Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1
I.Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• ____________________=thestudyofthestructureandshapeofthebodyanditspartsandtheirrelationshipstooneanother…..largebodystructures---grossanatomy
• v.__________________anatomy(toosmalltobeseenw/oamicroscope)
Anatomy
Microscopic
• _______________________studyofhowbodyanditspartsworkorfunctioninnature….manysubdivisions,like_______________________and______________________________
• RelationshipsbetweenAnatomyandPhysiology• ---The2arealwaysrelated…Structuresdeterminewhatfunctionscantakeplace
Physiology Neuron-physiology Cardiacphysiology
II. Levels of Structural Organization
• Atthe______________________levelatomscombinetomake____________________.
• Atthe__________________level,__________arecomposedofmolecules.
• Atthe_______________________,itismadeofthesametypeofcells,functioningtogether.
chemical molecules
cellular cells Tissuelevel
• Atthe____________________level,differenttissuesworktogetherforacommonfunction.
• Attheorgansystemleveldifferentorgansworktogetherclosely.
• thehighestlevelistheorganism
organ
A.OrganSystemOverview
– ___________________________________=externalcoveringofthebody;waterproofs,cushionsandprotects:excretessaltsandureainperspirationandhelpsregulatebody________________.Temp,pressureandpainreceptorsintheskinalertusatthebodysurface.
Integumentarysystem
temperature
• __________________________________=consistsofbones,cartilage,ligamentsandjoints.-supportsbodyandprovidesframeworkforskeletalmuscle-alsoprotects….___________________-----formationofbloodcellstakesplaceinbonemarrow;alsostorehouseforminerals
SkeletalSystem
Hematopoiesis
– _______________________________=Contractorshortentoproducemovementofbody-skeletalmuscles-orw/inorgans-cardiacorsmoothmuscles
– _______________________________=hasbrain,spinalcord,nervesandsensoryreceptorsascontrolsystem
Muscularsystem
Nervoussystem
• _______________=controlsbodythroughhormonalcontrol.Endocrinereleasehormones-chemicals-intothebloodandtheygotoatargetorgan.Theseglandsinc.thepituitary,thyroid,parathyroid,adrenals,thymus,pancreas,pineal,ovaries,andtestesWhatiscontrolledincludesgrowth,reproductionandfoodusedbycells.
EndocrineSystem
– ____________includestheheartandbloodvesselsandblood,transportingoxygenandnutrients,hormones,etc….wbcs-protect
– LymphaticSystem-inc.lymphaticvessels,lymphnodesorgans,suchasthespleenandtonsils.Thevesselsreturnfluidleakedfromthebloodbacktoblood…thenodeshelpcleanthebloodandareinvolvedinimmunity.
Cardiovascular System
• ________________-Basicallyatuberunningthroughthebodyfrommouthtoanus-inc.mouth,esophagus,stomach,sm.andlg.intestine,andrectum—Breakdownfoodanddelivertheproductstobloodsoitwillgotocells---undigestedreturnstobeeliminatedasfeces
DigestiveSystem
– UrinarySystem-removes nitrogen containing wastes from blood and excretes as urine---maintains body’s water and salt balance—inc. kidneys,ureters,bladder,urethra
– ReproductiveSystem-to produce offspring-----testes male/ovaries-female
III. Maintaining Life
• LIFEFUNCTIONS_• MaintainingBoundaries-keepinsideseparatefromoutside– Cellshavemembranes– Bodyissurroundedby_________________aswillasdoestheinternalorgans.
Integumentarysystem
• B.Movement.–promoted by muscular system- walking,etc….using fingers….and bones provide support– Movement also happens
as________________________________are propelled through the organs
Substancessuchasblood
• C.____________________-orIrritabilityistheablitytosensechanges(stimuli)inenvironment)andreact
• Nervecellshighlyirritable• Otherpartsofyourbodyrespondtostimuli
responsiveness
• D.Digestion-breaking down food into simple molecules to be absorbed into the blood,which goes to your body cells
• E.___________-referstoallchemicalreactionsthatoccurw/inbodycells---makesnutrientsandoxygenavailabletothebloodandonthecardiovascularsystemtodistributeneededsubstancesthroughoutthebody---regulatedgreatlybyhormones
metabolism
• F.Excretion-processofremovingwastesfrombody-removesnonusefulsubstancesproducedduringdigestionandmetabolism-fecesfrom_____________digestionleftovers
• G._______________-Productionofoffspring• H.__________isanincreaseinsize—cellsmustbecreatedtasterthandestroyed
indigestable
reproductiongrowth
SURVIVAL NEEDS
• Thegoalofmostbodysystemsisto__________________.Thesefragile____________________includethefollowing:– 1-_______________---bodytakesinasfoodandchemicalreactionsreleaseenergyfromitusingO2.Carb’sarethemainenergysource…..Proteinsprovidenutrientsandfatsbuildcellstructures,alastsourceforenergyandcushionorgans .
Maintainlife
Survivalneeds nutrients
– 2-________________isnecessarytoderivemostenergy----ItisrequiredinCellularrespiration…..itisin20%oftheairwebreathe..Itisalsocirculatedtobloodandcellsbyrespiratoryandcardiovascularsystems
• 3--Water-is60-80%bodyweight-mostimportantmoleculeinthebodyandisthesolventsforsecretionsandexcretions….comesmostlyfromingestedfoodsandliquidsandlostevaporationfromlungsandskinandexcretions
O2
Temperature
– 4--_____________________must remain at around 37 degrees C (98 F).If it is too slow,metabolism stops and too high,proteins break down…..death occurs at either extreme.
– 5--AtmosphericPressure--is the force on the surface of the body by the weight of air---atmospheric pressure----Too high altitudes may have gas exchange too low for metabolism
IV.HOMEOSTASIS—body’sabilitytomaintainstableinternalconditions(eventhoughoutsideworld
changes)
• ThebodyisDYNAMICwithinnarrowlimits• Allorgansystemsinvolvedexamples;Nutrientbloodlevels,heartactivityandbloodpressure,,wasteeliminatedandbodytemp.
• HomeostaticControlMechanisms:• ------3components--whatisregulatediscalledthevariable
• 1-_______________________sensorthatmonitorsandchangesinenvironment
• 2-_______________________-Flowstoherealongafferentpathway-determinesappropriateresponseorreaction.
• 3-Effector-providesoutputtostimulus---alongefferentpathway----resultsfeedbacktoinfluencestimulus----turningoff----NEGATIVEorturnon---positivefeedbackMostbodymechanismarenegativefeedback.
receptorControlcenter
Directionalterms-allowmedicalpersonaltodescribeexactlywhereonestructureisinrelationshipto
another.Theyincludethefollowing:
• Superior-(cranial or cephalad)toward head or upper part• Inferior- away from head or lower part• Ventral-(anterior)front of body----front of• Dorsal-(posterior)backof body-back of
• Medial- toward or at body midline;inner side• Lateral- away from midline;on the outer side• proximal-close to origin of body part or where it is attached• distal-farther from origin• superficial(external)---toward or at body surface• Deep(internal) away from body surface-more internal
RegionalTerms-Visiblebodylandmarks----seefigure1.5p.16----labelinnotes
• ANTERIOR____– Abdominal ---anterior trunk below ribs– Acromial----(Point) of shoulder– Antebrachial-forearm– Antecubital-ant. Surface of elbow– Axillary-armpit– Brachial-arm– Buccal-cheek– Carpal-wrist– Cervical --neck region– Coxal-hip– Crural-leg– Deltoid-curve of shoulder formed by lg deltoid muscle– Digital—fingers,toes
– Femoral---thigh– Fibular---lateral part of leg– Frontal–forehead– Inguinal-groin– Nasal– Oral– Orbital-eye– Patellar-knee– Pubic-genital– Sternal- breastbone– Tarsal-ankle– Thoracic-chest– Umbilical-naval
POSTERIOR____
• Calcaneal-heel• Cephalic-head• Femoral-thigh• Gluteal-buttock• Lumbar---back area between ribs and hips• Occipital-back of head• Olecranal-post. Surface of elbow• Popliteal-post. Knee area• Sacral-area between hips• Scapular---shoulder blades
BODYPLANESANDSECTIONS
• Inanatomy,studentsmakesections-orcuts---itismadealonganimaginarylineor__________.......being3-D,weconsider3typesofplanes– Sagittalsectionislengthwiseorlongitudinally----Iftherightandleftpartsareequalitismedianormidgasittal
– Frontalsectionislengthwiseintoant.Andpostparts----alsocalledcoronal
– aTranverseSectioniscutalongahorizontalplane,makingsuperiorandinferiorparts----alsocalledcross-section
plane
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table1.1
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table1.1(cont)
BODYCAVITIES• Dorsalcavity has 2 subdivisions:
• cranial-in skull and • spinal cavity-extends from cranial to end of
vertebral column
• VentralbodyCavity-• Muchlarger;containsallinchestandabdomen
– Thoraciccavity(lungs,heart….-separatedbydiaphragm------MEDIASTINUM-seraratesrightandleftcavities
–Abdominopelviccavity---stomach,liver,intestines--(superior)
• ---• inferior-Pelviccavity---reproductiveorgans
• Listthe9separateregionsseparatedby4planes• ____________________• _____________________• ________________________• _____________________• ________________________• ___________________________• _____________________________• _____________________________• _________________________________
UmbilicalregionEpigastricregion
Hypogastric(pubic)region
Rightandleftiliacoringuinalregion
RightandleftlumbarregionsRightandlefthypochondriacregions