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The Skeletal System… The skeletal system is
the body’s living framework
It consists of living material embedded in a matrix of nonliving material
The Skeletal System… Made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and
tendons Cartilage-dense, fibrous, flexible connective
tissue Ligaments-connective tissue that holds bones
together Tendons- connective tissue that attaches
bones to muscle Consists of approximately 206 bones
The Skeletal System…Functions Provides shape and support Allows movement
Almost all bones are attached to muscles As muscles contract, or shorten, they pull on
bones causing them to move Protects tissues and organs
Ex: vertebral column protects spinal cord Rib cage protects internal organs
The Skeletal System… Functions Stores certain materials
Some of these materials give bones their stiffness, others play roles in blood clotting, nerve functions and muscle activity
If the level of these substances in the blood falls below the normal range, the body will begin to remove them from where they are stored within the bones
The Skeletal System… Functions Produces blood cells
Red cells – carry oxygen White cells – destroy harmful bacteria
Development of Bones... Many bones are
formed from a type of connective tissue called cartilage Cartilage is a stiff,
jellylike material Strong enough to
provide support, flexible enough to bend and twist
Development of Bones… In newborns, many bones are
almost all cartilage The process of replacing
cartilage with bone begins about 7 months before birth
The process continues until the age of 25 or so
Some forming and reforming of bones still occurs in adulthood, particularly where bone is under a great deal of stress
Development of Bones… In some places, the cartilage remains
unchanged Places where bone meets bone Ex: knee, ankle, elbow Two jobs in these places
Cushion bones against sudden jolts (jumping or running)
Provides a slippery surface for bones to move without rubbing against each other
Development of Bones… Bone growth
Growth takes place at both ends of long bones
Growth region is called Epiphyseal plate Layer of cartilage in which mitosis takes place
Ossification Process of cartilage being replaced by bone
Structure of Bones… Bones are one of the
toughest yet lightest materials in your body
Bones make up barely 14% of your body’s mass
Structure of Bones… Bones = living material embedded in a
matrix of non-living material Osteocytes- living cells embedded in a
network of tough protein fibers called collagen
Non-living part of bone- compounds containing calcium and phosphorous that surround the osteocytes and make bone hard
Structure of Bones… Periosteum
Covers all bones and helps to connect them to muscles
Provides a rich blood supply to nourish the bone
Shaft Middle portion of a typical long bone
Central cavity surrounded by a hard bony material called compact bone
Structure of Bones… Haversian canals
Small channels that run through compact bone and contain the blood vessels that nourish the osteocytes
Structure of Bones… Central cavity of long
bones Filled with yellow
marrow Stores fat
Epiphyseal line The shaft is separated
from the ends by this line Marks the area where
growth formerly took place
Structure of Bones… In flat bones and the ends of long bones,
the hard material is very thin Underneath hard material = spongy bone Spongy bone mitigates shock, reduces the
potential for injury during periods of physical exertion or as a result of a blow to the body
In some bones, the spongy material contains red marrow in which red and white blood cells are produced
Classification of Bones… Bones are classified according to their shape
Long bones (arms and legs) – support weight and are involved in movement
Flat bones (skull, sternum) – protect underlying organs
Short bones (wrist, ankles) – provide great flexibility and precise movements
Irregular bones (ribs, scapula) – adaptations that provide for specific needs involving support, protection, and/or articulation
Structure of Skeleton… The skeleton consists
of approximately 206 bones
Two main divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular
skeleton
Structure of Skeleton… Axial skeleton
Central framework of support and protection
Consists of 80 bones including the skull, facial bones, vertebral column, and rib cage
Structure of Skeleton… Function of axial skeleton
Skull – protects brain 26 bones of vertebral column – holds body upright
and protects spinal cord Vertebral column – consists of 5 regions: cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal Rib cage – twelve pairs of ribs plus sternum
Each rib is attached to the vertebral column Only 7 pair of “true” ribs that are attached to the sternum by
cartilage The other 5 pair “false” ribs do no attach to sternum Function of rib cage is to protect organs of thoracic cavity
Structure of Skeleton… Appendicular
skeleton 126 bones in the
pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle, arms, and legs
Structure of Skeleton… Function of appendicular skeleton
Pectoral girdle – provides support for arms and provides for their broad range of movement
Muscles attach the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton
Pelvic girdle attaches directly to the lower part of the vertebral column
Structure of Skeleton… Skeletal joints
Joint – any place where two bones come close together Keeps bones far enough apart so they don’t rub
against each other Holds the bones in place
Six kinds of joints Pivot, ball-and-socket, hinge, saddle, gliding, and
Ellipsoid
Structure of Skeleton… Skeletal Joints
Focus on three Pivot joint- allows
for rotation of one bone around another Ex: joint of head on
neck Allows head to move
up and down as well as side to side
Structure of Skeleton… Skeletal joints, cont.
Ball-and-socket joint- provides for circular motion Ex: shoulder
Hinge joint – allows movement forward and backward with little side to side Ex: elbow, knee
Injuries to Skeleton… Sprain
Ligaments or tendons get torn or pulled beyond their normal stretching range Painful, yet still able to function
Fracture A break in a bone
Bone is a living tissue; begins to heal almost immediately
Dislocation When a bone is forced out of its joint
Can be serious Bone can usually be pushed back into place by a doctor
Review of Skeletal System… Bones are fastened together by connective tissues
called ligaments Tendons are connective tissues that connect
muscles to bone The skeletal system has 5 important functions:
provides shape and support, allows movement, protects tissues and organs, produces blood cells, stores certain materials
Review of Skeletal System… The human skeleton is divided into 2 main
parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton: skull, ribs, breastbone,
vertebral column Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle, pelvic
girdle, arms and legs