HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 2-BASIC CHEMISTRY

Concepts of Matter & Energy

• Matter=”stuff” of the universe existing as ____________________states on earth/solid has definite volume and shape;liquid only definite volume and gas-has neither

• Physical change-does not alter basic nature whereas chemical alters _________________________.

• ENERGYonly measured by effects on matter-_______________

• ______energy of motion and potential is __________.

Solid liquid and gas

composition Ability to do work

kinetic

Stored energy

Energy forms:• ______________-stored in chemical bonds-

involved in cellular respration– _____________-comes from movement of

charged particles-used in nerve impulses– __________-Directly involved in moving

matter-eg.movement of limbs– _______-travels in waves;electromagnetic

spectrum-x-rays,infrared,visible light,radio,UV,gamma

Chemical energy electrical Mechanical energy

radiant

• Energy is usually converted from one form to another-some of initial energy is lost to environment

II.Composition of Matter

• 112 _____________-alike in atoms and unique atomic #/represented on periodic table,organized by atomic # and short hand representation is _________________-Look at Chart p.30

• Atoms made of positive protons and neutral ____________in nucleus,surrounded by _______electrons,in energy levels

elementssymbol

neutrons

(-)

• Atomic # = # protons

• Atomic mass #= # p+n

• Atomic mass –average of all isotope masses for an element

• ______________________________are atoms that differ in number of neutrons,are identified my mass number,and one medical use is as tracers in medical diagnosis.---see.pp. 8 and 9

• __________________________________occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms

• _____________________-2 or more combined chemically;more specifically a compound

radioisotopes Chemical reactions

molecule

• 2 bond we see in living things are __________________,w/a transfer of electrons and ___________________________w/a sharing of electrons

• Outer -_____________________electrons determine bonding capacity and thus properties

• _______-charged atom

ionic covalent

valence ion

• Polar molecules have unequal sharing of electrons ,as seen in water

• Water bonds to other water atoms by H- bonds-a weak bond

• These combined H-bonds create a high surface tension

• 3 reaction types

• synthesis ----2H2 + O2 2H2O

• __________------H2O 2H2 +O2

• Exchange---2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 +H2 OR HCl + NaOH HOH +NaCl

decomposition

III.Biochemistry:Chemical Composition of Living Matter

• __________________ contain carbon ,but not all are involved in living things(inorganic lack C-CO,CO2 and cyanide 3 exemptions

Organic compounds

INORGANICS--_WATER

• high heat capacity(ie before a temperature absorbs and releases a lot of heat change thus preventing us from sudden body temperature changes.

• ___________________________-“universal solvents”• Solute dissolves in a _________________ to make a

solution-Thus water able to transport many materials• 3. chemical reactivity• __________________________reaction---water added to the

bond.• 4.____________________________-protective as in CSF or

amniotic fluid

Polarity/solvent properties

solvent hydrolysis

cushioning

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- SALTS

• Salt contains cation besides H+ and an anion besides OH-…examples:NaCl,KCl,CaI2

• Easily separate into ions_____________________________________

• Because ions are charged particles,all salts are ______________________________-able to conduct a current

dissociation electrolytes

• ______________-pH<7 and proton donor

• ______________-pH> 7 and proton acceptor

• pH measures H+ concentration

• Acid +Base=Salt + water –all neutral

acid

base

• _____________prevents sharp pH change

buffers

FOUR CLASSES of MACROMOLECULES in living things:

• 1)Carbohydrates-FIRST SOURCE FOR ENERGY!!!!!inc. sugars,starches/have C,H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

• Example: C6H12O6= GLUCOSE• Sugars inc. monosaccharides(Glucose and

fructose,,disaccharides(Sucrose,lactose,maltose) and polysaccharides(starch and glycogen)….Examples of starches______________________________

Pasta,rice,bread,carrots

Lipids-made of C,H and O---look at lipid table p.47

• ---made up of often fatty acids and glycerol• ___________________________________-are solid

fats with all C-C bonds filled-no double or triple bonds….___________________________________-are liquids and they have at least 1 C-C double bond

Saturated fats

unsaturated

• Neutral fats_triglycerides-in fat deposits-in subcutaneous tissue and around organs-protect,insulate and major energy source

• Trans fats----oils solidifies by adding H atoms----considered bad for the cardiovascular system

• Omega -3 fatty acids(in cold water fish)-help your heart and immune system

• Phospholipids found in cell membrane

• ______________________fat soluble-inc. cholesterol and hormones-cholesterol basis of all body steroids

• ________________________a breakdown product of cholesterol;released by liver into digestive tract-aid in fat digestion and absorption

• ____________________-cortisol;aldersterone• Includes vitamins A(for vision)E(wound

healing,fertility,antioxidant),K(for clotting,Prostaglandins-from fatty acid-membranes(used in bor,blood pressuremovement in digestive tract and in inflammation),lipoproteins(transport fatty acids and cholesterol in bloodstream-HDL and LDL)

steroids Bile salts

corticosteroids

PROTEINS-

• made up of monomer of amino acids;>50% organic matter,contain C,H,O,and N,~ 20 amino acids,polypeptide is another word for protein and peptide bonds join amino acids

– Fibrous(0r structural) Proteins are in most body structures;provide strength-eg.collagen in bones,cartilage and tendons…..also KERATIN—protein of hair and nails

– Globular proteins-mobile and mostly spherical and DO things---FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS----examples:enzymes-regulate reactions---H-bonds and van der waals force help them-like hemoglogin,keep their shape

– Draw an enzyme –substrate complex and label active site

– Enzymes usually end in –ase(sugars in –ose)

NUCLEIC ACIDS-made of C,H,O,N and P

*DNA provides heredity and RNA takes DNA’s info to make proteins/the monomer is a nucleotide consisting of sugar,nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.Label the nucleotide for

DNA,then RNA:

ATP is the energy storage molecule-This is what carbs are broken down into so we can get usable energy---

ATP and ADP continually recycle