontario
B. Brief History of Forest Management Legislation for Ontario's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Crown Lands
1 . Programs in Forest Resource Management have been greatly reduced primarily due to provincialbudget cuts and funding constraints. Government, industry and representatives of private forestowners organizations should meet to plan means and ways to provide field services necessary toachieve sustainable forestry.
2. Many Forest Resource Managers do not fully understand how various legislation impacts ontheir forest management activities and many were not aware of pending changes in provinciallegislation that would impact on their forest management activities.
3. In 1992 the Managed Forest Tax Reduction Program was cancelled due to budget constraints,however both the Farm Tax Reduction Program and the Conservation Land Tax Reduction Programremain. To be fair to forest owners, the Managed Forest Tax Reduction Program should bereinstated until tax reform, providing for fair taxation of private forest lands in keeping with theproductive capability of these lands, is achieved.
4. Tree cutting bylaws in the Eastern Ontario Model Forest Area are found only in Lanark andOttawa-Carleton. Many Forest Resource Managers see the need for tree cutting bylaws in allcounties which are enforced as a minimum level of control on harvesting and necessary forachieving sustainable forestry.
5. Many Forest Resource Managers have ideas concerning Forest Management Policies that shouldbe developed to further support them in their forest management activities, but there is no forum fordealing with their ideas and concerns.
6. The Agreement Forest Program and the Woodlands Improvement Act program have been two veryextensive, productive and important Forest Management Programs in the Eastern Ontario ModelForest Area. Current budget cuts and future policy directing the management of these forested landsis of considerable concern to Forest Resource Managers who aim to achieve the goal of sustainableforestry.
7. The closure of the G.H. Ferguson Provincial Nursery will impact on the extent of reforestation andlimit Forest Manager's ability to achieve sustainable forestry within the Eastern Ontario Model Forestarea.
8. The closure of the two major forest research facilities in eastern Ontario will significantly reduceforest research conducted in the area and will impact on reaching the goal of sustainable forestrywithin the eastern Ontario model forest area. In 1994, the Ottawa laboratory of Forentec Canadawas transferred to Ste. Foy, Quebec and this year Petawawa National Forestry Institute will ceaseto operate as an Institute and most research and support staff will be laid off or transferred to otherfederal government
Forest Research Stations across Canada.
9. The history and development of Forest Management legislation, policies and programs for privateforest land clearly illustrates the important and extensive role of the provincial government inplanning and funding of Forest Management from Confederation.
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
Forest Resource Managers throughout Canada are being challenged to ensure the long-termsustainability of forest ecosystems. Innovative forestry initiatives must be introduced toachieve the goal of sustainable forests.
This study is a review of Forestry Legislation, Forest Policy and Forest Management Guidelines as wellas an update of the current status of Provincial Forestry legislation and policy and other important factorsaffecting forest management in Eastern Ontario. Arriving at workable forestry principles suitable for theEastern Ontario Model Forest area is a prerequisite to achieving the goal of sustainable forests.
The first phase of forestry principles and forestry practice standards for the Eastern Ontario Model Forestarea are under development. This involves establishing forestry principles and forestry practice standardswhich will be practical to apply and reasonable to expect to achieve within the area.
This study summarizes background information, details the current status of forest resourcemanagement, identifies constraints to sustainable forest resource management andcomplements the above mentioned forestry principles and forestry practice standardsinitiative.
The objectives of this study are as follows:
1 . To summarize legislation (including proposed legislation) policy (including proposed policy) andForest Management Guidelines (including guidelines under development) which are currentlyavailable to Forest Resource Managers in eastern Ontario.
2. To determine the level to which legislation, policy and management guidelines influencemanagement of forests on the ground.
3. To detail the current status of Forest Resource Management in eastern Ontario.
4. To document identified constraints to sustainable Forest Resource Management including gaps ininformation or the formatting of information.
To assist in providing information for these objectives, a questionnaire was developed and distributed tomany Forest Resource Managers working in the Eastern Ontario Model Forest area. A total of 20questionnaires were returned yielding much useful information.
The information from this study will contribute to the refinement and implementation offorestry principles and practice standards for the Eastern Ontario Model Forest Area.
METHODOLOGY
The Eastern Ontario Model Forest Area consists of the eight most eastern counties of Ontario namely:Glengarry, Prescott, Russell, Storrnont, Dundas, Grenville, Leeds, Lanark, and the Regional Municipalityof Ottawa Carleton. The total area is 1,534,115 hectares. Productive forest lands occupy a verysignificant percentage of this area. Thirty-eight percent of the area (558,915 hectares) is classed, as such,and 88 percent of this area is privately owned.
To accomplish the project objectives the following activities were carried out.
1 . A review of the history and development of forestry legislation for both Crown and private land wasconducted.
2. A three part questionnaire was developed and distributed to approximately 30 Forest ResourceManagers and completed by 20 of them.
The Questionnaire consisted of three main parts:
Part 1 LegislationPart 2 PolicyPart 3 Management Guidelines
Information from the questionnaire and interviews was used to determine the extentto which legislation, policy and management guidelines influence the managementof forests on the ground, and to document constraints to Sustainable Forest ResourceManagement.
3. A review of the current status of Provincial Forestry Legislation and Policy as well as otherimportant factors affecting forest management in Eastern Ontario was carried out.
CHAPTER 1
A. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST MANAGEMENTLEGISLATION FOR PRIVATE LAND IN ONTARIO
It is interesting to note that legislation in Ontario relating to trees was first introduced only four years afterConfederation in 1871. Soon after the turn of the century the taxation of farm woodlands became an issue,which resulted in legislation providing some tax exemption on them in 1906.
About the same time, the government began providing free nursery stock for planting onwastelands on Ontario farms.
This chapter details the important legislation concerning trees and woodlands and serves to emphasize theexpanding role and involvement of the provincial government in private forest resource development fromConfederation until the 1990's, when budget cuts and changes in policy reduced or eliminated manyprograms which were important in achieving the goal of sustainable forestry. It is therefore important toreview the past in order to plan for the future, as new and innovative legislation and policy must bedeveloped to ensure means and ways to achieve this important goal.
First Tree Planting Act, 1871, 34 Vic, Ch. 3 1.
The earliest legislation in Ontario regarding trees was passed in 1871. This legislation entitled "An Act toencourage the planting of trees upon highways in this province and to give the right of property in such treesto the owners of the soil adjacent to such highway". Municipal councils were given control over theremoval of the trees, and when necessary, a penalty of $25.00 was imposed for the injury or destructionof roadside trees.
The Ontario Tree Planting Act, 1883, 46 Vic, Ch. 26.
Following a recommendation of a Provincial Committee appointed to attend the American ForestryCongress meetings in 1882 at Cincinnati, Ohio and Montreal, Quebec, "The Ontario Tree Planting Act1883" was passed. The objective of this new Act was to encourage the planting and care of trees for thepurposes of shade and ornament along public highways and along boundary lines of adjoining farms.
The Act provided that any person owning land adjacent to any highway, street, lane, alley, place or square,may plant trees on the portion contiguous to his land, provided they do not become a nuisance or obstructtravel and that any owner of a farm or lot may, with the consent of the owner of the adjoining property,plant trees on the boundary line. Trees set out on the highwaywere declared to be the property of the owner of the adjoining lands, and those planted on theboundaries of farms or lots are the common property of the owners.
For the first time, this Act provided that the council of any municipality may pass a by-law for paying outof municipal funds, up to twenty five cents per tree for specified species of trees with the cost shared one-
half with the province. Landowners were paid three years after planting if the trees were healthy. Theprovince set aside $50,000 for payment of its share of the program. Since there were no trees availablefrom government nurseries the trees were obtained largely from in and around woodlands.
The $50,000 appropriated by the province was known as "The Ontario Tree Planting Fund". By 1894only $4,808.00 of this fund had been paid out. Many municipalities did not take part in the program.
Therefore in 1896 the Ontario Legislature repealed the Ontario Tree Planting Act of 1883 withamendments replacing it with "An Act Revising and Consolidating the Acts to Encourage the Plantingand Growing of Trees" cited as The Ontario Tree Planting Act 1896.
This Act did not provide for further cost share by the Province for tree planting. Also property ownersrights giving adjoining owners rights of ownership of trees grown along the highway, were maintained andmade applicable irrespective of Municipal action, but subject to the provisions of the Municipal Act in thatrespect which gives municipalities power to regulate and control the planting of trees.
While the 19th century legislation in Ontario did not focus on rural woodlands it did getmany landowners and politicians thinking about trees and their values.
Woodland Tax Exemption
Part of the resolution presented to the government in 1903 by the Experimental Union, called for"considering some means of adjusting taxation as to encourage the preservation of farmers' woodlots".Later in 1906 the government passed "an act providing for the Exemption of Woodlands from Taxation,6 EDW VI 1, Ch 42. The Act provided that the council of any township may pass a bylaw exemptingwoodlands in whole or in part from municipal taxation, including school rates, provided that not more thanone acre in ten of such woodlands, up to a total of twenty-five, are exempted.
Forest landowners receiving tax exemption were not permitted to graze livestock in their woodlands. Violators were required to pay the full amount of taxes remitted during the five years preceding.
By 1927 the exemption of woodlands from taxation came under the Assessment Act R. S.O.1927, Ch. 238.
The Act was the first major attempt by government to provide an incentive which would helpconserve woodlands.
Later the Woodland Tax Exemption was revised so that an owner could secure an exemption fromtaxation of one acre in ten, to a maximum of twenty acres. Furthermore, land which was reforestedwould not be assessed at a greater value by reason of tree planting.
The overall effect of the tax exemption was not great, as it amounted to only a few dollars on a ten-acrewoodlot, but a major indirect benefit was that there were many discussions in municipal circles on the
value of woodlots and how they should be managed.
The Counties Reforestation Act, 1911, Ch. 74.
At the Annual Meeting of the Experimental Union in 1902 the following importantresolutions were passed, and forwarded to the Ontario Government:
"The Experimental Union recognizing the urgent necessity for action in the reforesting of thewastelands throughout old Ontario would recommend that the Department of Crown lands berequested to provide material sufficient to reforest areas sufficiently large to provide forestconditions in typical situations throughout Ontario, the Union undertaking to supervise thedistribution."
A year later part of a further resolution strongly urged the Government of Ontario to:
"Undertake the practical reforestation of areas sufficiently large to afford forest conditions as ademonstration of the utility of the work on these lands which from their surroundings enjoypractical immunity from fire."
After reviewing the resolution of the Experimental Union the Hon John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture,took immediate steps towards starting a forest tree nursery at the Agricultural College in Guelph. Heplaced Edmund J. Zavitz in charge of the work for the summer of 1904.
The nursery at Guelph was two acres in extent and in the spring of 1905 the first two cooperative plantingprojects on private land were planted using 10,000 trees. Trees numbering up to 3500 were distributedfree to farmers. However, by 1910 only 11/4 million trees had been distributed.
In an effort to speed up the planting of wastelands by doing it on a larger scale, the government passed theCounties Reforestation Act in 1911. The Act provided that the Municipal Council of a county could passbylaws for acquiring by purchase or lease, lands that they deemed suitable for reforestation purposes. TheAct provided for the planting of land and for preserving and protecting timber. The bylaws requiredapproval by the Minister of Agriculture.
This legislation failed to accomplish its objectives and therefore in 1921 the act was amended to enable theprovince to enter into agreements for the management and development of lands acquired by municipalities.This led to the establishment of several agreement forests, the first being Simcoe County in 1922.
Reforestation and Conservation Acts
Reforestation was further promoted with the passing of the Reforestation Act in 192 1. This Act authorizedthe Minister of Lands and Forests to acquire by lease or purchase, lands for reforestation purposes withinthe province, enabling the purchase of large areas to be utilized as forest nurseries and forest stations. ThisAct was amended in 1923 to provide for the expropriation of land deemed necessary for reforestation
purposes. At this time forest stations and nurseries were established at Orono and Midhurst and a treeseed plant was completed at Angus.
The Reforestation Act of 1921 also provided for the establishment of demonstration forests on lands ownedby municipalities, where reforestation of non agricultural lands could be demonstrated. When thedemonstration area had been purchased and fenced, the government supplied suitable nursery stock forplanting, paid the transportation cost of the trees, and sent experienced men to oversee the planting. Menfrom the community were paid by the government to do the planting.
The program was quite successful and by 1927 at least 40 demonstration forests had beenestablished, including one at Kemptville Agricultural College.
Also, in 1927 the Reforestation Act 1921 and the Reforestation Act 1923 were both repealedwith the passing of "The Forestry Act, 1927", in April that year.
The Act was the first to provide for the expropriation of land in Ontario for forestry purposes, as earlierlegislation provided for expropriation of lands for reforestation purposes. The Act provided for forestryagreements with individuals, firms, corporations or municipal corporations. The Act also provided for theemployment of staff to carry out the provisions of the act. It also provided that any lands acquired underthis act could be set apart as a Crown Forest Reserve under the Forest Reserves Act.
The Act also provided for the creation of a board to be known as the Forestry Board for the purpose ofcarrying on research work in connection with the forestry lands of the Province of Ontario and to study allquestions in connection with the planting, growth, development marketing and reproduction of pulpwood.
Thus the first provision for research work vital to the management of Ontario's forested landswas offered.
The Counties Reforestation Act was amended in 1927 to transfer the approval authority fromthe Minister of Agriculture to the Minister of Lands and Forests.
In 1939 The Counties Reforestation Amendment Act was passed, which amended theCounties Reforestation Act as follows:
1. The Municipal Council of any Township may enter into agreement with the owners of land locatedin such township for:a) the reforestation of portions of such lands;b) the entry and planting of trees upon such portions by servants or agents of the council;c) the fencing of such portions and conservation of all growing trees thereon by the owner.
In 1945 the Municipal Reforestation Amendment Act was passed which replaced the wordcounty in the act with "Municipal".
Concern over improper cutting and clear cutting of woodlands had long been a concern of municipalities,landowners and foresters. In the nineteenth century rapid destruction of woodlands continued uncheckedfor several decades. Clearing for agriculture, grazing of woodlands by livestock and indiscriminate cuttingfor timber and fuelwood were main causes of woodlot reduction and degradation.
In 1929 the Ontario government placed I.C. Marritt in charge of private woodlot forest extensionwork. In 1938 he was successful in starting a Demonstration Woodlot Program which continued inparts of Ontario into the 1960's.
It was not until 1946 however, that legislation was passed that would influence tree cuttingand provide for protection of woodlands from clearing and premature cutting.
The Trees Conservation Act 1946, Ch. 102, was an act to provide for the Control of theCutting of Trees.
The Act gave the county or township councils the right to pass bylaws for restricting and regulating thecutting of trees in any part of the county or township. The act provided that the county or township couldappoint officers to enforce the provisions of the bylaw. In other words, enforcement of the bylaws wouldbe the responsibility of the municipality.
Wellington County was the first county to pass a bylaw to control cutting. The bylaw was passed at theJune session in 1946. A minimum diameter at ten inches for all trees except cedar, which was five inches,was set. Later in 1947 the diameter limit was raised to twelve inches.
In 1920 Arthur H. Richardson, a graduate of McMaster University and Harvard School of Forestry, washired by the Forestry Branch. Richardson was the central figure in efforts to expand and improveconservation in Ontario, leading to the passing of The Conservation Authorities Act in 1946.
In 1936 a severe drought had occurred in Ontario adversely affecting crop production.
An article entitled "A New Reforestation Policy for Ontario" was published in the Farmer'sAdvocate, September 10, 1936.
Watson Porter, the Editor, wrote:
"Ontario needs a new reforestation policy broadened out to include conservation of moisture andrestoration of the countryside. Ontario needs a crusader who will awaken the Municipal Councilsof this Province to the greatest need of the times and show municipal officers that conservation isa fundamental and highly important duty which they are evading almost 100 percent. Dwindlingrivers, dried up streams, failing wells, denuded hillsides, dust storms, drifts of blow sand, patchedareas, drought and crop failure are all due in part to a wasteful ill advised policy of cutting trees,draining swamps and destroying every natural means of conserving moisture."
Meetings were subsequently held at London and Guelph, Bowmanville and Kemptville which led to theformation in 1937 of the Ontario Conservation and Reforestation Association. Southern Ontario wasdivided up into five zones with county committees in each setting up an executive of their own.
Between 1936 and 1954 when the Association was active, it was instrumental in bringing about manyimprovements regarding the management of natural resources in Southern Ontario. The main method usedwas by conducting many well-planned field days and tours throughout Southern Ontario.
From its beginning A.H. Richardson was an ardent supporter of the Ontario Conservationand Reforestation Association.
Conservation Authorities Act
The combined efforts of the Ontario Conservation and Reforestation Association and the Federation ofOntario Naturalists led to a conference at Guelph on April 25, 1941. The proposals made at theconference resulted in a survey of the Ganaraska Watershed in 1942.
Following the conference early in 1942 Richardson was appointed by the Honourable N.O.Hipel, Minister of Lands and Forests, as full-time chairman of the InterdepartmentalCommittee on Conservation and Rehabilitation which organized and carried out theGanaraska survey.
On November 1, 1944, Richardson became the head of the newly-established ConservationBranch of the Department of Planning and Development.
On April 5th 1946, The Conservation Authorities Act, 10 Geo VI, Ch. 11 was passed.
This Act provides for the Establishment of Conservation Authorities for the purposes of theConservation, Restoration and Development of Natural Resources other than Gas, Oil, Coal andMinerals and for the Prevention of Floods and Water Pollution.
Following government approval, Conservation Authorities were given the following powerfor the purposes of carrying out a scheme:
a) To study and investigate the watershed itself or by its engineers or other employees or representatives, and to determine a scheme whereby the natural resourcesof the watershed may be conserved, restored and developed and the waters controlledin order to prevent floods and pollution or any such matters;b) Subject to the provisions of The Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act to erect
works, structures and create reservoirs by the construction of dams or otherwise;c) To purchase or acquire and without the consent of the owner enter upon, take and
expropriate any land which it may require and sell or otherwise deal with such land or other property;
d) To purchase or acquire any personal property which it may require and sell or otherwise deal therewith;
e) To enter into such agreements for the purchase of materials, employment of labour and such other purposes as may be necessary for the due carrying out of any scheme;
f) To determine the proportion of the total benefit afforded to all the participating municipalities which is afforded to each of them;
g) To use lands which are owned or controlled by the authority for such purposes, not inconsistent with its objects, as it deems proper;
h) To collaborate with departments and agencies of government, municipal councils and local boards and other organizations;
i) To plant and produce trees on public lands with the consent of the Minister of Landsand Forests, and on private lands with the consent of the owner, for any purpose;j) To cause research to be done; andk) Generally to do all such acts as are necessary for the due carrying out of any
scheme.
Trees Act and Forestry Act Consolidations
The Trees Act R.S.O. 1950, Ch. 399 consolidated important legislation from several Acts. Three mainitems were covered in this Act, namely, Trees on Boundary Lines, Trees Conservation and MunicipalReforestation. This was followed by the Trees Amendment Act, 1952, Ch. 108.
The Forestry Act R.S.O. 1950, Ch. 147 continued to provide authority for the Ministry of Lands andForests to enter into agreements for reforesting, developing and managing for forestry purposes lands heldby other persons, firms corporations or municipal corporations. The Act also provided for an advisorycommittee to advise the Minister of Lands and Forests on forest policy.
The Forestry Act 1952, Ch. 32 consolidated legislation from several previous Acts.
It included sections to deal with Agreement Forests, private forest reserves and the establishment andprovision of nursery stock. The Nursery Stock Act, The Private Forest Reserves Act and The PrivateForest Reserves Amendment Act 1951 were repealed.
A year later the Forestry Amendment Act 1953, Ch. 39 authorized the furnishing of nursery stock to anypublic authority, association, board, institute, society or other organization for educational or scientificpurposes, upon such terms and conditions that the Minister of Lands and Forests deems proper.
Woodlands Improvement Act
The most important legislation regarding private land forestry was the Woodlands Improvement ActS.O. 1966, Ch. 161. This legislation would provide for the most extensive and productive privateforestry program ever achieved in the Province of Ontario.
The Royal Commission Report on Forestry of 1947, prepared by Major Kennedy, recommended thatcertain steps be taken on Crown land and on private land. Since the Province had jurisdiction on 90% ofthe forest land, the Crown land situation was given first priority.
The first important step to deal with the private land situation arose at a meeting in Lindsay in 1961. At themeeting, Department of Lands and Forests, Forester E.F. Johnson proposed a plan for assistance toprivate landowners by establishing tree plantations on patented land. He envisaged that crews of trainedplanters would actually do the necessary planting for the private landowner.
His vision to be implemented with the passing of the Woodlands Improvement Act in 1966 would resultin the most extensive and successful tree planting program in Ontario. By 1995 216,830,660 trees hadbeen planted in this program.
In April 1962, a meeting of Department of Lands and Forests forestry staff was held in Toronto to discussPrivate Land Forestry. It was felt that efforts by the Department of Lands and Forests, in its private landextension work, had not achieved satisfactory results with regards to the extent of the forestry program onprivate lands.
At the meeting the Hon. J.W. Spooner, Minister of Lands and Forests, related:
"I believe that for private land forest policies we must choose to lead the way by developingpolicies that are suitable for our people and our conditions and giving them strong leadership.
We have had a public relations programme directed towards private forest owners in Ontario goingback for over 50 years. It has achieved excellent results. Most landowners and Municipal officersare aware of the need for reforestation in a general way. Our fine agreement forests and the levelof private planting are good indications of the selling job that has been done. Unfortunatelymunicipalities and river valley authorities are not able to buy forest land fast enough even when theyare helped by Government grants. Nor have private investors, particularly larger corporateinvestors, shown a willingness to spend money on reforestation. As a result lands are idle thatshould be contributing to the economy of Ontario. We must try to solve this problem."
He also went on to mention the need for improved management of existing woodlands.
In 1962, Joe Mennill was assigned to investigate the private land forestry situation. Hecompiled a comprehensive report on the situation and made a number of recommendations forimprovement in September 1962. Contributing to this work were extension plans prepared by theprepared by the 8 southern districts in 1962.
Mennill's major recommendations included planting up idle lands by developing a plantingassistance program for the private owner, as well as the provision of an additionalmanagement service to private woodland owners.
In November 1962 a committee was set up by Deputy Minister Frank MacDougall to studythe report and recommend action.
The extension plans for the southern Ontario districts indicated the following tabulation ofprivate forest resources:
1.5 million acres of idle Forest Land requiring reforestation5.8 million acres of existing Woodland needing improved management
In August 1964 E.F. Anderson succeeded Mr. Mennill. His terms of reference were toprepare the policy and the plan of action for Private Land Forestry.
Based on this data and the recommendations by the Committee and the Mennill Report, a plan of actionwas prepared by January 1965. The plan was presented at the Private Land Forestry Meeting onFebruary 16, 1965.
As a result a new plan of action committee was appointed with E.F. Anderson as chairman. Areassessment of the private forest resources indicated that 2.0 million acres of idle land suitable forreforestation existed in Southern Ontario.
As part of a 50-year program to plant up this idle land, an assistance program for private landowners wasproposed. A trial planting assistance program in 1964 and 1965 in Tiny, Tay, Flos and MedonteTownships indicated that with planting assistance the scheme increased the planting in the townships byseven times the previous annual amount. Furthermore, a woodlot improvement program was proposed.
The necessary legislation to implement the assistance program was passed in 1966 as "TheWoodlands Improvement Act".
Farm Foresters were appointed in all 8 southern districts and in 1967 fourteen forestry technicians wereappointed by the Department of Lands and Forests to do private land forestry work under theWoodlands Improvement Act.
In 1970 the program was expanded to cover private land in Northern Ontario.
Forest Tree Pest Control Act
The Forest Tree Pest Control Act R.S.O. 1970, Ch. 180 was passed to enable the govermnent to dealmore effectively with dangerous new infestations of forest insects or diseases whether they occur on privateor Crown lands. It gave the government the authority to enter onto private land with or without the
authority of the owner to make an inspection of the land and the trees and forest products to detect orappraise an infestation. It also gave the government the authority to take control measures on Crown landfor insect and disease infestations at the expense of the Crown.
Managed Forest Tax Reduction Program
Reform of the taxation for farmland in Ontario began in November 1969, with the issuance of the Reportof the Committee on Farm Assessment and Taxation in Ontario. This report included the recommendationthat a new system of farm assessment within the Province be adopted.
From 1970 to 1972 qualifying forested properties received the farm tax rebate.
The Ministry of Revenue changed the assessment policy for farm properties for the 1974 taxation year.The practice had been that land not assessed for industrial, commercial or residential purposes wasconsidered agricultural land. The new policy was that the farm assessment category was no longer theresidual class after industrial, commercial and residential uses but was specifically farm at a reducedassessment. The counties of Bruce and Grey changed to market value assessment for 1974 and they werethe largest areas at that time affected by the new policy.
By 1974, owners of larger forested properties were unsatisfied that their properties no longerqualified for the Farm Tax Rebate.
The Government of Ontario approved Order in Council Number 1398/75 the 14th day of May 1975which, pursuant to section 3a of the Forestry Act, provided for the Managed Forest Tax Reductionprogram.
Initially a grant of 50 percent of the taxes for the years 1973 and 1974 was paid to privatewoodland owners for that portion that related to the managed forest area.
The Ontario Managed Forest Tax Rebate Program was intended to encourage the private stewardship ofmanaged forests. It was a voluntary program which recognized the contribution of private land forests andthe range of benefits they provide, by offering property tax rebates to forest landowners who agreed tomanage their forests for long-term environmental benefits.
In 1975 the Managed Forest Tax Rebate totalling $293,374.67 was paid on 4,835 forest properties. By1988 the program had expanded considerably. That year 9,823 forest owners received tax rebatestotalling $4,246,066.60. The percent of property tax rebated on qualifying forest lands ranged from 50percent for the period 1973-1983 to 100 percent for the years 1987-1989 and down to 75% for the years1990 - 1991.
On April 23, 1993 the government announced that due to financial constraints the Managed Forest TaxReduction program was cancelled, retroactive to the 1992 tax year, making 1991 the last year that rebates
were made to qualifying forest landowners. A total of $34,980,522.35 was rebated to qualifying forestowners throughout the 19 years of the program.
A summary of the Managed Forest Tax Reduction Program 1973-1991 appears in Appendix2.
Review of Trees Act R.S.O. 1980
Under the Trees Act, counties and regional and district municipalities may pass bylaws, but urbanmunicipalities may not. The purpose of this Act is to regulate and restrict the destruction of trees in amanner which ensures long-term productivity of woodlands.
A Tree Bylaws Advisory Committee was established in September of 1990 as a result of a resolutionpassed by the county and regional section of the Association of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO) and asubsequent AMO resolution requesting the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources assistance in establishinga committee to examine tree bylaws.
In 1991 this Committee recommended, "That a new Trees Act become the central vehicle for treeregulation on private property in Ontario, and that future amendments to the Planning Act and MunicipalAct should be cognizant of tree issues and complement the other recommendations made by thecommittee". However after considerable discussion the recommendation was not implemented and theTrees Act R.S.O. 1980 remains in force.
B. BRIEF HISTORY OF FOREST MANAGEMENT LEGISLATION FOR ONTARIO'S CROWN LANDS
Legislation regarding Crown forests in Ontario dates back 170 years, when a proclamation was issued onMay 3rd, 1826, to enable the Government to collect revenue from private contractors. Most earlylegislation dealt with the disposal of timber from Crown lands with some involving Game Acts.
The first legislation to promote forest management on Crown lands was legislation to protect forestsfrom destruction from fire in 1878. This was followed in 1898 by legislation to enable the establishmentof Crown Forest Reserves.
This chapter briefly details legislation relating to the history of Forest Management on Crown Lands,and is interesting, from a comparative viewpoint, with the government's approach to legislationconcerning private forest lands.
Timber was first offered for sale to private contractors in 1826 when Sir Peregrine Maitland, the LieutenantGovernor, issued a proclamation on May 3rd which enabled the government to collect revenue fromCrown timber, for the first time, on the ungranted lands of the Ottawa region. In 1827 the first timber
licence system was offered.
Following the Union of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, instructions regarding timberlicences were issued March 30, 1942, and on June 24th, 1846 new regulations were passed.
Timber prices were depressed in 1847-48, due to over-production resulting from a briskdemand and high prices in the British Market in the years immediately preceding.
As a result of this problem, a Select Committee on the Lumber Trade was appointed by theCanadian Legislature of the United Province of Canada.
This committee drew up the first Crown Timber Act which was passed in 1849, under thetitle "An Act for the Sale and Betterment of Timber Upon the Public Lands"
The Act provided that the commissioner of Crown Lands might grant licences at such rates and subject tosuch conditions, regulations and instructions as might be established from time to time by the Governor ofthe Province, upon the advice of the Executive Council. The licences were granted for 12 months andprovided for proper returns of timber cut. A regulation introduced in 1851 imposed Ground Rent Fees ata rate of fifty cents per square mile.
In 1866 just before Confederation, Crown Timber Regulations were revised and sales bypublic auction were provided for.
On May 28, 1869 the Crown Timber Regulations of 1866 were abrogated and new regulations were madeby the Lieutenant-Govemor in Council in Ontario. To a considerable extent the old regulations wereincorporated in the new with some additions. The most important change in the new regulations was therequirement of a survey, exploration and valuation of the timber limits before they were offered for sale.Timber dues and ground rent were both increased.
Early legislation to promote forest management on Crown forest lands was established in1898 with the passing of the Forest Reserves Act.
In 1897 a commission was appointed "to investigate and report upon the subject ofrestoring and preserving the growth of white pine and other timber trees on lands inOntario, which were not suitable for agricultural purpose or for settlement".
The legislation was intended to promote forest management on the reserves. This intentionwas made more specific thirty-one years later by the Provincial Forests Act which changedthe name from Forest Reserves to Provincial Forests, and provided for their active management.
In 1929 the passing of the Provincial Forests Act provided for the transfer of timber sales to the Forestry
Division of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. This change was an important one and followedwhat had been done in other provinces where timber sales and reforestation and protection of timber cameunder the jurisdiction of one division or department. The Act also provided for the appointment of aProvincial Forester for the first time.
These changes were made to ensure that Ontario received the maximum value for its timberresources, without danger of depletion through a lack of cooperation between agencies.
In 1929 the passing of the Pulpwood Conservation Act was intended to ensure a sustainedyield of forest crops. The principle in allocating Crown Timber areas to the pulp and paperindustry was to provide a tract on which regeneration would produce raw materials in perpetuity.
Shortly after the passage in 1929 of the Provincial Forests Act and the Pulpwood Conservation Act, thegreat depression of the thirties began, followed by World War II. Thus the whole period between 1930and 1945 was unfavourable as far as the advance of forest management was concerned. Due to lack offunds during the depression years and later due to the war, forest inventory information was lacking.Therefore in 1946 a Forest Resources
Inventory Section was set up in the Timber Management Division of the Department of Lands and Forests.This work was completed in the 1950's and covered 199,000 square miles throughout the Department'stwenty-two Districts. The final report summarizing the forest resources of Ontario, as determined by forestsurveys completed between 1946 and 1959, was issued in 1963.
To encourage cooperation with industry the Forest Management Act was passed in 1947. Industryoperating on Crown lands through agreements, supplied an inventory and formulated management plansfor the sustained yield management of the timber on their licenced lands.
By 1937 there were numerous Acts related to the management, protection and handling ofCrown Timber. They are as follows:
A brief description of the Acts in Ontario in 1937 of special importance in the management
of timber is as follows:
(1) Crown Timber Act - Provides for the licensing of Crown Timber and control of cutting. R.S.O.1937, Chapter 36.
(2) Provincial Forest Act - This act, formerly the Forest Reserves Act, allows for the setting asideof tracts of forest land which shall be handled under a system of forest management. There areeight Provincial Forests covering over 12,000,000 acres. R.S.O. 1937, Chapter 38.
(3) The Pulpwood Conservation Act - Legislation to bring about forest management under a systemof regulated cutting on lands leased to pulp and paper companies. R.S.O. 1937, Chapter 41.
(4) The Provincial Parks Act - The portion of this Act dealing with timber management provides fordisposition of timber within Provincial Parks under supervision directed towards maintaining scenicvalues and game protection.A more selective system of cutting is to be practised. R.S.O. 1937, Chapter 94
(5) The Mills Licensing Act - This Act requires that all saw mills, pulp mills, mills operating for theproduction of lath, shingles, ties, veneer, cooperage, and barking or rossing pulpwood belicensed. Between 1,200 and 1,300 licenses are issued annually by the Department of Landsand Forests. R.S.O. 1937, Chapter 37.
(6) The Cullers Act - Provides for the examination, licensing and conduct of cullers or scalersmeasuring timber cut from Crown Lands. R.S.O. 1937, Chapter 240.
(7) The Mining Act - Affects timber management in that it specifies the rights to timber on mininglands. Lands patented prior to 1869 give to the patentee all timber - between 1869 and 1918all timber other than Pine - since 1918 timber is all reserved to the Crown, but permission maybe granted to cut for use in the development of the property. R.S.O. 1937, Chapter 47.
(8) Forest Resources Regulation Act - Provides for the more efficient and economical operation ofthe forest products industries. Existing leased or licensed areas may be increased or reduced insize - kinds and quantity of timber which may be cut are regulated. R.S.O. 1937, Chapter 40.
On April 16, 1946 the Ontario government appointed Major General Howard Kennedy, aCommissioner, to investigate and report on numerous forestry and conservation related matters inOntario. His report was issued May 12, 1947.
One important recommendation was a thorough revision of the forestry statutes and regulations. MajorKennedy stated, "It would be a great convenience to forest operators, forest industries and the publicgenerally, to have those Acts which deal directly with forests and forestry matters consolidated into a singleomnibus statute and to have other Acts, dealing more indirectly with the same subject matter groupedtogether in the statute book. He suggested that the statute might be divided into five parts as follows:
Part 1
A consolidation of Statutes which provide for the administration, protection and utilizationof Crown lands and forests including such Acts as:
1. The Crown Timber Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 36.
2. The Public Lands Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 33.3. The Forest Resources Regulation Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 40.4. The Forestry Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 39.5. The Cullers Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 240.
6. The Mills Licensing Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 37.7. The Provincial Forests Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 38.8. The Provincial Parks Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 94.9. The Pulpwood Conservation Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 41.10. The Spruce Pulpwood Exportation Act, 4 Geo. VI, Ch. 27.11. The Woodmen's Employment Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 202.
Part II
A consolidation of Statutes dealing with forest protection including such Statutes as The Forest FiresPrevention Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 325; The Railway Fire Charge Act, R.S.O., 1937, Ch. 326; TheFire Guardians Act, R.S.O. 1937 Ch. 327.
Part III
A consolidation of the Statutes dealing with the use of lakes and streams for logging purposes includingThe Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 45; The Bed of Navigable Waters Act,R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 44.
Part IV
A revision of the present Game and Fisheries Act, 10 Geo. VI, Ch. 33.
Part V
A consolidation of the laws relating to forestry on private and municipal lands including suchStatutes as:
1. The Municipal Reforestation Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 323.2. The Settlers Pulpwood Protection Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 42.3. The Private Forests Reserves Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 324.4. The Trees Conservation Act, 10 Geo. VI, Ch. 102.5. The Nursery Stock Act, R.S.O. 1937, Ch. 43.
Major Kennedy further stated:
"It is not feasible to include in a general Statute or collection of Statutes, such as mentioned above,every incidental reference in the Statute books to forestry matters; for example, The Mining Act, TheAssessment Act and The Municipal Act all have sections of more or less importance relating toforestry or farm woodlots, but 1 do not suggest that the proper place for these long Statutes dealingmainly with other subject matters is in a collection of forestry and public lands enactments. Theconsolidation which I have suggested might,
however, contain a reference to particular sections of other general Statutes."
Subsequently in 1949 the Ontario Legislature passed the Statutes Consolidation Act. Commissionerswere appointed to consolidate and revise the public statutes in accordance with the provisions of theAct.
As a result, in 1952, both the Crown Timber Act and the Forestry Act were repealed, and new actsreferred to as The Crown Timber Act 1952 and The Forestry Act 1952 were assented April 10th.
The new Acts incorporated recommendations from the Kennedy Report and consolidatedpertinent matters and repealed others. As a result the following Acts were repealed:
Rev. Stat., 1. The Crown Timber Actc. 82.Rev. Stat., 2. The Cullers Actc. 84.Rev. Stat., 3. The Forest Management Actc. 145.Rev. Stat., 4. The Forest Resources Regulation Actc. 146.Rev. Stat., 5. The Forestry Actc. 147.Rev. Stat., 6. The Mills Licensing Actc. 234.Rev. Stat., 7. The Provincial Forests Actc. 297.Rev. Stat., 8. The Pulpwood Conservation Actc. 325.Rev. Stat., 9. The Nursery Stock Actc. 255.Rev. Stat., 10. The Private Forest Reserves Actc. 288.1951 11. The Private Forest Reserves Amendment Actc. 68.
In 1974 the Algonquin Forest Authority Act set up the Algonquin Forest Authority to carry out its workin Algonquin Park and in respect of Crown Timber on lands adjacent to the Park. In accordance with the
Act, a Master Plan was prepared that balances the public interest in maintaining and improving the qualityof Algonquin Provincial Park, for the purpose of recreation and the public interest in providing a flow oflogs from Algonquin Provincial Park.
The Environmental Assessment Act was passed in 1975. Its purpose is the betterment of the people,of the whole or any part of Ontario, by providing the protection, conservation and wise management inOntario of the environment.
This Act applies to enterprises or activities or proposals, plans or programs, by or on behalf of her Majestyin sight of Ontario, by a public body or a municipality, or by a major commercial or business enterprise,therefore applying to Crown land activities as well as Agreement Forests. The proponent of an undertakingto which this Act applies shall submit to the Minister and environmental assessment of the undertaking andshall not proceed with the undertaking until the environmental assessment has been accepted and approvedor exempted by the Minister.
The Treasurer of Ontario in the 1974 budget announced changes which doubled the provincial revenuefrom Crown dues. This was the first major revision of the dues since 195 1. The changes introduced in the1974 budget were intended as an interim measure, pending a complete review of the timber resourcerevenue field to be conducted by a task force. As a result of their efforts and recommendations, the CrownTimber Amendment Act 1978 authorized drafting of regulations by which the Crown dues to be paid byorder in Council, licencees would be indexed to commodity selling price indices.
While increases in Crown dues would seem to have little to do with improved forestmanagement, the stage was set for discussions between government and industry.
During late 1977 and 1978, discussions and negotiations between the Ontario Ministry of NaturalResources and representatives of the forest industry in Ontario, resulted in a draft document termed ForestManagement Agreement (FNIA). These agreements would be a contractual arrangement with pulp andpaper companies with licences to have them undertake the implementation of forest management practices.
The agreements provide for a continuous supply of forest products and ensure the forests ofthe agreement area are harvested and regenerated on a sustained yield basis.
An Amendment to the Crown Timber Act in 1980 provided the Statutory authority for thecommencement of Forest Management Agreements.
Therefore, subject to the approval of the Lieutenant Governor in Council, the Minister may enter into aForest Management Agreement with any person, for the Management of Crown Timber on a sustainedyield basis, and every such agreement shall set out the silvicultural specifications that are to be observedand performed in respect of the harvesting, regeneration and tending of the forest areas that are subject toAgreement, and the standards of regeneration to be achieved on the forest areas that are subject to theAgreement.
In 1984 the Province officially recognized the Eastern White Pine as the Arboreal Emblemfor Ontario with the passing of the Arboreal Emblem Act.
In 1994 an Act to revise the Crown Timber Act to provide for the sustainability of Crown Forests inOntario was passed. The purpose of this Act is to provide for the sustainability of Crown Forests, and inaccordance with that objective, manage the Crown forest to meet social, economic and environmentalneeds of present and future generations. In the Act, sustainability means long-term Crown forest health.For the purpose of this Act and the regulations, the sustainability of a Crown forest shall be determined inaccordance with the Forest Management Planning Manual.
The Forest Management Planning Manual provides for determinations of the sustainabilityof Crown forests in a manner consistent with the following principles.
1 . Large, healthy, diverse and productive Crown forests and their associated ecological processes andbiological diversity should be conserved.
2. The long-term health and vigour of Crown forests should be provided for by using forest practicesthat, within the limits of silvicultural requirements, emulate natural disturbances and landscape patternswhile minimizing adverse affects on plant life, animal life, water, soil, air and social and economicvalues, including recreational values and heritage values.
In addition to legislation regarding timber management, sales, and harvesting, two other significant areasof forest resource legislation were forest fire legislation and wildlife or game legislation.
Forest fire legislation has been in place in Ontario since 1878, when an Act to preserve the forest fromdestruction by fire was passed by the Legislature. It contained many clauses necessary to prevent thesetting of fires, but it proved difficult to enforce owing to a lack of staff.
Then in 1885 a fire prevention organization consisting of 39 rangers commenced. Numerousamendments in forest fire legislation have occurred since then.
As a result of destructive fires in 1916, the Forest Fires and Prevention Act was passed in 1917. Itprovided for the appointment of a Provincial Forester to administer and enforce the Act with the aid ofsubstantial paid staff. With this change the Ontario Forestry Branch was formed which for many years hadresponsibility for forest fire prevention, reforestation and tree diseases.
In 1930 the Forest Fires Prevention Act of 1917 was completely revised.
In 1959 the Act was amended to enable the Department to make fire control agreements, not only withmunicipalities, but also with timber licensees and owners or tenants of railway lands.
Fish and wildlife were among the first of Ontario's natural resources to be exploited. GameActs of 1821 and 1856 show concern for this, but there was no way to enforce them.
The oldest game legislation in Ontario is that which provides for a wolf bounty. In 1793 the Parliament ofUpper Canada passed an Act to encourage the destruction of bears and wolves in different parts of theProvince. It was not until 1946 that the Game and Fisheries Department was merged with the Departmentof Lands and Forests. The amalgamation established for the first time, a unified responsibility for theadministration and control of all living natural resources on Crown Lands, thus making it possible to plantheir orderly development and effective future management in the interest of the community.
Early legislation was directed largely at protecting game through controlling hunting by species, seasonsand limits. In 1959 the Ontario Legislature passed the Wilderness Area Act which controlled publicentry to the wilderness areas.
In 1971 the Endangered Species Act was passed. The Act provides that regulations can be madedeclaring any species of fauna or flora threatened with extinction, an endangered species.
It states that no person shall willfully kill, injure, interfere with or take or attempt to kill, injure, interfere with,or take any species of fauna or flora; or destroy or interfere with or attempt to destroy or interfere with thehabitat of any species of fauna or flora declared in the regulations to be threatened with extinction.
The introduction of the Crown Forest Sustainability Act in 1994, provides the first real opportunity toaccomplish not only the management of wildlife, but the management of entire ecosystems on a long-term sustainable basis.
Previous to this, legislation was lacking to enable successful and widespread management of wildlifespecies, and most legislation was directed towards game species or migratory birds.
CHAPTER 2
QUESTIONNAIRE
Review of Forestry Legislation Policy and Management Guidelines
An important part of this study was conducting a detailed questionnaire and interviews with 20 ForestResource Managers, located throughout the Eastern Ontario Model Forest area. The main objective ofthe questionnaire and interviews was to obtain information to determine the extent to which legislation,policy, and management guidelines influence the management of forests on the ground and to documentconstraints to Sustainable Forest Resource Management, including gaps in information and the formattingof information. The average number of years experience in Forest Management work of those completingthe questionnaire was 16.75 years. A breakdown by employer for those completing the questionnaire wasas follows:
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 15
Forest Industry 4Conservation Authority 1
Total 20
Approximately 10 other Forest Resource Managers were approached and invited to completethe questionnaire. Most declined saying they were too busy.
It is important to note that not all questions were completed, so that in the analysis of theinformation the totals do not necessarily add up to 20.
The questionnaire consisted of three main parts as follows:
Part I - LegislationPart II - PolicyPart III - Management Guidelines
For the purpose of this project Forest Resource Managers were considered to be those postsecondary graduates currently involved with trees and woodlands in the rural environment, working atleast part-time in the Eastern Ontario Model Forest area.
The following is a detailed summary of the information provided by those respondents to thequestionnaire.
Part 1 Legislation
Definitions
Legislation: a law or laws enacted by a legislative body.
Statute: an Act which expresses the will of parliament or a Legislature. The word "law " is a broader term which embraces "Statute Law"- an Act or a Proclamation, Regulation or Order In Councilmade according to an Act.
Regulation: a detailed order or rule conferred by the authority of aStatute and having the force of law.
Statutory Legislation: includes a Statute or Statutes and the associated regulations.
Legislation may be federal or provincial and may be enforced by Regulation at the Federaland Provincial levels or bylaws at the Municipal level.
Question 1
How do you learn about Legislation that impacts on your Forest Managementactivities?
Number Responding Government circulars 19 4 2
From your peers 17From your supervisor 10Newspapers 10O.P.F.A. 8Radio and T.V. 4C.I.F. 2S.A.F. 1Others 4
Others listed were as follows:
Publications of conservation organizationsO.F.I.A.EmailTraining
Question 2Do You feel you make a conscious effort to keep up-to-date with new or revisedlegislation?
YES-18 NO-2
Question 3(a)Does your employer make a conscious effort to inform you offending changes or newlegislation that impacts on your job?
YES - 19 SOMETIMES - 1
Question 4(a)Have you ever attended a seminar/course that dealt in detail with Legislation thatimpacts on your Forest Management activities?
YES-16 NO-4
Question 4(b)If yes, please list the last three.
Seminars/courses listed were as follows:
Crown Forest Sustainability Act (1994)Environmental Bill of RightsPlanning Reform in OntarioOccupational Health and Safety TrainingForest Fire PreventionMinistry of Environment Pesticides Symposium
Question 5The following Provincial legislation may impact on your Forest Managementactivities as a Forest Manager in the Eastern Ontario Model Forest Area.
Do you have a good Does this legislationunderstanding of impact on your forest
The six Acts that were most familiar were as follows:
Occupational Health Safety 18Provincial Parks Act 16Public Lands Act 16Pesticides Act 16Game and Fish Act 15
Workers Compensation Act 15
The five Acts that respondents were least familiar are as follows:
Farm Practices Protection Act 1Wilderness Areas Act 1Plant Diseases Act 1Abandoned Orchards Act 2Ontario Planning and Development 2
In response to the question, "Does this legislation impact on your Forest Management activities?", it isnoted that respondents were often unaware of the extent to which various legislation impacted on theirForest Management activities.
Question 7Is there any other Provincial legislation that You feel impacts on your ForestManagement activities? In what way?
Respondents had no knowledge of any other Provincial legislation that impacts on theirForest Management activities.
Question 8(a)Are you aware of any pending changes in Provincial legislation that you feel willimpact on your Forest Management activities?
YES - 10 NO - 10
Some changes were noted as follows:
1 . Wetlands Act.2. Planning Act Bill 163 Significant Woodlands.3 Revision of Trees Act might proceed.4. Possible reintroduction of the Managed Forest Tax Rebate.5. Changes due to the Crown Forest Sustainability Act.
Question 9(a)Is any further Provincial legislation necessary to support your Forest Managementactivities in achieving the goal of sustainable forestry in the Eastern Ontario Model ForestArea?
YES - 12 NO - 5
Some suggestions were as follows:
1 . Revise property tax structure for private forested land.
2. Regulation of forest exploitation on private land.3. Protection of regeneration and immature plantings.4. Control of off road vehicles on Crown Land.5. Stronger legislation for the control and use of private forests.6. Private Forest Sustainability Legislation to further promote private land forestry.7. Tax reform - reduced taxes on land that is maintained as Healthy Forest.8. Wildlife Protection Act - to protect wildlife habitat.9. Legislation to provide tax break for woodlot owners with Registered Management Plans.10. New rules/policies with respect to Managed Forest Tax Rebates.
Question 10(a)Are there any tree cutting by-laws in your work area?
YES - 8 NO - 12
Question 10(b)If yes please list:
Lanark CountyOttawa Carleton
Question 10(c)Do you see the need for additional tree cutting by-laws within your work area?
YES - 9 NO - 7
Some comments on this were as follows:
YES Control needed in terms of development of forest lands for nonsustainable uses.-All counties should have by-laws as a minimum level of control. There is a need toaddress rural and urban concerns separately.-Recent changes to the legislation need to be acted upon by municipalities.-Should have tree cutting by-law appropriate to the geographic area in all counties.-Need mechanism to monitor where and how much cutting is occurring. --Especially along stream banks.
NO Think cutting by-laws are counter productive and largely unenforceable.-Self regulation in addition to compliance and education is needed.
Question 11In your opinion are tree cutting by-laws sufficiently enforced?
YES - 0 NO - 12
Question 12Do you have any suggestions regarding the improvement of by-laws to regulate thecutting of trees?
1. Let the Provincial government provide enforcement.2. A workable standard such as being proposed by the Eastern Ontario Model Forest
Group should be constituted in Municipal Planning regulations.3. Education - self regulation.4. Qualified inspectors - notification requirement for all cutting operations. Licencing of loggers.5. Ensure by-laws are logical in the first place.6. Educate landowners about the reasons for by-laws.7. Use volunteers for enforcement/audit.8. Enact permit system to locate cutting on private land.9. Provide training to by-law enforcement officers.10. Enforce - notification clause - better management direction than by diameter limit needed.11. The challenge is one of education of the woodland owners and society. Get rid of by-laws that
aren't enforced.Question 13
Are you aware of any Federal legislation that impacts on your Forest Managementactivities?
YES - 1 NO - 9
Comments on this question were as follows:
- International Conventions are very important eg. Migratory Birds Convention.- Convention on the international trade in endangered species.- Fisheries Act.- Legislation controlling transportation across international borders.
Part II Forest Policy
A policy is a course of action. It is a settled, designated approach to doing things. Policies are the principlesor guidelines that individuals, companies, governments and organizations have adopted for managing anddirecting their affairs. It is essential for them to have policies in order to get on with doing things or to directothers who wish to do things.
Forest policy includes all values related to forests, i.e. wildlife, conservation, recreation etc.
Question 1How do you learn about policy that impacts on your Forest Management activities?
Government circulars 20
From your peers 17From your supervisor 13Newspapers 8Radio and T.V. 5O.P.F.A. 4C.I.F. 2S.A.F. 1Others 8
Others listed were as follows:
Ontario Forestry AssociationOntario Woodlot and Sawmill Operators AssociationEastern Ontario Model ForestOntario Forest Industries AssociationCanadian Pulp and Paper AssociationPublications of Conservation GroupsTimber Environmental Assessment TrainingOntario Maple Syrup Producers Association
Question 2(a)
Do You feel you make a conscious effort to keep up-to-date with new or revised policythat impacts on your Forest Management activities?YES - 19 NO - 0 SOMETIMES - 1
Question 3(a)Does your employer make a conscious effort to inform you of pending changes on newforest policy that impacts on your Forest Management activities?
YES - 16 NO - 0 SOMETIMES - 4
Question 4(a)Have you ever attended a seminar or course that dealt with policy that impacts onyour Forest Management activities?
YES - 15 NO - 5
Question 4(b)If yes please list the last three:
The following are seminars and courses listed:
Significant Woodlands WorkshopTrenton Woodlot ConferenceCanadian Pulp and Paper Association Annual MeetingOntario Forest Industries Association Area MeetingPlanning Reform - Comprehensive Policy StatementsWetlands PolicyCrown Forests Sustainability ActPrivate Forests Stewardship ProgramSeed Transfer PolicyNew Business RelationshipsNatural Heritage PoliciesEnvironmental Bill of RightsTree Marking CertificationTimber Production Policy
Question 5(a)Are you aware of any pending policy changes on new policy that impacts on yourForest Management activities?
YES - 9 NO - 11
Question 5(b)If yes describe briefly:
1. Company policy to work with independent wood suppliers.2. Policies on Woodlots, ravines etc. in planning reform.3. Policies on Guidelines with respect to the Crown Forest Sustainability Act.4. Private Stewardship.5. Ministry of Natural Resources organizational change and field operational
cutbacks.6. New Private land Sustainable Forests Initiative.7. New Managed Forest Tax Rebate Program.
Question 6Are there any policies that should be developed to further support you in your ForestManagement activities? Please give details.
The following policies were suggested:
1 . A green certification program - subject to field audit.2. Minimum training/certification of Tree Markers on Crown and Private Land.3 . Strengthen the monitoring of forest reserves. The Ministry of Natural Resources hasn't kept coordinated
records since 1992.
4. Policy to make industry responsible for harvesting practices on private lands.5. Need policies promoting a strong Forestry Extension Service Program for private landowners.
Question 7The following Forest Policy Guidelines are examples of many that exist. Please indicate,using a checkmark, to the left of the title, those policies you are familiar with that apply toyour work within the Eastern Ontario Model Forest Area:
The Forest Policy Guidelines were divided into three categories as follows:
1. Provincial Forest Policy Guidelines.2. National and Federal Government Policy Guidelines.3. Forest Industry and others.
In the following summary of each category the number of respondents for each policyis indicated in the right column.
Provincial Forest Policy Guidelines
No. ofYear Respondents
Policy/Title Source Published Familiar with
1. Sectorial Task Force Report Ontario Round Table on 1989 2"Forestry" Environment and Economy
2. Conserving Ontario's Old Final Report on the Old 1994 12Growth Forests Ecosystems Growth Forest Policy
Advisory Committee
3. Developing A New Timber OMNR - Policy 1993 6Production Policy Development and
Transfer Section
4. Diversity - Forests The Report of the 1993 16People - Communities Ontario Forestry Policy
Panel
5. Manual of Implementation OMNR 1992 15Guidelines for the Wetlands Ontario Ministry ofPolicy Statement Municipal Affairs
6. Policy Statement - Wetlands OMNR 1992 15A Statement of Ontario Ministry of MunicipalGovernment Policy issued Affairsunder the Authority ofSection 3 of the PlanningAct 1983.
8. Ontario's New Planning Communications Branch 1994 13System Ministry of Municipal
Affairs
9. Comprehensive Set of Policy Communications Branch 1994 13 Statements Ministry of Municipal
Affairs
10. Looking Ahead - A The Ontario Wildlife 1991 12 Wildlife Strategy for Working Group for OMNR Ontario
11. A Proposed Action Plan for The Wildlife Strategy 1993 5 Looking Ahead - A Wildlife Action Plan Ad Hoc Strategy for Ontario Committee on behalf of the
Wildlife Forums for the OMNR
12. Implementation Guideline OMNR 1995 15 For Natural Heritage and Environmental Protection Final Draft
13. A Prospectus for the Mixed- OMNR 1995 6 wood Silviculture Program at the Ontario Forest Research Institute
14. Long-Term Ecological OMNR 1994 5 Research Program Strategic Plans
15. A Strategy for Managing the OMNR 1993 10 Forested Ecosystems of the Draft
Southern Region
16. Toward 2000 OMAF 1989 1 Trends and Implications
17. Common Ground Update OMAF 1991 2 The Strategic Plan for the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food
18. Significant Woodlands OMNR current 12 Draft Package of Implementation Guidelines
National and Federal Government Policy Guidelines
No. ofYear Respondents
Policy/Title Source Published Familiar with
1. Sustainable Forests, Canadian Council of Forest 1992 7A Canadian Commitment Ministers
3. A National Forester Sector Canadian Council of Forest 1987 2Strategy for Canada Ministers
4. Toward a National Forestry Natural Resources Canada 1993 2Science and Technology Science and SustainableAgenda for Canada Development Directorate
5. The State of Canada's Forests Natural Resources Canada 1993 11Forests, A Global Resource Canadian Forest ServiceFourth Report to Parliament
6. Forest Tenures in Canada Forestry Canada 1990 2A Framework for Policy Economics BranchAnalysis
7. The Federal Government's Natural Resources Canada 1994 1Response to the Report of theStanding Committee onNatural ResourcesCanada: A Model ForestNation in the Making
8. Canada - A Model Forest Standing Committee on 1994 2Nation in the Making Natural Resources
9. Creating Opportunity Liberal Party of Canada 1993 1The Liberal Plan for Canada
10. Biodiversity in Canada Biodiversity Science 1994 0A Science Assessment Assessment Team
Environment Canada
11. North American Agreement Government of Canada 1993 0on Environmental Cooperation
12. Common Ground by John Girt 1990 2Recommendations for Policy Commissioned byReform to Integrate Wildlife Habitat CanadaWildlife Habitat Environment CanadaEnvironmental and Agriculture CanadaAgricultural Objectives onthe Farm
13. Sustainable Development Canadian Council of 1990 0and Forest Management Forest MinistersNational Forum Proceedings
15. Forestry Canada Forestry Canada 1990 2Preparing for the FutureOur Strategic Plan
16. The Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada 1993 1Preparing for the Future Canadian Forest ServiceOur Strategic Plan Update
17. Forests of Canada Second Report of the 1990 0The Federal Role Standing Committee on
Forestry and Fisheries
18. Canadian Forestry Service Canadian Forestry Service 1987 1Policy on Forest Pest ReprintManagement
19. Canadian Forestry Service Canadian Forestry Service 1987 0Policy for Management ofDepartment of NationalDefence Lands
20. Canadian Forestry Service Canadian Forestry Service 1988 0Policy for Forestry Programson Indian Lands
21. A Wildlife Policy for Canada Wildlife Ministers 1990 4Council of Canada
22. The Federal Policy on Government of Canada 1991 4Wetland Conservation
23. Land Use Planning and Canadian Environmental 1989 0Sustainable Development in Advisory CouncilCanadaBy Nigel Richardson
24. Towards New Fundamentals Canadian Environmental 1991 1Indicators of Ecologically Advisory CouncilSustainable DevelopmentBy H. Jack Ruitenbeek
25. Canadian Perspective on Forestry Canada 1991 3Clear cutting
26. Canadian Perspective on Forestry Canada 1992Old Growth Forests
27. Canadian Perspective on Forestry Canada 1992 2Reforestation
28. Canadian Perspective on Forestry Canada 1992 4
Forest Pesticides
Forest Policy - Forestry Industry and Others
No. ofYear Respondents
Policy/Title Source Published Familiar with
1. Forest Policy in Canada Canadian Pulp and Paper1989 1Industry
2. Priorities for Forestry and International Food Policy1992 0Agroforestry Policy Research Research Institute,Report of an International Washington, D.C.WorkshopEdited by Hans Gregersen,Peter Oram and John Spears
6. Guide to Sound Forest Federation Wood 1994 3Management Practices for Producers of QuebecPrivate Woodlots
7. Agroforestry for Sustainable Workshop Participants 1994 1Development - A National Nebraska City, NebraskaStrategy to Develop andImplement Agroforestry
8. Agroforestry: An integrated Agroforestry Committee 1994 1 Land Use Management for USDA - SCS
System for Production and
Farmland Conservation
9. Forest Round Table on National Round Table on 1994 3Sustainable Development The Environment and theEdited by Steve Thompson Economyand Allison WebbFinal Report
10. Sustainable Forestry Canadian Standards 1994 1Towards International AssociationCertificationA Canadian Approach
11. Guiding Principles for Canadian Pulp and current 3Forest Land Management Paper Associationin Canada
12. Environmental Statement Canadian Pulp and current 3Paper Association
Statements by the Pulp and Paper Canadian Pulp andIndustry Paper Association
13. Watershed Management Canadian Pulp and 1992 2Paper Association
14. Public Participation in Canadian Pulp and 1992 2Forest Management Planning Paper Association
15. Forest Renewal Canadian Pulp and 1992 2Paper Association
16. Old Growth Forests Canadian Pulp and 1992 2Paper Association
17. Clear cutting - A Forest Canadian Pulp and 1992 1Regeneration Method Paper Association
18. Biodiversity Conservation Canadian Pulp and 1992 1Paper Association
19. Wetlands Canadian Pulp and 1992 1Paper Association
20. Independent Audits of Canadian Pulp and 1992 1Forest Management Paper AssociationPerformance
21. Forest Wildlife Habitat Canadian Pulp and 1992 1and Forest Ecosystems Paper Association
22. Acid Rain/Air Pollution Canadian Pulp and 1992 1and the Canadian ForestPaper Association
23. Control of Competing Canadian Pulp and 1989 2Vegetation in Forestry Paper Association
24. Protecting the Forest From Canadian Pulp and 1989 1Insect Infestation Paper Association
25. Protecting the Forest From Canadian Pulp and 1989 1Fire Paper Association
26. The Road From Rio: Food and Agriculture 1994 0Moving Forward in Forestry Organization of the
United Nations
Question 8Please list any other forest policies that are applicable in your work area and not previouslymentioned.
YearPolicy/Title Source Published
1. Domtar Forest Policy Domtar 1995Forests For All, Today and Tomorrow
2. Natural Forest Landscape Forestry Canada 1993Management, A Strategy For Canada
3. Balancing Act American Forest and 1994Environmental Issues in Paper AssociationForestry, Sustainable
Forestry Principles and Implementation Guidelines
4. White Tailed Deer Policy OMNR 1991
Part III Forest Management Guidelines
Forest Management guidelines provide managers with information necessary to accomplishmanagement objectives.
Forest management for the purpose of this study means the management of forests for fiber production aswell as other associated values such as food production, wildlife, recreation, aesthetics, conservation,Christmas trees etc.
To assist you in responding to this section, many forest management guidelines are listed thatrelate to several aspects of forest management.
Question 1
How do you learn about Forest Management Guidelines that impact on your ForestManagement activities?
Government Circulars 19From your peers 16From your supervisors 10O.P.F.A. 5Newspapers 2Radio and T.V. 2Other 4
Do you feel you make a conscious effort to keep up-to-date with Forest Management
Guidelines that relate to your Forest Management activities?
YES - 16 NO - 2
Question 2(b)
If your answer is no, please provide comments.
Responses were as follows:
- As guidelines tend to be specific to species or areas, I generally wait to learn about them.- I am in biology - there are many guidelines that I don't see - do not have as many contacts.
Question 3(a)
Does your employer make a conscious effort to inform you of pending changes or newForest Management Guidelines that relate to your Forest Management activities?
YES - 14 NO - 1 SOMETIMES - 4
Question 4(a)Have you ever attended a seminar, conference, workshop or course that dealt with ForestManagement Guidelines that relate to your Forest Management activities?
Habitat Management Guidelines For DeerForest Gene Conservation Workshop
Question 5(a)Do you feel that funding constraints are reducing your Forest Management fieldactivities?
YES - 16 NO - 2
Question 5(b)If yes, by how much?
5%10%25% 333.3%50% 475% 7100% 4
Question 6(a)Rank in order of significance, from most significant to least significant, those constraintsthat limit your Forest Management activities.
Employer priorities 2Organization structureLack of time 3Lack of informationFunding constraints 1Other (please detail)
The major constraint on Forest Management activities was listed as funding, followed byemployer priorities.
Other constraints listed were as follows:
- Lack of direction and clarity of priorities from employer.- Lack of awareness of opportunities of the markets.
Question 6(b)Briefly explain the circumstances regarding the constraints.
1. Minimal priority by OMNR on Forest Management in the Southern Region.
2. Have staff to coordinate Forest Management but no funds to maintain WIA Program and CrownAgreement. Forest Management - change in employer's priorities and controlled budget are stumblingblocks.
3. No money for Forest Management activities in the South.
4. OMNR cutbacks to Domtar's Eastern Ontario Development Program.
5. Worldwide deficit reduction priorities.
6. Direction of OMNR towards information, science, planning and away from "doing".
7. Reorganization and downsizing have reduced the workforce.
8. Too little money for training and science transfer.
9. No private land calls being done - staff assigned to other duties.
Question 7What guidelines have you been involved in, developing within the last five years, forForest Management within your work area, eg. management plans, fact sheets etc. ?
Respondents listed the following:
NewslettersFact SheetsTree marking and tending on all sites including sensitive onesGuidelines/recovery plans related to rare species such as loggerhead shrike and HenslowsSparrowExtension Note SeriesSilvicultural Guides - Hardwoods and CedarRegenerating Ontario's ForestsG+4 Master Plan for Southern RegionOperating and Management Plan for G.H. FergusonForest StationGuide to Weed Control for Private Landownersbutternut Conservation StrategyForest Gene Conservation Association 5 Year PlanStock Handling GuidelinesImplementing Guidelines for WetlandsImplementation Guidelines for Natural HeritageFeatures and Areas (Planning Reform)
Management Plans for Private WoodlotsTree Marking ManualTimber Management PlansLimerick Forest Management PlanFact Sheets for Private LandownersFinancial Aspects of Property ManagementOntario Woodlot and Sawmill Operator's Code of PracticeMaple Orchard ProgramProperty Management Guidelines
Question 8To what extent do you use the Guidelines included in Question 7?
Occasionally - 3 Regularly - 8 Extensively - 4
Provincial Forest Management Guidelines
No. ofYear Respondents
Policy/Title Source Published Familiar with
1. Design Guidelines forest Hough Stanbury and Assoc. circa 12Management Ltd. for OMNR 1980
2. The Timber Resources of Forest Management Branch 1993 5Ontario
3. Manual of Forest Management OMNR 1977 9Plan Requirements for theProvince of OntarioSecond Edition
4. Timber Management OMNR 1986 11Planning Manual For CrownLands in Ontario
5. Timber Management OMNR 1987 10Guidelines For The Ministry of Tourism andProtection of Tourism RecreationValues
Guidelines For the Eastern STTU BrockvilleWhite Cedar, Compiled byWarren W. SchafferEdited by Eric Boysen
8. Management of Tolerant OMNR 1983 13Hardwoods in AlgonquinProvincial Park
9. Managing Red Pine OMNR 1986 15Plantations
10. A Silvicultural Guide to the OMNR 1983 16 White Pine Working Group
11. A Silvicultural Guide to the OMNR 1975 12 Aspen Working Group in Ontario
12. A Silvicultural Guide to the OMNR 1974 13Hard Maple, Yellow Birch Forest Management Branchand Hemlock Working Groupin Ontario
13. A Guide to the Identification OMNR 1984 10of Poplar Clones in Ontario
14. A Grower's Guide to Hybrid OMNR 1991 14Poplar
15. Jack Pine Working Group OMNR 1986 8
16. A Silvicultural Guide for the OMNR 1988 11Spruce Working Group inOntario
17. A Silvicultural Guide for OMNR 1989 13the Poplar Working Group
in Ontario
18. A Silvicultural Guide for OMNR 1989 14the White Pine and Red Pine
Working Groups in Ontario
19. A Silvicultural Guide for OMNR 1990 14the Tolerant Hardwoods
Working Group in Ontario
By H.W. Anderson et al
20. A Tree Marking Guide for OMNR 1993 14the Tolerant HardwoodsWorking Group in Ontarioby H.W. Anderson andJ.A. Rice
21. Growth Response of OMNR 1983 7
Basswood and Sugar Maple to an Intermediate Cutting.Forest Research Report #107 by G. Stroempl
22. Red Pine Plantation Growth OMNR 1983 10 and Yield Tables Forest Research Report # 108 By A. Beckworth andP. Roebbelen
23. Growth and Quality of Red OMNR 1987 6 Oak Planted in Red Pine Plantation Openings Forest Research Report #117 by G. Stroempl
24. Thinning Clumps of OMNR 1984 11Northern Hardwood StumpSprouts to Produce HighQuality TimberForest Research Report# 104 by G. Stroempl
25. Effect of Initial Seedling OMNR 1994 4Morphology and Planting
Practices on Field Performance of Jack Pine 6 Years After Planting
Forest Research Report #130, By J.M. Paterson and Doug S. Maki
26. Revised Site Regions of OMNR 1993 5
Ontario Concepts, Methodology and Utility- Forest Research Report #129, By D. Burger
27. Impacts of Various Levels of OMNR 1993 3 Biomass Removals on the Structure, Function and
Productivity of Black SpruceEcosystems: ResearchProtocolsForest Research InformationPaper # 109, by A. G. Gordon et al
28. Effects of Conifer Release OMNR 1993 11with Herbicides on WildlifeA Review with an emphasis on Ontario's ForestsForest Research Information Paper #111By R.A. Lautenschlager
29. Provincial Ecological Land OMNR 1994 11Classification Program ProspectusForest Research InformationPaper #112By Peter W.C. Uhlig et al
30. The Tolerant Conifers: OMNR 1994 5Eastern Hemlock and Red Spruce, Forest Research Information Paper # 113 By H.W. Anderson and A.G. Gordon
31. Logging Damage: The OMNR 1994 11Problems and Practical Solutions, Forest Research Information Paper #117 Edited by J.A. Rice
32. A Survey of Mixedwood OMNR 1994 1Research and Development Needs in Ontario
Forest Research Information Paper #118By D.H. Weingartner and G.B. MacDonald
33. Growth and Yield OMNR 1994 14Masterplan for the STTUSouthern Region Technical Report TR-003 By Eric Boysen
34. The Autecology of OMNR 1993 15Competing Non Crop STTUVegetation on Old Field Sites in Southern Ontario, by J.H. Louter et al
35. A Review and Summary of OMNR 1994 11Selected Literature on STTU Eastern White CedarManagementTechnical Report TR-002Compiled by Warren W. Schaffer
36. Stock Handling Guidelines OMNR current 12For Southern Region STTU
37. Life Science Areas of OMNR 1993 6Natural and Scientific STTUInterest in Site, District 6-10 By David J. White
38. The Natural Heritage of OMNR 1994 10Southern Ontario's Settled Landscapes By John L. Riley and Pat Mohr
39. Sugar Bush Management OMNR 1992 16for Maple Syrup Producers By C.F. Coons
40. Propagation and Selection OMNR 1974 10of Sugar Maple in Ontario By W.A.G. Morsink and
E.Jorgensen
41. Prescribed Fire in the Great OMNR 1993 6Lakes, St. Lawrence and STTUDeciduous Forest ofOntario Problems andPotential, by C.E. Van Wagner
42. White Pine Blister Rust and OMNR 1990 11White Pine WeevilManagement Guidelines forWhite Pine in OntarioBy J.C. Hodge et al
43. Common Pests of Ornamental OMNR 1975 20Trees and ShrubsBy K.B. Turner et al
44. Studies on the Design and University of Guelph 1986 6Management of Shelterbelts and Windbreaks in Southern Ontario, by W. Andrew Kenney
45. The Farm Windbreak OMNR 1976 16
46. A Guide to Christmas Tree Christmas Tree 1982 15Growing in Ontario Grower’s Assoc.By Hugh G. McPhee of Ontario
47. Technical Training Manual OMNR current 4For Evaluation Significant Woodlands
48. Field Manual for Describing Ontario Centre for 1993 12Soils in Ontario Soil Resource
Evaluation-GuelphAgricultural Centre
49. 1995 Guide to Weed Control OMAFRA 1995 18Publication 75
50. Production Recommendations OMAFRA 1994 7for Nursery and LandscapePlants, Publication 383
51. Best Management Practices OMAFRA current 15A First Look - Practical Agriculture CanadaSolutions For Soil andWater Problems
52. Best Management Practices OMAF current 20Farm Forestry and Habitat Agriculture CanadaManagement
53. Best Management Practices OMAF current 15Soil Management Agriculture Canada
54. Best Management Practices OMAF current 14Water Management Agriculture Canada
55. Caring For Your Land University of Guelph 1994 8A Stewardship Handbook Centre for Land and Waterfor Niagara Escarpment StewardshipLandownersBy Stewart Hilts andPeter Mitchell
56. White Tailed Deer Habitat OMNR 1992 12in Ontario - Background toGuidelinesBy Dennis R. Voigt
57. Vegetation Management OMNR 1979 16for Wildlife in OntarioBy David Euler
58. Timber Management OMNR 1988 14Guidelines for the
Protection of Fish Habitat
59. Cutting Plans for Deer and OMNR 1981 11Timber in Cedar SwampsBy P.C. Smith and
E.L. Borczon
60. Rare Species and Values OMNR 1991 10Field GuideBy Saskia Koning andMichael Madeira
61. Timber Management OMNR 1988 10Guidelines for the Protectionof Moose Habitat
62. Timber Management OMNR current 6Guidelines for the Protectionof Cultural HeritageResources
63. Guidelines for OMNR current 3Implementation of IRMon Forest Stations
76. Habitat Management OMNR 1985 6Guidelines for Birds of Wildlife BranchOntario Wetlands (excl. Royal Ontario Museumwaterfowl)By R. James
77. Habitat Management Royal Ontario Museum 1984 6Guidelines for Warblers of Ontario's Northern Coniferous Forests, Mixed Forests or Southern Hardwood Forests By. R. James
78. Habitat Management OMNR 1984 5Guidelines for Bats in Wildlife BranchOntarioBy H. Gerson
79. Timer Management OMNR Current 2Guidelines for the provision of Pine Marten Habitat
80. Timber Management OMNR Current 2Guidelines for the Provision of Pileated Woodpecker Habitat
81. Environmental Guidelines OMNR current 4for Timber ManagementActivities
National and Federal Government Forest Management Guidelines
No. ofYear Respondents
Policy/Title Source Published Familiar with
1. Silvicultural Terms in Forestry Canada 1992 2Canada Policy and Economics
Directorate
2. Successful Forestry Canadian Forestry Service 1988 10A Guide to Private Forest Sainte-Foy, QuebecManagement
4. A Study in Single Tree Canadian Forest Service 1981 6Selection for Tolerant Petawawa National ForestryHardwoods InstituteBy A.B. Berry
5. Summary of the Proceedings Joint Publication 1991 9of the Hardwood Forestry CanadaEstablishment and Ontario Ministry ofManagement Symposium Natural ResourcesBy R.A. Craig et al
6. The Autecology of Major Joint Publication 1990 4Tree Species in the North Forestry CanadaCentral Region of Ontario Ontario Ministry ofBy R.A. Sims et al Natural Resources
7. Hardwood Planting on Forestry Canada 1990 18Abandoned Farmland inSouthern OntarioRevised GuideBy F.W. von Althen
8. A Source book for the Forestry Canada 1993 6Management of the Gypsy Ontario RegionMothBy V.G. Nealis andS. Erb
9. Observations on the Forestry Canada 1992 0
Evolution of Damage by Pissodes Strobi, Peck and Characterization of Young White Pine Plantations Affected by this Weevil By Andre Lavallee
10. Regeneration in a Tolerant Canadian Forestry Service 1985 3 Hardwood Stand Managed Under Single Tree Selection By G. LaRocque
11. Metric Form-Class Canadian Forestry Service 1981 4 Volume Tables By A.B. Berry
12. Insects of Eastern Pines Canadian Forestry Service 1983 16By A. H. Rose and O.H. Lindquist
13. Insects of Eastern Hardwood Canadian Forestry Service 1982 16TreesBy A.H. Rose andO.H. Lindquist
14. Insects of Eastern Spruces, Canadian Forestry Service 1977 15Fir and HemlockBy A.H. Rose andO.H. Lindquist
15. Insects of Eastern Larch, Canadian Forestry Service 1980 14Cedar and JuniperBy A.H. Rose andO.H. Lindquist
16. Cone and Seed Insects of Canadian Forestry Service 1980 5North American Conifers United States Forest ServiceBy Alan F. Hedlin et al
17. Effects of White Pine Weevil Canadian Forestry Service 1971 1Damage on Tree Height, Volume, Lumber Recovery and Lumber Value of Eastern White Pine By L.G. Brace
18. Pruning and Sawing Canadian Forestry Service 1969 1Eastern White Pine By W.W. Calvert and L.G. Brace
19. The Canadian System of Agriculture Canada 1978 8Soil Classification
20. Glossary of Terms in Soil Agriculture Canada 1976 7Science
21. Management of Insect Pests Forestry Canada 1992 6 of Cones in Seed Orchards in Eastern Canada
By Jean J. Turgeon and P. De Groot
American Forest Management Guidelines
No. ofYear Respondents
Policy/Title Source Published Familiar with
1 . Crop Tree Management in USDA Forest Service 1993 9Eastern HardwoodsBy Arlyn W. Perkley,Brenda Wilkins and
H. Clay Smith
2. Silvicultural Guidelines USDA Forest Service 1993 2for Forest Stands Threatenedby the Gypsy MothBy Kurk W. Gottschalk
3. Whole Tree Clearcutting USDA Forest Service 1993 0in New England: ManagersGuide To Impacts On Soils,Streams and RegenerationBy Robert S. Pierce et al
4. Ecology of Red Maple U.S. Department of Interior 1993 1Swamps in the Glaciated Fish and Wildlife ServiceNortheast: A CommunityProfileBy Francis G. Golet et al
5. Managing Cavity Trees USDA Forest Service 1985 4for Wildlife in the NortheastBy Richard M. DeGraaf andAlex Shigo
6. Managing Black Ash in USDA Forest Service 1987 2the Lake StatesBy Gayne G. Erdmann et al
7. Ecology and Management of USDA Forest Service 1991 2Northern Hardwood Forestsin New EnglandBy James W. Hornbeckand Williain B. Leak
8. Cutting and Cultural Methods USDA Forest Service 1973 4for Managing Northern Hardwoods in the Northeastern United States By Stanley M. Filip
9. A Silvicultural Guide for USDA Forest Service 1973 2Spruce-fir in the Northeast By Robert M. Frank and John C. Bjorkbom
10. Planted Larch in New York Privately Published 1969 5By Dave Cook
Managers Handbook Series USDA Forestry Service North Central Forest Experiment Station
11. Jack Pine in the North Central 1977 5 United States General Technical Report NC-32
12. Red Pine in the North Central States 1977 4 General Technical Report NC-33
13. Northern White Cedar in the 1977 5North Central StatesGeneral Technical Report NC-35
14. Black Spruce in the Northern Central States 1977 4General Technical Report NC-34
15. Balsam Fir in the North Central States 1986 2General Technical Report NC- 111
16. Aspen in the North Central States 1977 2General Technical Report NC-36
17. Oaks in the North Central States 1977 3General Technical Report NC-37
18. Black Walnut 1977 3General Technical Report NC-38
19. Northern Hardwoods in the 1977 3North Central States
General Technical Report NC-39
20. Elm - Ash - Cottonwood in 1984 2the North Central StatesGeneral Technical Report NC-98
21. A Silvicultural Guide for USDA Forest Service 1978 8White Pine in the NortheastBy Kenneth F. Lancasterand William B. Leak
22. A Silvicultural Guide for USDA Forest Service 1969 4Northern Hardwoods inthe NortheastBy William B. Leak et al
23. A Guide to Logging Northeast Regional 1993 4Aesthetics Practical Agricultural EngineeringTips for Loggers, ServiceForesters and Landowners
24. Prescribing Silvicultural USDA Forest Service 1992 9Treatments in HardwoodStands of the Alleghenies(Revised)By David Marquis et al
25. Crown Release Increases USDA Forest Service 1990 4Growth of Crop TreesBy Neil Lamson et al
26. Forest Cover Types of Society of American 1980 6
the United States and ForestersCanadaBy F.H. Eyre, Editor
27. Permanent Logging Roads USDA Forest Service 1973 0for Better Woodlot ManagementBy Richard F. Haussman and Emerson W. Pruett
28. Returns from Unrestricted Yale University 1994 0Growth of Pruned Eastern School of ForestryWhite PinesBy Alan C. Page and David M. Smith
29. Timber Management for Cornell University 1984 11Small Woodlands ExtensionBy Gary R. Goff et al
30. The Influence of Stand USDA Forestry Service 1977 1Density and Structure on Growth of Northern Hardwoods in New England By Dale S. Solomon
31. Converting Hardwoods on USDA Forestry Service 1971 3 Poor Sites to White Pine By Planting and Direct Seeding
32. A Discriminant - Function USDA Forestry Service 1994 2Approach to Ecological Site Classification in Northern New England By James Fincher and Mary Louise Smith
33. Silvicultural Systems USDA Forestry Service 1973 3for Major Forest Types of the United States
34. Defects in Hardwood USDA Forestry Service 1989 3TimberBy Roswell D. Carpenter
et al
35. Field Identification of USDA Forestry Service 1994 4Birdseye in Sugar Maple By Don C. Bragg and Douglas D. Stokke
36. Investment in Precommercial USDA Forestry Service 1972 0Thinning of Northern HardwoodsBy Orris D. McCauley and David A. Marquis
37. Marking Guides for Northern USDA Forestry Service 1957 4 Hardwoods under the Selection System
By Carl Arbogast Jr.
38. Tree Defects - A Photo Guide USDA Forest Service 1983 4By Alex Shigo
39. Stress Triggered Tree USDA Forest Service 1981 10Diseases, The Diebacks and DeclinesBy David R. Houston
40. Decay Losses in Woodlots Ohio State University 1977 3By T. Craig Weidensaul et al
41. Sugar Bush Management New York State College 1981 4By Robert R. Morrow of Agriculture and Life
Sciences
42. Maple Syrup Producers USDA Agricultural 1976 6Manual Research ServiceBy C.O. Willits and Claude H. Mills
43. Sugar Maple Research USDA Forest Service 1982 3Sap Production, Processing and Marketing of Maple Syrup
44. Sugarbush Management USDA Forest Service 1990 10"A Guide to Maintaining Tree Health"
By David R. Houston et al
45. A Silvicultural Guide for USDA Forest Service 1974 2Developing A Sugarbush By Kenneth F. Lancaster et al
46. Windbreaks and Shade Trees Pennsylvania State 1978 0Their Use in Home Energy UniversityConservation
47. Ohio Christmas Tree Ohio State University 1985 1Producers Manual Bulletin 670By James H. Brown et al
48. Christmas Tree Production New York State College 1976 5and Marketing of Agriculture and LifeBy Alex Dickson and Sciences.Fred W. Winch Jr.
49. Christmas Tree Pest Manual USDA Forest Service 1983 6By Janine M. Benyus
50. New England Wildlife USDA Forest Service 1992 7Management of Forested HabitatsBy Richard M. DeGraff et al
51. New England Wildlife USDA Forest Service 1992 6 Habitat, Natural History and Distribution By Richard M. DeGraff and D. Rudis
52. Wetland Planting Guide for Environmental Concern Inc. 1993 2the Northeastern United StatesBy Gwendolyn A. Thunhorst
53. Guide to Wildlife Tree USDA Forest Service 1987 6Management in New England Northern Hardwoods By Carl H. Tubbs et al
54. Conservation Tree and Shrub USDA Soil Conservation 1991 0Cultivars in the United States ServiceBy J.R. Carlson et al
55. Silvicultural Guide for USDA Forest Service 1987 1Northern Hardwood Types in the Northeast (revised) By William B. Leak et al
56. Northern Hardwood Notes USDA Forest Service 1989 4
57. Silvics of North America USDA Forest Service 1990 5Volume I -Conifers Volume 2-Hardwoods
58. Epicormic Branching on USDA Forest Service 1973 1Hardwood Trees Bordering Forest Openings
59. A Quality Classification USDA Forest Service 1978 2System for Young Hardwood Trees - The First Step in Predicting Future Products By David L. Sondennan and Robert L. Brisbin
60. Sampling the Quality of USDA Forest Service 1959 0Hardwood Trees By Adrian M. Gilbert
Question 10
Please list any other Forest Management Guidelines that You find useful.
Title Source (Author/Publisher) Year Published1. Ontario Weeds OMAFRA 1992
2. Growers Guide to Hybrid Poplar OMNR
3. VMAP Reports Ontario Forest Research Institute 3 times/year4. Silvn H United States Dep’t of Agriculture
Forest Service
5. Ecology and Management USDA Forest Service 1992of Northern Hardwood Forests in New England
6. Best Management Practices 1993in South Carolina
7. Erosion and Sediment Control Maine Forest Service 1991Handbook for Maine Timber Harvesting Operations Best Management Practices
8. Science Beauty and Other Ontario Forest Research Values of Red and White Old InstituteGrowth Forests Report #4
9. Understanding Old Growth Ontario Forest Research Red and White Pine InstituteDominated Forests Report #2
10. Practical Guide to Private Canadian Forest Service 1987 Forest Management, Plantation Quebec Region Maintenance
11. A Practical Guide to Private Canadian Forest Service 1985 Forest Management Planting Quebec Region Containerized Seedlings
12. Strip Clear Cutting in Black Forestry Canada 1993Spruce
14. Canada's Timber Supply Forestry CanadaCurrent Status and Outlook Maritimes RegionInformation Report Ex 45
15. Compendium of Canadian Canadian Council 1973Forestry Statistics of Forest MinistersNational Forestry Database
16. Forest Insect and Disease Forestry Canada 1990Conditions in Canada 1990 Annual Publication
17. A Guide to Common Insects USDA Forest Service 1979and Diseases of Forest Trees in North Eastern United States Forest Insect and Disease Management NA - FR-4
18. Silvicultural Systems for the USDA Forest Service 1973Major Forest Types of the
United StatesAgricultural Handbook 445
19. Forest Inventory Terms Petawawa National Forestry 1988in Canada, 3rd Edition Institute
20. Guidelines for Tree Seed OMNR 1984Crop Forecasting
21. Wood - Take a Stand OMNR 1991and Make it Better
22. Guidelines for CFSA and 1995Bill 163
23. Regenerating Conifer Oct. 1992in Deer YardsProceedings of a WorkshopTechnical Report No. 28Central Ontario Forest TDU
24. Shrub and Vines for USDA Forest Service 1974North Eastern Wildlife
25. Enhancement of Wildlife Cornell University, Ithaca NY 1981Habitation Private Lands Information Bulletin 181
26. Managing Small Woodlands Cornell Universityfor WildlifeBulletin 157
27. Care of Wild Apple Trees USDA Forest Service
28. Wildlife and Timber From Cornell University 1983Private Lands, A Landowner's Guide to PlanningInformation Bulletin 193
29. Summary of Research on Cornell University 1986Human Tolerance of Wildlife Damage, Natural Resources Research and Extension Series No. 25
30. Model Habitat Management Vermont Fish and Wildlife 1986Guidelines for Deer, Bear Department
Hare, Grouse, Turkey,Woodcock and Non Game Wildlife
31. Landscaping for Wildlife OMNR 1990
32. Wildlife Land Management OMNR 1973For Ontario Landowners
33. Rehabilitation of Pits and OMNR 1987Quarries for Fish and Wildlife
34. Trees and Shrubs For the OMNR 1979Improvement and Rehabilitation of Pits and Quarries in Ontario
35. Pasture Grasses Identified OMAF 1988
36. Diagnosing Injury to Eastern USDA 1987Forest Trees
37. The Hidden Enemy OMNR 1988- Root Rot -
38. Helping Wildlife Colorado State 1977
39. Timber Management For Cornell UniversitySmall Woodlots
Question 11Are you familiar with any Forest Management Guidelines that are currently in preparation?Please list below.
Expected date ofTitle Source (Author/Publisher) Publication
1. Ecological Land OMNR 1995Classification for Southern STTUOntario
2. Silvicultural Guidelines OMNRUnder the Crown ForestsSustainability ActForest Planning Manual
Question 12
Are there any additional Forest Management Guidelines that should be developed to assist youin your Forest Management activities? Please be brief and specific.
Subject Area Details
Landscape Level Managers Guidelines Manual on the planning and implementationRestoration of restoring (a) degraded forests, (b) restoring forest on
agricultural lands
Silvicultural Guidelines for Species This is a current proposal in the Forest HealthGroups in Southern Ontario Fund
Question 13The following are a few publication distribution lists and bibliographies that can assist you in locating ForestManagement information. Please indicate with a checkmark if you are familiar with them.
Bibliographies Yes No
1. Ontario Forest Research Institute Publications 12 31980-1991. An Annotated Bibliography (OMNR)
2. OTIFBI and Mensuration Unit Report on the Great Lakes - 5 5St. Lawrence Forest Bibliography. Central OntarioForest Technology Development Unit. (OMNR)
3. Catalogue of Ecological Reports for Southern Region 5 4Southern Region Science and Technology Transfer Unit. (ONWR)
4. Ontario Tree Improvement and Forest Biomass Institute Publications 4 41980-1985. An Annotated Bibliography. Forest Research Report #114 (OMNR)
5. A Bibliography of Agriculture and Wildlife Interactions in Ontario. 3 3Southern Region Science and Technology Transfer United Information Report. IR-003 (OMNR)
6. A Bibliography on Competition, Tree Seedling Characteristics and 2 4Related Topics. Forest Research Information Paper #108 (OMNR)
Publication Distribution Lists
7. Publications Digest Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service 7 3
8. Recent Publications List Natural Resources Canada Petawawa 7 3National Forestry Institute
9. Recent Publications List Natural Resources Canada Canadian 11 4
Forest Service Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
10. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (FAO) 0 5FAO Forestry Papers
11. United States Government Printing Office 0 3Superintendent of DocumentsTrees, Forest Products and Forest Management
12. New From North Central - Publications USDA Forest Service 3 3North Central Experiment Station
13. Dividends From Wood Research 1 4Recent PublicationsUSDA Forest ServiceForest Products Laboratory
14. Canadian Wildlife Service 3 3Publications, June 1992Environment Canada
Question 14
Would you please list other publication distribution lists and bibliographies that you use inconnection with your Forest Management activities. Please give the addresses where they can beobtained.
Source/Author/Published
Studying Successional Pathways in Forest Communities:OMNR Ontario ForestAn Annotated Bibliography Research Institute
Stewardship Reference Library Landowner Resource Centre
OMAFRA Publications List
Cornell Cooperative Extension Service
Whole Water Catalog Regional Municipality Of Ottawa Carleton
Renouf - Publishing - Ottawa
Ontario Agri-Food Network - Guelph
CHAPTER 3
THE CURRENT STATUS OF PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION ANDPOLICY WITH REFERENCE TO EASTERN ONTARIO
Since 1990 there have been changing governments, revised fiscal policies, a Ministry of Natural Resourcesreorganization and severe budget cuts that have all impacted on forest resource manager's field activities.
Forest resource managers have expressed considerable concern with respect to severe cutbacks inprograms such as the Woodlands Improvement Act Assistance and Advisory services to privatelandowners.
They have also expressed major concern regarding the future of provincial production of forest tree nurserystock and the planned closure of the G.H. Ferguson Provincial Nursery at Kemptville in April 1996.
There is also concern that new programs such as the Private Forest Sustainability Programhave already experienced a major cut in provincial funding.
This section deals with the current status of Provincial legislation and policy in a number of important areasin relation to forest management activities which impact on achieving the goal of sustainable forests.
1. Managed Forest Tax Reduction Program
Just before the cancellation of the Managed Forest Tax Reduction Program on April 23, 1993, a series ofmeetings was held in March with forest landowners to discuss changes in the program, including a requirementthat recipients of the tax rebate have a certified forest management plan. The management plan was intendedto improve the program's effectiveness in fulfilling its objective of encouraging good management of privatewoodlands, and thus active management of the woodlands. The management plan requirement would also fulfillthe government's direction that tangible and beneficial results would be realized from the program, and that therewas value resulting from the expenditure of public funds.
The cancellation announcement came as a shock to participants, especially those who were committed tomanage their woodlands in compliance with the new Forest Management Plan qualification.
The Ontario Forestry Association has been active in opposing the cancellation and conducteda series of 14 community meetings across Ontario in 1995.
The current government has indicated its intention to bring back the Managed Forest TaxReduction program as an interim program, until a more equitable tax system is developed.
2. Agreement Forests
As of March 31, 1989 there were 55 Agreement Forests in Ontario, covering 118,926hectares (293,747 acres). These Agreement Forests are categorized in the table below.
Agreement Forests In Ontario
No. of Ownership CategoriesArea in
Owners Hectares
1 Government of Canada (National Capital 2,747.57Commission)
In accordance with the Agreements, when signed, the owner had three options at thetermination of the Agreement.
1. Pay the Minister all net costs charged against the forest without interest and assume management of theforests.
2. Sell the forest to the Crown for the purchase price paid by the owner for the lands in the forest area.
3. The owner may elect to extend the Agreement for an additional period of not less than 20 years, and notmore than 50 years.
The Ministry of Natural Resources, due to budget cuts and a subsequent change in management philosophy,is now exploring ways and means by which Agreement Forest owners might assume management andoperational responsibilities for their forests.
A new set of guiding principles has been developed for those Agreement Forests which are not in debt anda pilot project has been established with Long Point Region Conservation Authority.
The Ministry of Natural Resources mission is to ensure that Agreement Forests are managedthrough a new relationship with Agreement Forest partners.
In the new relationship, MNR's role focusses on advice/consultation and the owner assumesfull operational responsibility for the management of the forest.
Most Agreement Forest owners are still in debt and options must be considered to ensure the fair and justtransfer of responsibilities, including the debt. Information regarding this is not available at this time. Asummary of all Agreement Forests in Ontario is found in Appendix 7.
The future of the Agreement Forests programme is important to Eastern Ontario, since 12 Agreement Foreststotalling 92,277 acres (37,357.33 ha) are located in the Eastern Ontario Model Forest zone. These forests
constitute 31 percent of the entire Agreement Forest area in Ontario.
The participants in the Agreement Forest Program located in the Eastern Ontario ModelForest Area, and the area of each Agreement Forest are included in the following chart.
Agreement Forests - Eastern Ontario Model Forest Area*
Owner Area in Area in Acreshectares
South Nation Conservation Authority 3,241.73 8,007.07
Raison Region 137.59 339.85
Lanark County 4,427.92 10,936.96
Leeds and Grenville 5,802.18 14,331.38
Prescott and Russell 10,436.31 25,777.68
Ottawa Carleton 7,918.05 19,557.58
Charlottenburgh 77.70 191.92
Cumberland 598.30 1,477.80
West Carleton 174.34 430.62
Williamsburg 201.12 496.77
National Capital Commission 2,747.57 6,786.50
Domtar Inc. 1,596.52 3,943.40
Total Area 37,359.33 92,277.53
*OMNR statistics 1988-89
3. Status of Nursery Stock Production and the Provincial Tree Nurseries
Until 1993 four provincial nurseries in Southern Ontario supplied the bulk of the forest tree nursery stock forprivate and Crown use in that area. In addition, six provincial nurseries in the North produced stock largely forthe Crown and large private owners in Northern Ontario.
Financial constraints in 1993 led to the closure of four provincial nurseries, namely Midhurst, Thunder Bay,Gogama and Chapleau. This was followed by an announcement in October 1995 that three more nurseries
would be closed, following the spring harvest in 1996 as part of government wide expenditure reductions aimedat reducing the deficit. The nurseries to be closed are at Kemptville, Orono and Thessalon. It is expected thatthe Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources will continue to operatenurseries at Swastika, Dryden and St. Williams, as well as their tree seed plant at Angus.
The cost of nursery stock to private owners for the 1996 season will remain at $0.10 per seedling. Beginningwith the 1997 planting season, stock will be available only from nurseries at Swastika, Dryden and St. Williams.It will take several years for these nurseries to produce seedlings from Eastern Ontario seed sources.
Landowners in Eastern Ontario are concerned with the inconvenience and high cost ofshipping stock for three hundred miles or more from the nearest nursery at St. Williams.
The future of forest tree nursery stock production at Kemptville Nursery is unknown and efforts to look atprivatization are being considered. The province first supplied nursery stock to landowners from KemptvilleCollege of Agricultural Technology in 1923, when transplant beds were established there.
In 1992, there were 4,175,000 trees planted in the Eastern Ontario Model Forest area.A complete summary by county is shown in the following chart.
Summary of Tree Planting by Countyfor the 1992 Planting Year
No. of Trees (000's)
COUNTY OTC WIA Other Total %
Leeds & Grenville 550 310 105 965 23
Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry 480 175 115.00 770 18
Prescott, Russell 795 235 125 1155 28
Ottawa-Carleton 510 80 115 705 17
Lanark 310 140 60 580 14
TOTAL 2715 940 520 4175 100
The total distribution of Nursery Stock to private lands in Ontario from 1905 to 1995 was 986,895,843 trees. This includes over the counter stock, Woodlands Improvement Act stock and stock supplied for specialpartnership programs.
An annual breakdown of nursery stock distributed by year from 1905-1995 for private landuse is found in appendix 3.
4. Ontario's Agroforestry Program
Ontario's Agroforestry program began in 1984 when the author was seconded from the Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources to work with the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, as Agroforestry Coordinator.Agroforestry extension and education services were established at Ridgetown, Kemptville and Guelph. LaterAgroforestry research projects were intensified with funds provided through the Ontario Ministry of Agricultureand Food's Land Stewardship Program from 1987-1990.
In 1988 the first Winter Woodlot Conference was held at Kemptville College of Agricultural Technology,which proved very successful. It became an annual event, and on February 15, 1996 the 9th conferencewill be held.
The immediate success of the Kemptville Conferences has led to similar sessions being held elsewhere in theProvince, including two very successful woodlot conferences held annually in Trenton since 1991 in November,and Lindsay since 1994 in February. Another is planned for Renfrew County in 1996-97.
In August 1989 the first conference on Agroforestry in North America was held at the University of Guelph.This was followed by the 2nd International Symposium for Windbreaks and Agroforestry, hosted by theProvince of Ontario, at Ridgetown Conference in June 199 1. This conference was attended by 200professionals from around the world.
In 1991-1992 the University of Guelph developed two student manuals in agroforestry for use at Ontario'sColleges of Agricultural Technology for both undergraduate and continuing education courses. These manuals"Introduction to Agroforestry" and "Advanced Agroforestry" are currently in use at the colleges.
In 1988-89 an Interministerial Committee, chaired by Ralph Shaw, Director, Plant Industry Branch 0~.recommended further development and expansion of Ontario's Agroforestry Program with OMNR, taking thelead role and providing for the staffing of the Program. The Committee recommended that six positions beprovided for Agroforestry Extension Education, to be located at Ontario's Agricultural Colleges.
In 1992 a memorandum of Agreement was prepared and signed for Ontario's Agroforestry Agendabetween the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food,covering a five year period ending in 1997.
In 1993 Agroforestry Extension and Education advisors were selected for Ridgetown, Kemptville andGuelph. Information for contacting persons working in Ontario's Agroforestry program is found inAppendix 5.
Another major accomplishment for the Agroforestry program was the opening of a newAgroforestry Centre at Kemptville College of Agricultural Technology in October 1993.
The Agroforestry program reports, through the Ontario Agricultural Services Coordinating Committee, whichis a provincial advisory body whose responsibility is to review, assess and make recommendations regardingagri-food research and services in Ontario. It does this via the Agroforestry Research and Services Committee,which is a sub-committee of the Ontario Horticultural Crops Research and Services Committee.
In 1962, the Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario (ARIO) was established by an Act of the ProvincialLegislature. ARIO reviews proposals and assumes responsibility for the Ministry of Agriculture and Food andRural Affairs expenditures in research including Agroforestry.
5. Private Forests Sustainability Program
In 1993 the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources announced the Private Forests Sustainability Program. Tofacilitate the implementation of the program the Ministry assigned 31 Stewardship Coordinators to aid in theestablishment of Stewardship Councils. For a list of these coordinators see Appendix 6.
The Stewardship Coordinator's duties are as follows:
C Building the necessary partnershipsC Working collaboratively with agencies and associationsC Pursuing funding through non traditional sourcesC Providing a window to science and informationC Acting as spokesperson for the Stewardship CouncilC Building a network of contacts in the community and province.
The Community Stewardship Councils are formed as a mechanism for delivering the PrivateForest Sustainability Program.
Each council is made up of 8-15 individuals from the community who recognize and can influencecommunity involvement and interest in private land stewardship. The councils are apolitical and nonpartisan. They provide a means to foster stewardship, influence responsible land management, and to seekfunding opportunities to support their initiatives. This program is not a program controlled by government,but it is a program based on influence, involvement and interest at the community level.
To assist with the program, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources established a Private ForestSustainability Fund which is accessible only through the Stewardship Councils and coordinators.
The money is used to lever additional funding and/or resources to carry out the stewardshipinitiatives of each council.
Initially, a fund of two million dollars was established by the government for the fiscal year 1995-96. InNovember 1995 this fund was reduced to one million dollars as part of the governments cost cuttingmeasures.
By November 30 1995, nine stewardship councils had been formed, as well as 16 foundingcommittees.
At that time the following Resource Stewardship issues had been identified:1 . Development Pressures2. Drainage Maintenance3 Education - Landowner4. Education - Public5. Government Roles6. Landowner Rights7. Logging Practices8. Rehabilitation9. Tax Reform
10. Waste Management11. Water Quality and Quantity12. Wildlife Habitat13. Woodlot Management
A number of projects are currently being planned in the areas of conservation, landowner education, publiceducation, rehabilitation, wildlife management and woodlot management. The name of this initiative has recentlybeen changed to the Private Land Stewardship Program.
6. Forest Extension - Advisory and Assistance Programs
Since 1990 there has been numerous reductions in extension and advisory programs. Direct funding for theWoodlands Improvement Act, tree planting and woodlot management programs have been withdrawn. Staffreductions, budget cuts and changing priorities in the Ministry of Natural Resources have resulted in only a verylimited number of site inspections for tree planting and woodlot management. Ministry Tree Marking programsfor private landowners have been withdrawn, except at the Ministry's Carleton Place office.
It is expected that budget cuts to Conservation Authorities will reduce site inspections andfield forest management activities similarly.
In recognition of the importance of forest extension, Domtar Inc. is proposing to expand onadvisory and assistance programs, however at this time no details are available.
7. Conservation Authorities
There are 38 Conservation Authorities across Ontario. Most have active Forest Managementprograms and many provide assistance to private forest landowners.
On November 29th, 1995 the Ontario government announced severe cutbacks in Provincial funding to allauthorities, which will result in scaling back Provincial funding of $34 million per year to $17 million in the nextfiscal year, and to just $ 10 million by the fiscal year 1997-98. The Province has redefined its interests in thecase of the Conservation Authorities. The government has announced that once budget cuts take effect theprovincial funding to Conservation Authorities will focus on two areas, namely, flood control issues andprovincially significant conservation lands.
Flood control problems will receive $8 million and $2 million will go for the preservationof significant conservation lands.
It appears that Conservation Authority forest management and private land management assistance programscould be cut back severely as a result of that measure, but the extent of the cutbacks will depend largely on theavailability of funding from municipalities or special funding acquired from other sources to continue such work.
The mechanism and intensity of future management for the 22 Agreement Forests owned by ConservationAuthorities, is a matter of major concern. These managed forest lands are extensive and in 1989 composed40,746 hectares (100,643 acres), mostly located in Southern Ontario-
8. The Conservation Land Tax Reduction Program
The Conservation Land Act, Ch 28, provides the legislative framework for the Conservation Land TaxReduction Program. This program is intended to ease the property tax burden that threatens thepreservation of land that is vital to Ontario's natural heritage.
The Act provides as follows:
- It enables the Minister of Natural Resources to establish programs to recognize,encourage and support stewardship of conservation land.
- It provides for the payment of grants to the owners of identified conservation land.
This program provides a tax rebate of 100 percent on taxes paid since January 1, 1987 toowners of identified conservation land.
The aim of the program is to provide a tax incentive that will recognize, encourage and support privatelandowners who practice good stewardship by maintaining, in a natural state lands that contribute to provincialconservation and natural heritage objectives. In all, 372,000 hectares (918,840 acres) of land, mostly in SouthernOntario, were identified as conservation land.
Lands that contribute to provincial conservation and natural heritage objectives include:
- class 1, 2 and 3 wetlands- provincially significant Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSI's)- areas within the Niagara Escarpment Planning- Non-Revenue producing Conservation Authority Area Lands- other conservation land owned by non profit organizations that contribute through their
management to provincial conservation and natural heritage objectives, but do not fit specificallyinto one of the above categories
The minimum land area eligible for a rebate is 0.2 hectares (one-half acre). The minimum rebate is $20.00and the maximum is $25,000 per property owner, excluding Conservation Authorities. Rebates are paid onlywithin these limits for identified conservation lands.
Recently non-revenue producing Conservation Authority lands have been removed from theeligibility list for tax rebates.
9. Conservation Reserves on Public Lands
Conservation Reserve is a new category of protected area established in December 1994 under Ontario's PublicLands Act. Conservation Reserves are dedicated to the protection of natural heritage on public lands. A draftpolicy was circulated early in 1995 for comments. About 80-90 responses were received. Since then the policyhas been reworked by Ministry of Natural Resources staff and should be released early in 1996.
Conservation Reserves were proposed as an alternative to provincial parks for protection of Ontario's naturalheritage areas. They are managed to protect important national features on public land while permittingtraditional land uses and activities such as trapping, hunting and snowmobiling to continue. However, road
construction in Conservation Reserves will be limited and commercial logging, mining and hydro-electricdevelopment will not be permitted.
Reserves are selected through a planning process that includes the systematic inventory of Ontario's biologicaland geological diversity, the identification of potential areas that represent samples of diversity, and choosingthe best potential areas available for protection. The planning process also includes consultation with the publicconcerning potential areas for conservation reserves. Maps are prepared for recommended ConservationReserves and they become the basis to establish a Conservation Reserve by regulation under the Public LandsAct.
The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources is responsible for the management of Conservation Reserves. Unlike the Managed Forest Tax Reduction Program this program was not withdrawn due to financialconstraints.
10. The Crown Forest Sustainability Act 1994
Bill 171, an Act to revise the Crown Timber Act to provide for the Sustainability of Crown Forests in Ontario,received Royal assent December 4th, 1994 and came into force on April 1st, 1995. The new Act willsignificantly change Forest Management practices throughout Ontario's Crown forests.
In this Act, "sustainability" means long-term Crown forest health and for the purpose of this Act and theregulations, the sustainability of a Crown forest shall be determined in accordance with a Forest ManagementPlanning Manual. This manual provides for determinations of the sustainability of Crown Forests in a mannerconsistent with three principles, listed as follows:
1. Large, healthy, diverse and productive Crown Forests and their associated ecological processes andbiological diversity should be conserved.
2. The long-term health and vigour of Crown Forests should be provided for by using forest practices that,within the limits of silvicultural requirements, emulate natural disturbances and landscape patterns whileminimizing adverse effects on plant life, animal life, water, soil, air and social and economic values,including recreational values and heritage values.
Thus the new Act requires development of improved standards for forest sustainability.
Forest Management plans, work schedules and harvesting schedules, renewal and maintenance plans arerequired of companies before forest operations begin. New compliance mechanisms and stiffer penalties toenforce operations that range from 2.000 to one million dollars.
The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources began training sessions in September, 1995 in anticipation of theimplementation of Ontario's new Forest Management Planning Manual and the preparation of new plans.Forest Management Planning teams will begin preparing plans in January, 1996 for approval in March, 1998.The manual depends on over three dozen guidelines. Currently some of these guidelines are out of print or hardto obtain, while others are in draft form.
11. Planning Act Reform in Ontario
The Commission on Planning and Development Reform in Ontario was appointed by the Minister of Municipal
Affairs in 199 1. This Commission, chaired by John Sewell, was given a broad mandate to recommend changesto the Planning Act and related policy that would restore integrity to the land use planning process, and supportenvironmental, economic, agricultural and other public interests, making the land use planning process more fair,open and accountable.
The Commission's Final Report was submitted to the Minister of Municipal Affairs in June, 1993. The resultof this collaborative and open process was a set of 98 recommendations by the Commission, for an improvedland use planning system that integrates a wide range of interests in land use planning.
A comprehensive set of policy statements and implementation guidelines were developed.
Topics which relate to natural resource management include, significant woodlands, significant wildlife habitat,significant corridors, areas of natural and scientific interest, significant ravine, valley, river and stream corridors,shorelines of lakes, rivers and streams, and significant portions of the habitat of endangered, threatened andvulnerable species.
The policy statements provide direction regarding the province's interest in planning and the implementationguidelines provide information on policy background, explanation and implementation. The implementationguidelines came into effect on March 28, 1995.
Following a change in Government in June, a revised set of policy statements and implementation guidelineshave been developed. The new guidelines are less detailed and less imposing. The Ontario government wantsto make it easier for developers to have their projects approved, while giving municipalities more say in how theyplan their communities.
On November 16, 1995, the government announced several changes to Bill 163, including scrapping of a recentrequirement that planning decisions "be consistent with provincial policies". The government will revert to theold requirement that decisions "have regard to" provincial policies.
It is expected that planning act amendments will be passed in the spring of 1996.
In January 1996, the government announced new rules which will permit development onsensitive environmental areas, as well as on prime agricultural land.
These new rules permit development in significant woodlands, valley and wildlife areas, and in significant areasof natural and scientific interest, provided the development "will not negatively impact the natural features orthe ecological functions" of the area. In addition, development of significant wetlands will be permitted withinthe Canadian Shield.
The goal of the new policy statements is to outline the results the province wants the municipalities to aimfor, rather than to tell them how they must do it.
12. Closure of the Major Forest Facilities in Eastern Ontario
Forintek Canada Corp.
Forintek Canada Corp. was established in 1979. This private non-profit corporation was formed to do researchfor Canada's wood products industry. Forintek is dedicated to keeping Canada's wood products industry healthyand competitive through focussed technology. It operates the former forest products laboratory in Vancouverand until 1994 a laboratory in Ottawa. Research work at Forintek in Ottawa included Lumber ManufacturingTechnology, Resource Utilization, Expanded Uses for Wood Products, composite wood products and ensuringwood products are adequately recognized in codes and standards. Forintek also provided technology transferand technical services,
The transfer of the Eastern Laboratory and staff to Ste. Foy, Quebec in 1994, has resulted in the removal ofan important forestry research institution and will impact on Resource Managers in the Eastern Ontario ModelForest Area who relied on the convenience of their services within the area.
The Petawawa National Forestry Institute
The Petawawa National Forestry Institute is the closest major Federal Forest Research installation. It wasstarted in 1917 as a field camp to manage and protect the forests of the surrounding Petawawa Militaryreserve.
This institute covers an area of 98 square kilometres, and over the years has continued to cooperate withthe Petawawa Canadian Forces Base, by providing fire protection for the adjacent 260 square kilometres ofmilitary land.
Petawawa was one of only two national forestry institutes in Canada, the other being theForest Pest Management Institute at Sault Ste Marie, Ontario.
The forest research at the institute was conducted by approximately 125 people, including Research Scientists,Technicians and Communication Specialists who, along with students, formed a research and information centrethat was both a national and international leader in forestry.
That was until a year ago, when federal cost cutting measures resulted in a decision to closethe institute in 1996.
Many of the research and support staff have been transferred to other federal forest researchfacilities and others have been or will be laid off in the near future.
The loss of this institute is immeasurable to Eastern Ontario and Canada at large. A fewpeople will remain behind to maintain some aspects of the work on the property.
Forintek and the Petawawa National Forestry Institute were the two major forest research facilities in EasternOntario, and their closure will result in a significant reduction in forest research which will impact on the goalfor achieving sustainable forestry throughout the Eastern Ontario Model Forest Area.
CHAPTER 4
CONSTRAINTS TO SUSTAINABLE FOREST RESOURCEMANAGEMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Legislation and Policy
1. Gap
Provincial legislation and Policy impacting on Forest Management activities is not always known orunderstood by Forest Resource Managers,
Questionnaire respondents indicated they had no knowledge of any Provincial legislation that impacted on theirForest Management activities, beyond those noted in the questionnaire, yet there are many other Provincial Actsthat impact on their work. Half the respondents were not aware of pending changes in Provincial legislationthat would impact on their Forest Management activities, yet most respondents felt they have made a consciouseffort in keeping up-to-date with new or revised legislation.
Recommendation #1
The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources should take greater measures to ensure that the 160 ForestResource Managers who work in the Eastern Ontario Model Forest area, receive information concerningcurrent and revised legislation and policy that impacts on Forest Resource Managers' activities. This shouldbe done by more widespread distribution of information to all Forest Resource Managers, and by arranging formeetings and seminars to present information concerning both provincial and federal changes to all ForestResource Managers.
2. Gap
Several Forest Managers indicated that Tax Reform was needed to provide fairer taxation for privatewoodlands that would in turn provide incentive for private landowners to manage their forested lands, in a waythat would contribute to the goal of Sustainable Forestry.
Recommendation #2
The Provincial Government should reinstate the Managed Forest Tax Reduction Program as an interimmeasure, until tax reform in Ontario can provide for taxation of private forest lands in keeping with theirproductivity.
3. Gap
Tree Cutting Bylaws are found only in Lanark County and Ottawa/Carleton within the Eastern Ontario ModelForest area. Many Forest Managers feel that Tree Cutting Bylaws are necessary in all counties as a minimumlevel of control on harvesting, and that these bylaws are necessary in achieving sustainable forestry.
Recommendation #3
The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources should encourage other municipalities to pass Tree Cutting Bylawsthrough an expanded information and education program on the subject and provide training to bylawenforcement officers to ensure that bylaws are properly enforced.
Education for forest landowners on tree cutting should be expanded to encourage self regulation andimproved cutting practices.
4. Gap
Many forest managers have ideas concerning policies that should be developed to further support them intheir forest management activities, but there is no forum for dealing with their ideas and concerns.
Recommendation #4
A Legislative and Policy Committee consisting of Forest Resource Managers from the Federal and Provincialgovernments, the forest industry and private consultants from Eastern Ontario, should be formed to provide aforum for discussion on legislative and policy matters as it concerns them, and to direct recommendations toappropriate concerns.
Forest Management Guidelines
5. Gap
Several Forest Resource Managers have never attended a seminar, conference, workshop or course that dealtwith Forest Management Guidelines and related to their Forest Management activities. Many Forest ResourceManagers have been involved in producing Forest Management Guidelines over the past 5 years, but there islittle coordination between Resource Managers in setting priorities for production of Guidelines and minimizingduplication. Many Guidelines produced in Ontario are prepared for Forest Management on Crown lands andresult from government legislation and regulation.
Recommendation #5
Greater attention should be given to the production of Forest Management Guidelines appropriate for use onprivate lands, specifically in Eastern Ontario. These efforts should be coordinated by the Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources.
6. Gap
Most Forest Resource Managers feel that funding constraints have reduced their Forest Management fieldactivities by 50% or greater and some Forest Managers have had their field management activities eliminateddue to funding constraints.
Recommendation #6
Government, industry and representatives of private forest owner organizations in Eastern Ontario shouldmeet to assess means and ways to provide field services necessary to achieve sustainable forestry.
7. Gap
Many Forest Resource Managers are not familiar with many publication lists and bibliographies that couldassist them in locating Forest Management information.
Recommendation # 7
Forest Resource Managers should take greater advantage of potential sources of Forest Managementinformation from sources such as: The Ontario Professional Foresters Association, The Canadian Institute ofForestry, The Society of American Foresters, The Science and Technology Units of the Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources, The Ontario Forest Research Institute, and The Canadian Forest Service Offices.
APPENDIX 1
LIST OF THE CURRENT PROVINCIAL STATUTES OF ONTARIOPERTINENT TO THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY*
Abandoned Orchards ActAggregate Resources ActAgricultural Rehabilitation and Development ActAlgonquin Forestry Authority ActAnimals for Research ActArboreal Emblem ActArchives ActAssessment ActBeds of Navigable Waters ActBees ActBridges ActBuilding Code ActConservation Authorities ActConservation Land ActCrop Insurance ActCrown Timber ActDead Animal Disposal ActDiscriminatory Business Practices ActDog Owners Liability ActDrainage ActEndangered Species ActEnvironmental Assessment ActEnvironmental Bill of RightsEnvironmental Protection ActEscheats ActFarm Practices Protection ActFarm Products Grades and Sales ActFarm Products Marketing Act
*Unpublished Report. Forest Conservation Legislation, - A Digest of the Statutes ofOntario, by Paul L. Aird, 1994.
Forestry ActForestry Workers Employment ActForestry Workers Lien for Wages ActFreedom of Information and Protection of Privacy ActFrench Languages Services ActFur Farms ActGame and Fish ActHistorical Parks ActHuman Rights Code ActHunter Damage Compensation ActInterpretation ActLakes and Rivers Improvement ActLine Fences ActMineral Emblem ActMining ActMinistry of the Environment ActMinistry of Natural Resources ActMinistry of Northern Development and Mines ActMinistry of Tourism and Recreation ActMotorized Snow Vehicles ActMunicipal ActNiagara Escarpment Planning and Development ActNiagara Parks ActNon-resident Agricultural Land Interests Registration ActNorthern Ontario Heritage Fund ActOccupational Health and Safety ActOccupiers' Liability ActOfficial Notices Publication ActOff-Road Vehicles ActOmbudsman ActOntario Geographic Names Board ActOntario Heritage ActOntario Planning and Development ActOntario Professional Foresters ActOntario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ActOntario Water Resources ActParks Assistance ActParkway Belt Planning and Development ActPesticides ActPlanning ActPlanning Statute Law Amendment Act
Plant Diseases ActProvincial Land Tax ActProvincial Parks ActPublic Lands ActPublic Parks ActPublic Transportation and Highway Improvement ActRegional Municipalities ActRegulations ActRoad Access ActScience North ActSettlers' Pulpwood Protection ActSnow Roads and Fences ActSpruce Pulpwood Exportation ActStatutes ActSt. Clair Parkway Commission ActSt. Lawrence Parks Commission ActTopsoil Preservation ActToronto Atmospheric Fund ActTourism ActTransboundary Pollution Reciprocal Access ActTrees ActTrespass to Property ActWaterfront Regeneration Trust Agency ActWeed ControlWild Rice Harvesting ActWilderness Areas ActWoodlands Improvement ActWorkers' Compensation Act
APPENDIX 2
SUMMARY OF THE MANAGED FOREST TAX REDUCTION PROGRAM INONTARIO
Program No. of No. of Percent Amount Acreage Average AmountYear Properties Property Subsidy Paid Paid Amount of
Paid Owners in Paid SubsidyReceiving Dollars per Acre per
Leeds and Grenville Apr. 1975 - Mar. 1995 5,802.18
Lennox and Addington Apr. 1960 - Mar. 2000 473.04
Middlesex Apr. 1960-Mar.2000 1,012.96
Northumberland Apr. 1981-Mar. 2001 2,641.59
Oxford Apr. 1961-Mar.2000 342.06
Peterborough Apr. 1981-Mar.2000 80.94
Prescott and Russell Apr. 1983-Mar. 2001 10,436.31
Renfrew Apr. 1983-Mar.2003 6,431.98
Simcoe Apr. 1960-Mar.2000 10,696.90
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Apr. 1975-Mar.2000 3,262.88
Victoria Nov. 1976-Mar.2000 3,794.31
Wellington Apr. 1963-Mar.2003 521.44
REGIONAL MUNICIPALITIES
Durham May 1980-Apr. 2000 589.82
Halton Apr. 1976-Mar.2000 632.14
Ottawa/Carleton Apr. 1976-Mar.2004 7,918.05
Waterloo Apr. 1976-Mar.2001 347.39
York Apr. 1977-Mar.2027 2,030.48
INDUSTRY
Domtar Inc. Apr. 1974-Mar.1999 1,596.52
TOTAL AREA 118,926.07
* OMNR Statistics 1988-89
APPENDIX 8
COMMONLY USED FOREST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
The twelve Forest Management Guidelines for each category that respondents in the questionnaire were most familiarwith and using.
Provincial Forest Management Guidelines
Title Source Year No. ofPublished Respondents
familiar with
1 Best Management OMAF current 20Practices, Farm Forestry Agriculture
and Habitat Management Canada
2 Common Pests of OMNR 1975 20Ornamental Trees andShrubs by K.B. Turner etal
3 1995 OMAFRA 1995 18
4 Vegetation Management OMNR 1979 16for Wildlife in Ontarioby David Euler
5 The Farm Windbreak OMNR 1976 16
6 Sugar Bush Management OMNR 1992 16for Maple SyrupProducers by C.F. Coons
7 A Silvicultural Guide to OMNR 1990 16the White Pine and RedPine Working Groups
8 Managing Red Pine OMNR 1986 15Plantations
9 The Autecology of OMNR 1993 15Competing Non Crop STTU Vegetation on Old Field Sites in Southern Ontario by J.H. Louter et al
10 A Guide to Christmas Christmas 1982 15Tree Growing in Ontario Tree Growersby Hugh G. McPhee Assoc. Of Ont.
11 Best Management OMAFRA current 15Practices A First Look Agriculture Practical Solutions for CanadaSoil and Water Problems
12 Best Management OMAF current 15Practices Soil AgricultureManagement Canada
National and Federal Government Forest Management Guidelines
Title Source Year Published Number ofRespondentsfamiliar with
1. Hardwood Planting on Forestry Canada 1990 18Abandoned Farmland inSouthern OntarioRevised Guide by F.W.Von Althen
2. Insects of Eastern Pines Canadian Forestry 1983 16by A.H. Rose and O.H. ServiceLindquist
3 Insects of Eastern Canadian Forestry 1982 16Hardwood Trees by A.H. ServiceRose and O.H. Lindquist
4 Insects of Eastern Canadian 1977 15Spruce, Fir and Hemlock Forestryby A.H. Rose and O.H. ServiceLindquist
5 Insects of Eastern Larch, Canadian 1980 14Cedar and Juniper by ForestryA.H. Rose and O.H. ServiceLindquist
6 Successful Forestry, A Canadian 1988 10Guide to Private Forest ForestryManagement Service Ste-
Foy, Que.
7 Summary of the Joint 1991 9Proceedings of the PublicationHardwood Establishment Forestryand Management CanadaSymposium by R.A. OMNRCraig et al
8 The Canadian System of Agriculture 1978 8Soil Classification Canada
9 Glossary of Terms in Agriculture 1976 7Soil Science Canada
10 Management of Insect Forestry 1992 6
Pests of Cones in Seed CanadaOrchards in EasternCanada by Jean J.Turgeon and P. De Groot
11 A Study in Single Tree Canadian 1981 6Selection for Tolerant Forest ServiceHardwoods by A.B. PetawawaBerry National
ForestryInstitute
12 A Source Book for the Forestry 1993 6Management of the CanadaGypsy Moth by V.G. OntarioNealis and S. Erb Region
American Forest Management Guidelines
Title Source Year No. ofPublished Respondents
familiar with
1 Timber Management for Comell 1984 11Small Woodlands by University
Gary R. Goff et al Extension
2 Sugarbush Management USDA Forest 1990 10A Guide To Maintaining ServiceTree Health by David R.
Houston et al
3 Stress Triggered Tree USDA Forest 1981 10Diseases, The Diebacks Serviceand Declines by David
R. Houston
4 Crop Tree Management USDA Forest 1993 9in Eastern Hardwoods by Service
Arlyn W. Perkley andWilliam B. Leak
5 Prescribing Silvicultural USDA Forest 1992 9Treatments in Hardwood Service
Stands of theAlleghenies (Revised) by
David Marquis et al
6 A Silvicultural Guide for USDA Forest 1978 8White Pine in the Service
Northeast by Kenneth F.Lancaster et al
7 New England Wildlife USDA Forest 1992 7Management of Forested Service
Habitats by Richard M.DeGraff et al
8 Guide to Wildlife Tree USDA Forest 1987 6Management in New Service
England - NorthernHardwoods by Carl H.
Tubbs et al
9 Christmas Tree Pest USDA Forest 1983 6Manual by Janine M. Service
Benyus
10 New England Wildlife USDA Forest 1992 6Habitat, Natural History Service
and Distribution byRichard M. DeGraff and
D. Rudis
11 Maple Syrup Producers USDA 1976 6Manual by C.O. Willits Agricultural
and Claude H. Mills ResearchService
12 Forest Cover Types of Society of 1980 6the United States and AmericanCanada by F.H. Eyre, Foresters
Editor
APPENDIX 9PUBLICATION SOURCES FOR FOREST RESOURCE MANAGERS
The following are sources of management, scientific and technical publications useful for forest resourcemanagers. Many provide publication lists periodically and many publications can be acquired free ofcharge.
C Canadian Forest Service publications must be ordered by mail, fax, phone from the researchestablishment that publishes them because publication services are decentralized. A Publications Digestis prepared periodically and is available at the Ottawa Headquarters address noted on page 120.
Aird, P.L. Forest Conservation Legislation. A Digest of Statutes of Ontario. Unpublishedreport. 1994. 105 pp.
Borczon, E.L. Evergreen Challenge. The Agreement Forest Story. Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources. Undated. 60 pp.
Brodie, J.A. Timber Management in Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests1951. 19 pp.
Coons, C.F. Reforestation on Private Lands in Ontario. Forest Group, Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources. 1981. 31 pp.
Dixon R.M. The Forest Resources of Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests.Toronto. 1963. 107 pp.
Foster, W.T. and Turner, K.B. Forest Protection in Ontario. Ontario Department of Landsand Forests. 1960. 24 pp.
Kennedy, H. Report of the Ontario Royal Commission on Forestry 1947. Published byBaptist Johnston. 1947. 196 pp.
Kirkwood, A. Papers and Reports Upon Forestry, Forest Schools, Forest Administration and Managementin Europe, America, and the British Possessions. Warwick and Sons, Toronto. 1893. 261 pp.
Lambert, R.S. and Pross, P. Renewing Natures Wealth "A Centennial History of Public Management ofLands, Forests and Wildlife in Ontario 1763 - 1967." The Hunter Rose Company. 1967. 630 pp.
Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Statutes of Ontario and Revised Statutes of Ontario. 1867-1995.
Leslie, A.P. Forest Research in Ontario. Ontario Department of Lands and Forests. 1952.23 pp.
Ontario Department of Agriculture - Annual Reports 1905 - 1912.
Ontario Department of Planning and Development. Conservation in Eastern Ontario. Papers andProceedings of the Conference on Conservation in Eastern Ontario. February 2nd and 3rd 1945. 1946. 132pp.
Ontario Economic Council. A Forest Policy for Ontario. 1970. 38 pp.
Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs. A New Approach to Land Use Planning - AConsultation Paper. 1993. 22 pp.
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Private Land Forests A Public Resource. 1982. 161pp.
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