http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mgPEP8HAss

In geography it refers to:

Demographic changeEconomic growthIncreased use of resourcesModernizationHigher levels of technologyPolitical freedom

Provide statistical “evidence” of level of development

Population growthLife expectancyHealthEducationUrbanizationIncome distributionIndustrializationEnergy consumption

Based mainly on political and economic criteria:

First World Capitalist countries Free market economies Varying degree of government intervention.

Second World Socialist and communist countries Government economic control .

Third World Relatively poor and under-developed countries Located mainly in Asia, Africa and South America. Many have recently achieved political independence

from colonial powers Being drawn into the global economy.

LLEDC’s Least Economically Developed Countries

Lagging behind main LEDC clusterPoorest countries in the world

LEDC’sLess Economically Developed Countries

Mainly agricultural employment

FCC’sFormer Communist Countries

Struggling to convert their economies to capitalist lines

RIC’sRecently Industrialized Countries

Manufacturing BasedStarted industrialization 80-90’s

OPEC’sOil & Petroleum Exporting Companies

NIC’sNewly Industrialized Countries

Manufacturing basedStarted modern industrialization in

60’s

MEDC’sMore Economically Developed

CountriesFurthest along development pathway

Highest standards of living

ELDC’s

Large proportion of workforce engaged in primary activities

Large rural sectorRapid population

growthHigh rate of

urbanizationLow standards of

living

NIC’s

Increasing proportion of workforce in manufacturing industries

Significant average annual growth in manufacturing

Significant increase in GDP provided by manufacturing

Increasing share of the world’s manufacturing output

3 main groups of NIC’sAsian ‘tigers’ (Hong Kong, Singapore, S Korea,

Taiwan)Latin American (Brazil and Mexico)European (Portugal, Greece)

Most common measureGDP= total value of

goods and services produced in a country in a single year

15% of world’s population live in countries with high GDP/capita

56% of world’s pop live in areas with a low GDP/C

Some countries have a GDP/C lower then US$200 (Rwanda, Ethiopia)

Short-comings:Hides regional

variationsFails to take into

account local cost of living

Does not take into account the informal economy

Ignores the social and environmental cost of economic growth

Used by World Bank Level of GNP

adjusted to local cost of living

Takes into account: Food Transport Clothing Housing

Raises the position of many ELDC’s where cost of living is lower

Depresses the wealth of EMDC’s where cost of living is higher

The Big Mac Index is an informal way of measuring the purchasing power parity (PPP) between two currencies and provides a test of the extent to which market exchange rates result in goods costing the same in different countries.

More reliable or accurate measureUse a number of indices of

well-being/quality of life (qualitative measures)Literacy:

crude indicator of access to educationLiteracy is part of Prim Ed therefore accessibleEducation plays a role in productivity

Life Expectancy:Having life is most NB aspect of quality of lifeReflects access to medical care, adequate nutrition

Infant Mortality Rate

IndicatorAve. of 3 measures

Longevity Knowledge Standard of living

PQLI (ODA) Life expectancy Literacy Infant mortality

HDI (UN) Life expectancy at birth 1. Adult literacy rate2. Combined school

enrolment ratio

Adjusted per capita income in PPP$

GDI Female and male life expectancy at birth

1. Female and male literacy rates

2. Female and male combined school enrolment ratios

Adjusted per capita income in PPP$, based on female and male earned income shares

HPI-1Developing countries

Percentage of people not expected to survive to age 40

Adult literacy rate 1. % of people without access to safe water

2. % of people without access to health services

3. % of underweight children under 5

HPI-2Industrialized countries

Percentage of people not expected to survive to age 60

Adult functional literacy rate

% of people living below the income poverty line (50% of median personal disposable income)

Can hide widespread inequalities

Regional and racial HDI’s can be developed to show patterns

1. Under free market conditions2. Countries exploit their resources3. Countries base their growth on

their advantages4. Most EMDC’s

1. Governments control all resources2. Dictate type and place of growth

that they desire3. North Korea, USSR, China

1. NIC’s progressing from using import substitution industries (ISI’s) which reduce debt, into developing export oriented industries (EOI’s) which gain valuable foreign currency

2. South Korea, Taiwan

EconomicReducing unemploymentRaising productivityUsing resources more efficiently

Social Increase standards of livingSlowing migrationReducing regional inequalities

PoliticalAttempting to win votes before an election

EnvironmentalDerelictionBlight and contamination

Describes how EMDC’s have changed from agricultural societies to post-industrial societies

Change occurred because success in one sector produced surplus revenue

Revenue invested in new industries and technologies

Increased range of industries in an area

The most basic model:• Descriptive• Crude level of analysis• Omits to say how or why country developed• Does not show regional variations

Traditional subsistence economy Agricultural basis Little manufacturing Few international links Low population growth

Pre-conditions for take-off Establishes international links Resources increasingly

exploited (by colonial countries or MNC’s)

Begins to develop urban system (primate city)

Develops transport infrastructure

Inequalities emerge between developed core and underdeveloped periphery

Population increases in the Core

Drive to Maturity Diversification of

economy Development of service

industry (health, education, welfare)

Growth spreads to other sectors and regions

Population growth slows and stabilizes

Age of high mass consumption Advanced urban-

industrial systems High

production/consumption of consumer goods

Population growth slows considerably

•Take-off to Maturity (sustained growth)

•Economy expands rapidly (manufacturing)•Population growth accelerates•Regional inequalities intensify (multiplier effect)•Growth is either natural (EMDC), forced (FCC), or planned (NIC)

Anglo-centricAspatial – does not

look at variations within countries

Does not take racial differences into account

Over time economic forces increase regional inequalities rather than reduce them

Development caused by natural advantages and regional interaction

3 stages1. Traditional, pre-industrial

stage with few regional disparities

2. Increased disparities caused by multiplier effect and backwash effects as country industrializes

3. A reduction in regional inequalities as spread effects occur

Comparative advantages Natural resources Location Labor supply Market access

Stimulate industrial growth

Acquired advantages Improvements in

infrastructure Skilled work force

Reinforce area’s reputation Attracts further investment Region grows and stays

aheadMultiplier effect occurs

Cumulative causation

Spatial interaction increases Movement to Core

Skilled workers Investment New developments

Peripheral areas have backwash effect Flooded by manufactured

goods from core Prevents development of

manufacturing in periphery

Spread effects occurs When core stimulates

surrounding areas to develop to meet consumer demand

1. Preindustrial economy: independent local centers no hierarchy

2. Transitional economy: Single strong center

emerges Dominates colonial

society as preconditions begin

Growing manufacturing center

Concentration of investment

Core with primate city

3. Industrial economy Single strong centre Strong peripheral sub-centers Increased regional inequalities

between core and periphery Upward spiral in the core Downward spiral in periphery

(cumulative causation) As economy expands, more

balanced national development

Sub-centers develop Form integrated national

urban hierarchy

4. Post-industrial economy Functionally interdependent

urban system Periphery is eliminated

Demographic change

Economic growthIncreased use of

resourcesModernizationHigher levels of

technologyPolitical freedom