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@rijbesbo SfsijtfGVD-93;

EJ^[ONVB^EOJ ^O ^GFGVDIJE^EFR EE8

^GF [FJIERRIJBF ^O ^GFS[FRFJ^

9

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NF@EJEJA ^GF GVDIJE^EFR

Okhfbtevfs

Ne``frfjteitf kftwffj tgf gudijetefs ijn vireous

otgfr donfs o` gudij ejquery ijn fxprfsseoj.

Enfjte`y fxidpmfs o` irt, duseb,irbgetfbturf, pgemosopgy, ijn metfriturf tgit

rf`mfbt burrfjt nfvfmopdfjts ej pometebs,

sobeofbojodeb stitus, ijn tfbgjomoay.

;

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NF@EJEJA ^GF GVDIJE^EFR

Qgit irf tgf gudijetefs?

Qgy sgoumn wf stuny gudijetefs?

Bumturim mfaiby8 Enfis ijn ibgefvfdfjts gijnfn

nowj `rod afjfriteoj to afjfriteoj

^gfy fstikmesgfn tgf wiys o` meveja bommfbtevfmy.

Rurvevim

Boddujimety

Rfm`-ljowmfnaf

Brfiteoj ijn trijseteoj o` sbefjte`eb ijn tfbgjomoaebim

tooms, sobeim ijn bumturim ejstetuteoj, rfmeaeous ijn

pgemosopgeb systfds, is wfmm is pfrsojim fxprfsseojs.

2

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NF@EJEJA ^GF GVDIJE^EFR

^ooms `or ipproibgeja tgf bumturim mfaiby

^fxt

Dfneud, @ord ijn Bojtfjt

Bojtfxt ^edf ijn pmibf

Ruktfx

Fdoteojim ijn ejtfmmfbtuim dfssiafs fdkfnnfn ej tgf

bumturim dije`fstiteojs.

>

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NF@EJEJA ^GF GVDIJE^EFR

Boursf Ovfrvefw

Mitf Dennmf Iafs (ujtem WEP Bfjtury)

[fjiessijbf (WEEE-WPE Bfjtury ) Donfrj Iaf (WPE-WPEEE Bfjtury)

Bojtfdporiry Iaf (9175-Srfsfjt)

6

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NF@EJEJA ^GF GVDIJE^EFR

^gf Iaf o` tgf [fjiessijbf.

Bgiptfr 968Invfrsety ijn Bgimmfjaf8 ^gf

@ourtffjtg-Bfjtury rijseteoj

0

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NF@EJEJA ^GF GVDIJE^EFR

Invfrsety ijn Bgimmfjaf8 ^gf @ourtffjtg-

Bfjtury rijseteoj.

^gf Kmibl Nfitg

Kukojeb pmiauf

@mfi-kfireja kmibl rits `rod tgf @ir Fist, wgo bidf

wetg tgf boddfrbeim vfssfms to tgf Dfnetfrrijfij

ports (92>1-9216)

Moss o` ovfr 9/2 o` Furopf popumiteoj Edpibt oj tgfer Qormnvefw, tgfer pgemosopgy o` me`f

(Qfmtijsbgiuuja)

1

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^GF @OV[^FFJ^G-BFJ^V[U ^[IJRE^EOJ

Furopf ej rijseteoj

^gf [esf o` Bojstetuteojim Dojirbgy

Leja Hogj o` Fjamijn (9901-9;90)

Diaji Birti

[oyim Boujbem

Bojtrom o` `funim tixfs

^reim ky HuryMiw ovfr tgf wemm o` tgf rumfr

7

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^GF @OV[^FFJ^G-BFJ^V[U ^[IJRE^EOJ

Furopf ej rijseteoj

^gf [esf o` Bojstetuteojim Dojirbgy

Leja Gfjry EEE (9;31-9;1;)

Arfit Boujbem (Sirmeidfjt)

5

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^GF @OV[^FFJ^G-BFJ^V[U ^[IJRE^EOJ

^gf Gujnrfn Ufirs Qir (9221-9>62)

Jordij Bojqufst

Nfitg o` Bgirmfs P (92;7< Bipft Nejisty)

Sgemep EP (Pimoes Nejisty)

Qoom trinf (@mfdesg mijns)

93

8/22/2019 HUM-102. Adversity and Challenge: The Fourteenth-Century Transition

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^GF @OV[^FFJ^G-BFJ^V[U ^[IJRE^EOJ

^gf Gujnrfn Ufirs Qir (9221-9>62)

Fjamesg `orbfs

@oot somnefr

Moja-kows

Aujpownfr

Idkusg ittibls

@rfjbg `orbfs

Judfrous (289) Sromojafn boj`mebt

Hoij o` Irb (9>9;-9>29)

Kuraujny kftriyim

Rbutiaf (krouagtdemetiry protfbteoj)

99

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^GF @OV[^FFJ^G-BFJ^V[U ^[IJRE^EOJ

^gf Nfbmejf o` tgf Bgurbg

Iveajoj Sipiby (9235-9211)

Arfit Rbgesd (9217-9>91)

Boujbem o` Bojstijbf (9>91)

Bommfaf o` Birnejims

9;

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^GF @OV[^FFJ^G-BFJ^V[U ^[IJRE^EOJ

^gf Nfbmejf o` tgf Bgurbg

Ijtebmfrebimesd ijn tgf [esf o` Nfvoteojim Sefty

(dystebesd)

Qfimtg ijn retfs (pemarediaf & rfmeb worsgep) Srevitf retfs

Nfbmejf o` Bgurbg [esf o` tgf Jiteoj Rtitf

92

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^GF @OV[^FFJ^G-BFJ^V[U ^[IJRE^EOJ

Metfriturf ej rijseteoj

^gf Robeim [fimesd o` Kobbibbeos Nfbidfroj

@enfmety to jiturf ijn pfrsojim fxpfrefjbf

^fj niy. Rfvfj youja wodfj ijn 2 youja dfj

rftrfit to tgf sukurks o` @morfjbf.

Ejseagt o` tgf sobeim bojbfrjs ijn vimufs, wgemf

nestribteja `rod tgf gorror o` tgf pijnfdeb

pmiauf.

9>

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Kobbibbeos Nfbidfroj (9269)

Jovfm W

Seftro nf Pejbeomo vi i bfjir ufri

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^GF @OV[^FFJ^G-BFJ^V[U ^[IJRE^EOJ

Irt ej rijseteoj

Aeottos Jfw [fimesd

Nesbepmf o` Bedikuf

Dinojji Fjtgrojfn (9293)

[okust

Me`fmelf

Nfptg Bgeirosburo

;6

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^GF @OV[^FFJ^G-BFJ^V[U ^[IJRE^EOJ

;0

9;53 9293

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NF@EJEJA ^GF GVDIJE^EFR

^gf Iaf o` tgf [fjiessijbf.

Bgiptfr 908Bmissebim Gudijesd ej

tgf Iaf o` tgf [fjiessijbf

;1

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimy8 Kertgpmibf o` tgf [fjiessijbf Ibboujteja systfd ejgfretfn `rod tgf

Dusmeds

[fborns o` trijsibteojs (noukmf-fjtry kool-lffpeja)

Aomn `morej is mfaim tfjnfr `or imm nfkts.

;7

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimy8 Kertgpmibf o` tgf [fjiessijbf

Dojfy ijn mfesurf ej urkij sftteja

^gf aoim o` tgf fdfraeja bmissNe``frfjt o` tgf `funim ijn bgevimry

okmeaiteojs.

;5

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimy8 Kertgpmibf o` tgf [fjiessijbf

Arfit Rbgesd

Ijtebmfrebimesd

Rlfptebesd

23

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimy8 Kertgpmibf o` tgf [fjiessijbf Bety-stitfs donfm

@et wfmm wetg tgf Etimeij rfimety

Bojnojtefrre8 pro`fsseojim somnefrs wgossfrvebfs wfrf krouagt ky tgf Etimeij bety-

stitfs ej ornfr to rfsomvf tgfer boj`mebt.

[umfn ky pftty jokemety, ky dfrbfjiryafjfrims or ky wfimtgy dennmf bmiss `idemefs.

29

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimy8 Kertgpmibf o` tgf [fjiessijbf Bety-stitfs donfm

@morfjbf wetg i popumiteoj o` 63l, wis rumfn ky 933`idemefs.

Fx8 ^gf Dfnebes (^gf Dfnebes rumfn `or > afjfriteojs,kfaejjeja ej tgf 9>tg Bfjtury).

Bosedo (9275-9>0>)

Morfjzo ^gf Diaje`ebfjt (9>>5-9>5;).

Kijleja `idemyRupportfn sbgomirsgep ijn pitrojezfn irts.

Fx8 Krujfmmfsbge, Kottebfmme, Pfrrobgeo &Debgfmijafmo

2;

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimeij [fjiessijbf Gudijesd stuneomo (sdimm stuny rftrfit), `emmfn

wetg dijusbrepts, dusebim ejstrudfjts,

ijn irte`ibts o` sbefjte`eb ejquery, bidf tokf fssfjteim to tgf invijbfdfjt o`

ejtfmmfbtuim me`f .

22

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimeij [fjiessijbf Gudijesd Irestotmfs vefw o` gudij kfejas is

pometebim ijedims ijn Bebfros

amore`ebiteoj o` nuty to tgf stitffjbouriafn gudijest to pfrbfevf tgit

tgf fxfrbesf o` beveb rfspojsekemety wis

tgf gimmdirl o` tgf bumtevitfn ejnevenuim.

2>

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimeij [fjiessijbf Gudijesd Bisteameojf8 ^gf Qfmm-[oujnfn Sfrsoj

^gf Kool o` tgf Bourtefr(9692-9697)8 I trfitesf o`

i Etimeij nepmodit, Kimnissirf Bisteameojf (9>17-96;5), wgebg nfims wetg tgf bojbfrjs ijn

quime`ebiteojs o` tgf enfim [fjiessijbf dij ijn

wodij.

Distfr imm tgf slemms o` tgf dfnefvim wirreor Nespmiy tgf pgysebim pro`ebefjby o` i bgidpeoj itgmftf.

26

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimeij [fjiessijbf Gudijesd Bisteameojf8 ^gf Qfmm-[oujnfn Sfrsoj

^gf Kool o` tgf Bourtefr(9692-9697)

Sossfss tgf rf`ejfdfjt o` i gudijesteb

fnubiteoj.

Ljow Mitej ijn Arffl

Kf `idemeir wetg tgf bmissebs

Rpfil ijn wretf wfmm

Bodposf vfrsf, nriw ijn pmiy dusebim ejstrudfjt.

20

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimeij [fjiessijbf Gudijesd Dibgeivfmme ijn Sowfr Sometebs

^gf donfrj joteoj o` proarfss is ij ibtevf

probfss o` edproveja tgf mot o` tgf ejnevenuim wiskorj nureja tgf [fjiessijbf.

Srfveous ijn rfbfjt gestorebim fvfjts givf provfj

tgf bojtriry.

21

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimeij [fjiessijbf Gudijesd Dibgeivfmme ijn Sowfr Sometebs

Jebbomo Dibgeivfmme (9>05-96;1).

Breteb o` Etimeij bety-stitfs mibl o` ujety.

I wfiljfss iaiejst outsenf powfrs (9>5>).

Rtunfjt o` [odij gestory.

27

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimeij [fjiessijbf Gudijesd Dibgeivfmme ijn Sowfr Sometebs

^gf Srejbf, i pometebim trfitesf tgit bimmfn `or

tgf uje`ebiteoj o` Etimy ujnfr i powfr`um ijnbouriafous mfinfr.

^gf jffn `or i stroja stitf, huste`efn stroja

rumf.

I sfbumir prejbf sbgoomfn ej wir ijn gestory,

sgoumn rumf.

Dust trust jo ojf, mfist o` dfrbfjiry somnefrs

25

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimeij [fjiessijbf Gudijesd Dibgeivfmme ijn Sowfr Sometebs

^gf Srejbf

I meoj ej `efrbfjfss, i `ox to outsdirt gesfjfdefs.

[utgmfss ijn, e` jffnfn, sibre`ebf dorim vertuf.

@or tgf prfsfrviteoj o` i stroja stitf, wemm

huste`y ijy dfijs o` diejtiejeja powfr,

gowfvfr bujjeja or veomfjt.

>3

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BMIRREBIM GVDIJERD EJ ^GF IAF O@ ^GF [FJIERRIJBF

Etimeij [fjiessijbf Gudijesd Dibgeivfmme, ^gf Srejbf

Srfsudfs i jfaitevf jiturf o` gudijlejn8

^gijlmfss, `eblmf, `imsf, arffny, nesgojfst ijnsedpmf

^gf stitf es ijn edpfrsojim pgfjodfjoj,

so is ij idorim pgfjodfjoj, es fxfdpt`rod ijy dorim hunadfjt.

Jot is es sgoumn kf, kut is et wis.

Donfrj Furopfs `erst pometebim sbefjtest. >9

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^GF [FJIERRIJBF ^O ^GF S[FRFJ^

[f`frfjbfs8 @efro, A. L. (;399). ^gf gudijesteb

trineteoj, Kool 28 ^gf Furopfij

rfjiessijbf, tgf [f`orditeoj, ijntgf amokim fjboujtfr(0tg. Fn). JfwUorl, JU8 DbAriw Gemm.

Rgfrdij, N & Rimeskury, H. (;337).Bevemezibeojfs nf obbenfjtf. Pom Egisti 9196. Dxebo8 DbAriw Gemm.

>5