Human Body - Diaphragm

7/26/2019 Human Body - Diaphragm

1/13

Diaphragm

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/161595/diaphragm

DiaphragmAnatomy

aphragm,dome-shaped, muscular and membranous structure that separates the

thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities in mammals; it is the

principal muscleof respiration.

The muscles of the diaphragm arise from the lower part of the sternum (breastbone),the lower six ribs, and the lumbar (loin) vertebrae of the spine and are attached to a

central membranous tendon. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the internal

height of the thoracic cavity, thus lowering its internal pressure and

causing inspirationof air. elaxation of the diaphragm and the natural elasticity

of lungtissue and the thoracic cage produce expiration. The diaphragm is also

important in expulsive actions!e.g.,coughing, snee"ing, vomiting, crying, and

expelling feces, urine, and, in parturition, the fetus. The diaphragm is pierced by

many structures, notably the esophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava, and is

occasionally sub#ect to herniation (rupture). $mall holes in the membranous portion

of the diaphragm sometimes allow abnormal accumulations of fluid or air to move

from the abdominal cavity(where pressure is positive during inspiration) into the

pleural spaces of the chest (where pressure is negative during inspiration).

$pasmodic inspiratory movement of the diaphragm produces the characteristic

sound %nown as hiccupping.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/161595/diaphragmhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398553/musclehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/499513/respirationhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/587171/tendonhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/593184/thoracic-cavityhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289189/inspirationhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/351473/lunghttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198515/expirationhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203293/feceshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619857/urinehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/192625/esophagushttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29195/aortahttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/852/abdominal-cavityhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264842/hiccuphttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/398553/musclehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/499513/respirationhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/587171/tendonhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/593184/thoracic-cavityhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289189/inspirationhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/351473/lunghttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198515/expirationhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203293/feceshttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619857/urinehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/192625/esophagushttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29195/aortahttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/852/abdominal-cavityhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/264842/hiccuphttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/161595/diaphragm


2/13


3/13


4/13


5/13

Breathing retraining is not difficult nor does it need to be time consuming9.and it is usually very successful in rehabilitating function and reducing or removing a huge

variety of symptoms.

9and the %ey to the changes lies in learning how to exhale, because without effective

exhalation, inhalation can never be optimal.

:or many years have taught pursed lip breathing methods ' and advise two sessions daily

lasting < to 6 minutes ' comprising =+ cycles on inhalation>exhalation with emphasis on the

latter being slow and complete (i.e. a pranayama yoga pattern)


6/13

More recently evidence has emerged of the value, in some cases, of following a similar

pattern (30 cycles ! daily" but using #power breathing$ where inhalation is against

resistance (%anssens et al 0&'"

n this study4

ndividuals with nonspecific chronic low bac) pain (*+-B." have been shown to

have suboptimal proprioceptive postural control (.." /

*+-B. is also strongly related to respiration and .. is commonly impairedwith compromised respiratory function/

ndividuals with *+-B. have increased diaphragm fatiguability as well

as decreased lumbar proprioceptive sensitivity/

Breathing training used inspiratory resistance of 01 of ma!imal inspiratory

pressure ! 30 times, ! daily, for 2 wee)s/

ompared with the controls, the inspiratory muscle training group demonstrated

better postural control increased inspiratory muscle strength decreased -B.


7/13

Breathing retraining involved .4567breathe Medic (8aB nternational -td/,

5arwic)shire, 9:", with the individual standing upright with the nose occluded

7esistance was added with each breath generating negative pressure of 01 of

.ima! (ma!imal mouth pressure"

.articipants performed 30 diaphragmatic breaths, ! daily, ; days per wee), for 2

wee)s at a rate of &' breaths per minute 7esults showed increased reliance on bac) proprioceptive signals, improved

inspiratory muscle strength and reduced severity of -B.

+uccessful breathing rehabilitation involves the following )ey elements>leonchaitow.com>+6>+>=>the-value-of-breathing-retraining-for-better-posture-balance-less-pain-and-dys%inesis>?sthash.@+wABay.dpuf

%tomach

+tomachhttp4>>www.britannica.com>Achec%ed>topic>68+*6>stomach

Anatomy
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567085/stomachhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567085/stomach


8/13


9/13

Digestion .rocessEn'$me# are #ecreted b$ operation o" di(erent part# o" dige#tie #$#tem

Dige#tion i# a m!lti #tep proce## thro!gh which protein#) "at# andcarboh$drate# in o!r diet are broken down into #impler compo!nd# that canbe !#ed b$ bod$ cell#


10/13


11/13

+"ter the #tomach) the "ood particle# trael to #mall inte#tine# , a 20 "t t!becoiled in the abdomen. *he nearb$ gland ancrea# #ecrete# a n!mber o"en'$me# containing !id# into the #mall inte#tine# to aid in dige#tion.

4or E: the en'$me ancreatic +m$la#e) contin!e# the proce## o" breakingdown the #tarche#. *he en'$me# *r$p#in and h$mo-tr$p#in take particle# o"protein partl$ dige#ted b$ ep#in and and break# them down "!rther.

4at# are broken down b$ en'$me# called $pa#e#.

+l together there are do'en# o" di(erent en'$me# inoled in dige#tion.Each one o" the#e en'$me# per"orm a #pecic ta#k.

*here are do'en# o" En'$me# inoled in Dige#tion


12/13

+alivary Amylase begin to brea) starches

Stomach,saclike expansion of the digestive system, between theesophagusand thesmall

intestine; it is located in the anterior portion of the abdominal cavity in most vertebrates. The

stomach serves as a temporary receptacle for storage and mechanical distribution of food beforeit is passed into the intestine. In animals whose stomachs contain digestive glands, some of the

chemical processes of digestion also occur in the stomach.

!man#

The human stomach is subdivided into four regions: the fundus, an expanded area curving up

above the cardiac opening (the opening from the stomach into the esophagus; the body, orintermediate region, the central and largest portion; the antrum, the lowermost, somewhat funnel!

shaped portion of the stomach; and the pylorus, a narrowing where the stomach "oins the smallintestine. #ach of the openings, the cardiac and the pyloric, has a sphincter muscle that keeps the

neighbouring region closed, except when food is passing through. In this manner, food is

enclosed by the stomach until ready for digestion.

The stomach has the ability to expand or contract depending upon the amount of food containedwithin it. $hen contracted, the interior walls form numerous folds (rugae, which disappear

when the walls are distended. The thick mucous!membrane lining of the walls is densely packed

with smallgastric glands; these secrete a mixture of en%ymes and hydrochloric acid that partly

digest proteins and fats.

The stomach muscles are rarely inactive. &pon entry of food, they relax briefly, then begin to

contract. 'eriodic contractions churn and knead food into a semifluid mixture called chyme;

rhythmical pumping (peristaltic waves move food toward the pylorus and small intestine.'eristaltic contractions persist after the stomach empties and, increasing with time, may become

painful. uch hunger pangs may also be related to the amount of sugar in the blood. If the level

of sugar decreases significantly, hunger can be experienced without the stomach)s intervention.

The absorption of food, water, and electrolytes by the stomach is practically negligible, but ironand highly fat!soluble substances such as alcohol and some drugs are absorbed directly.

ecretions and movements of the stomach are controlled by the vagus nerve and the sympatheticnervous system; emotional stress can alter normal stomach functions. *ommon stomach

disorders includepeptic ulcer,cancer, and gastritis.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/192625/esophagushttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/192625/esophagushttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549336/small-intestinehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549336/small-intestinehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549336/small-intestinehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226712/gastric-glandhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226712/gastric-glandhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/117464/chymehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/450889/peptic-ulcerhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567109/stomach-cancerhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567109/stomach-cancerhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226745/gastritishttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226745/gastritishttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/192625/esophagushttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549336/small-intestinehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549336/small-intestinehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226712/gastric-glandhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/117464/chymehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/450889/peptic-ulcerhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567109/stomach-cancerhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226745/gastritis


13/13

ther animal#

The stomachs of some other animals differ considerably from that of humans; many have

multiple!chambered organs or special adaptations. The stomachs of cows and most cud!chewing(ruminant animals are divided into four separate parts. +ood is received first in the rumen,

where mucus is added and cellulose is broken down. ext, it goes back to the mouth to bethoroughly rechewed. $hen swallowed again, it is passed to the second and third chambers, thereticulum and omasum, where water is extracted and absorbed. The food then goes to a final

chamber, the abomasum, to receive the digestive en%ymes.

-irds have a three!chambered stomach: the first chamber, the crop, receives the food initially and

either stores or begins to moisten and soften (macerate it; the true stomach area adds digestive"uices; and the gi%%ard, with its stones, or toothlike structures, grinds the food.

odents have only one stomach area, and many must eat their food twice before absorption takes

place. +ood is eaten and passed through the lower digestive tract, where it is coated with

metabolites to help break it down. The fecal material is then re!eaten and mixed with additionalfood. #n%ymes and water are removed from the once!passed material by the stomach and used to

help digest new nutritional substances. /ry fecal pellets are finally excreted.

The starfish can turn its stomach inside out and extrude it partly from the body to eat the soft

contents of shelled animals such as clams. *amels and llamas can regurgitate their stomachcontents and spit this material at approaching enemies.*rayfish produce stones of calcium salts

in their stomach. These are stored until the animal sheds its external shell, when the stones are

reabsorbed by the stomach and used in forming a new shell.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/234488/gizzardhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/234488/gizzard

Date post:	01-Mar-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	imvav
View:	220 times
Download:	0 times

Human Body - Diaphragm

Documents