HUMAN ANATOMY 101HUMAN ANATOMY 101
Sports Medicine IISports Medicine IIMrs. Marr
OBJECTIVES!OBJECTIVES!• Review of major bones, muscles,
ligaments and terminology
• Identify and name major muscles
• Identify and name major bones
• Identify and name major ligaments
• Correctly define and use common anatomical terminology
Basic Structural LevelsBasic Structural LevelsHUMAN BODY
Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Integumentary
Skeletal
Respiratory
Heart
Brain
Liver
Lungs Muscular
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGYANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY• The standard reference body position is called
“anatomical position”. All things we discuss in class refer to the body in this position
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Supine – Someone in the supine
position is lying on his or her back.
• Prone – Someone in the prone
position is lying face down
• Right Lateral Recumbent – The Right lateral
recumbent, or RLR, means that the patient is lying on their right side.
• Left Lateral Recumbent – The left lateral
recumbent, or LLR, means that the patient is lying on their left side.
Postures and Direction of Movement
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Fowler's Position – A person in the Fowler's
position is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either be straight or bent.
• Trendelenberg Position – A person in the
Trendelenberg position is lying supine with their head slightly lower than their feet.
PLANEPLANES S
In anatomy, a body plane is an imaginary flat surface that is used to define a particular area of anatomy. We usually use the umbilicus as a point of reference
PLANESPLANES FRONTAL (or coronal)
separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts
MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts
HORIZONTAL (transverse or Cross-Section) separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts
SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane– Parasagittal plane-
Longitudinal section that divides the body in unequal left and right sections
Terms of Relation or Terms of Relation or PositionPosition
Directional Terms- paired terms, each indication opposite directions. There are different terms when relating to humans and other animals
Superior (closer to the head)Inferior (closer to the feet)
reference point -- horizontal plane
Medial (lying closer to the midline)
Lateral (lying further away from the midline)
reference point -- sagittal plane
Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior surface of the body Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior surface of the body
– reference point -- frontal or coronal plane Proximal- closer to the origin of a structure Distal- further away from the origin of a structure
– reference point -- the origin of a structure
Terms of Relation or Terms of Relation or PositionPosition
Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position
Superficial or Deep reference point -- surface of body or organ
Median- midlinereference point -- along the midsagittal or median plane
Intermediate -between two other structures
Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position
External or Internal refers to a hollow structure (external being outside and internal being inside)
Supine - face or palm up when lying on back
Prone- face or palm down when lying on
anterior surface of body
Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position
Cephalad- toward the head (higher in position)
Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in position)
Regional TermsRegional TermsRegional Terms-refer to
special areas of the body
Cervical- refer to the neck
Palmar- the anterior surface of the hand; the posterior surface of the hand is the dorsal surface
Regional TermsRegional Terms
Thoracic- the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen that is commonly referred to as the chest or thorax
Dorsum- the top of the foot
Plantar- the sole of the foot
Axilla (armpit)- the depression on the inferior surface of the attachment of the upper limb and the body trunk
Arm- the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow
Forearm- the potion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist
Regional TermsRegional Terms
Groin (inguinal region)- the junction of the thigh with the abdominal wall
Thigh- the portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee
Leg- the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle
Regional TermsRegional Terms
Low BackLow Backo Lumbar- the
portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis
o Sacral- the lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks
MUSCLE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONCONTRACTION
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Flexion – Flexion is to bend at a joint,
or to reduce the angle Flexion increasing angle with frontal plane.
• Extension – Extension is to straighten at
a joint, or to increase the angle, for example, from 90 degrees to 180 degrees. Extension decreasing angle with frontal plane
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Abduction – Abduction is movement
away from the midline, or to abduct. Abduction moving away from the sagittal plane
• Adduction – Adduction is movement
toward the midline, or to add. Adduction toward the sagittal plane
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Protraction moving forward along
a surface
Retraction backward along a surface
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Elevation raising a structure
(Shoulder Shrugs)
Depression lowering a structure
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement
Medial Rotation movement around an axis of a bone
Lateral Rotation movement around an axis of a bone
Postures and Direction of Movement
• Supination – Supination is to rotate the
forearm so that the palm faces forward. Supination placing palm forward (in anatomical position)
• Pronation – Pronation is to rotate the
forearm so that the palm faces backward. Pronation placing palm backward (in anatomical position)
Postures and Direction of MovementPostures and Direction of Movement
• Medial/ Lateral Rotation is at the Tibia (knee Joint)- not Inversion/ Eversion which occurs at the Ankle Joint
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Circumduction-combined
movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation (circumscribe a cone)
Opposition- bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up
AbdomenAbdomenBefore getting into the nitty gritty of
the abdomen, keep in mind that you want to be able to use your knowledge to project the anatomy onto the surface of the abdomen. You will want to be able to visualize the relative positions of abdominal organs as they lie within the abdomen. Clinicians might use several different ways of subdividing the surface of the anterior abdominal wall but I will only present two of them here. By subdividing the surface into regions, one person can tell another person exactly where to look for possible problems.
Abdominopelvic area is
divided into four quadrants
:
Right Upper Right Lower Left Upper Left Lower
1.upper left quadrant ULQ
2.lower left quadrant LLQ
3.upper right quadrant URQ
4.lower right quadrant LRQ
These quadrants are developed by dropping a vertical line down the middle of the sternum MSP
and a horizontal line across and through the umbilicus TUP
The abdominal cavity can also be The abdominal cavity can also be divided into nine regions to make it divided into nine regions to make it
easier to identify organseasier to identify organs1. Right hypochondriac
2. Epigastric 3. Left hypochondriac4. Right lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar7. Right iliac (inguinal)
8. Hypogastric 9. Left iliac (inguinal)
1. right hypochondriac RH 2. epigastric E 3. left hypochondriac LH 4. right lumbar RL 5. umbilical U6. left lumbar LL 7. right iliac RI 8. hypogastric H 9. left iliac LI
These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes.
The two vertical planes are the lateral lines LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from a point half way between the jugular notch and the acromion process.
The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests.
9 abdominal regions: 9 abdominal regions:
Body CavitiesBody CavitiesBody cavities- lined with
membranes and contains fluid that surrounds structures within the cavities.
Dorsal (posterior) Cavity- contains the cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)
Ventral (anterior) Cavity- thoracic cavity – consists of the pericardial (heart) and pleural (left & right lungs) cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity- consists of the abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small & large intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal reproductive organs).
QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?
What will you have to
know…
Skeletal System• You should be able to locate and identify the following bones in the
human body.– Skull - Ribs - Talus– Nasal bone - Xyphoid process - Phalanges– Zygomatic arch - Sternum - Lumbar vertebrate– Mandible - Humerus– Maxilla - Ulna– Cervical vertebrate - Radius– Clavicle - Carpals– Scapula - Metacarpals– Thoracic vertebrate - Phalanges– Ilium - Ischium– Pubis - Sacrum– Coccyx - Femur– Patella - Tibia– Fibula - Calcaneus– Metatarsals - Tarsals
Muscular System• You should be able to locate and identify the
following muscles or muscle groups:Trapezius Anterior Tibialis Biceps Brachii
Triceps Brachii Deltoid Sternocleidomastoid
Gluteus Maximus Semitendonosis Vastus Medialis
Vastus Lateralis Semimembranosis Biceps Femoris
Vastus Intermedius Gastrocnemius Soleus
Rectus Abdominus External Obliques Serratus Anterior
Latissimus Dorsi Achilles Tendon Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis
Rectus Femoris
Major Ligaments
• You should be able to locate and identify the following ligaments:– Acromioclavicular Lig. - Iliofemoral Lig. – Sternoclavicular Lig. - Medial Collateral Lig.– Ulnar Collateral Lig. - Lateral Collateral Lig.– Radial Collateral Lig. - Anterior Talofibular Lig.– Glenohumeral Lig. - Deltoid Lig.– Annular Lig. - Posterior Talofibular Lig.– Coracoclavicular Lig. - Posterior Cruciate Lig.– Anterior Cruciate Lig.
Posterior View
Rhomboids
Paraspinals
Spine ofthe Scapula
SpinousProcess
(T12)
Teres Major/Minor
Infraspinatus
Anterior View of the Thorax
AcromionTrapezius
LatissimusDorsi
Rectus Abdominis
Serratus Anterior
Oblique
Sternum
SC Joint
Sternocleidomastoid
Rectus Femoris Sartorius
Illiac Crest
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Gracilis
Adductor Longus
Pectineus
Lateral FemoralCondyle
Tibia
Patellar Tendon
Patella
Tibialis Anterior
Peroneus
ExtensorDigitorum
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Fibular Head
Calcaneus
Gluteus MaximusGluteus Medius
AchillesTendon
Gastrocnemius
Semimembranosus
PopitealFossa
BicepsFemoris
Semiteninosus
Medial Malleolus
Lateral Malleolus
Gracilis
AdductorMagnus
Vastus Lateralis
Greater Trochanter(Femur)
Hamstrings (Semiteninosus,Semimembranosus, Biceps Femoris)
Hip Flexors (Illopsoas, Rectus Femoris,Tensor Fac iae LataePec tineus ,G rac ilis , Sartor ius )
Tensor FaciaeLatae
Quadriceps (Rectus Femoris,Vastus Lateralis,Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Medialis)
Lateral JointLine
Medial Joint Line
Groin/Anterior Thigh (Adductors,Pectineus, Gracilis)
Plantar Fascia