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SCIENCE 5. UNIT 2. HUMAN BODY. INTERACTION. C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)

CONTENTS:

1.- Vital functions in human: nutrition / interaction / reproduction. 2.- Interaction function:

3.- Sense organs: sight / hearing / smell / taste / touch

4.- Nervous system: central / peripheral nervous system.

5.- Locomotor system: skeleton / muscles.

What vital functions is he doing?. Only?

NUTRITION SYSTEMS are:

.– Digestive system.

.– Respiratory system.

.– Circulatory system.

.– Excretory system.

USEFUL WORDS:

.– sense organs .– nervous system

.– locomotor system .– response

.– stimulus .– stimuli

.– sight .– hearing

.– smell .– taste

.– touch .– sensory receptors

1.– VITAL FUNCTIONS IN HUMAN.

Vital functions in human are the same as the rest of living beings:

nutrition, interaction and reproduction. Human being is a mul-

ticellular organism formed by cells that form tissues. Several tis-

sues form organs, and some organs working together form a sys-

tem.

Human being uses some systems to carry out the vital functions:

1.2.– Interaction: is the process in which living beings gather in-

formation from the environment and produce different reactions to

them.

INTERACTION SYSTEMS are:

1.– Sense organs:

Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste and Touch.

2.– Nervous System:

Central and peripheral nervous system.

3.– Locomotor System:

Skeleton and muscles.

1.1.- Nutrition: is the process in which living beings get oxygen and

nutrients, that they use to get energy and grow. Later they expel

waste products.

1.3.– Reproduction is the process in which living beings produce

more beings similar to themselves.

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2.– INTERACTION FUNCTION.

During a normal day, we get millions of pieces of information

from outside and inside our bodies. We have to filter them and

choose the most important ones.

Our receptors (sense organs) gather stimuli, and send signals

through the nerves to our brain (nervous system). The brain stu-

dy the information and give a response (to our locomotor sys-

tem) to react.

Finally our muscles generate the movement.

Activity: Look at this man and the driver. What are the stimuli and the responses in each case?. Explain it

3.– OUR SENSES.

There are some organs related with the five senses:

The eye (sight), the ear (hearing), the nose (smell),

tongue (taste) and skin (touch).

These organs have got sensory receptors (specialised cells to detect stimuli from the sorroundings) to gat-

her information. Connected with these receptors, there are nerves to send signals to our brain.

SENSE ORGANS gather information from our

sorroundings and send it to the brain through the nerves.

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Eyes detect light and images around us, change

them into signals and send them to the brain.

USEFUL WORDS:

OUTER PARTS of the eye:

.– eyebrow .– iris

.– eyelashes .– pupil

.– eyelid .– cornea

.– lachrymal gland

INNER PARTS of the eye:

.– lens

.– vitreous humour .– 3 layers: .– sclera

.– optic nerve .– choroid

.– retina

3.1.– EYES AND SIGHT.

Eyes are the sense organs of sight.

PARTS OF THE EYE:

1.– OUTER PARTS:

.– Eyebrow: protect eye from sweat.

.– Eyelashes: hairs that protect the eye.

.– Eyelid: skin that cover and protect the eye.

.– Iris: the coloured part of the eye.It expands and

contract to control the light.

.– Pupil: the hole in the centre of the iris.

.– Cornea: the front part of the sclera. It’s transpa-

rent.

.-Lachrymal gland: produces tears to moist the

eye.

1.– INNER PARTS:

.– Lens: it’s transparent, and focuses light on the

retina. (like the lens of a camera).

.– Vitreous humour: a thick liquid.

.– 3 layers: Sclera

Choroid

Retina: with receptor cells.

.– Optic nerve: transports signals to the brain.

Process of sight: the light enters through the

cornea, the pupil, and lens. Lens focuses the

light on the retina where the receptor cells

change light into signals. These signals are

sent through the optic nerve to the brain .

Protect your sight:

Remember: you must protect your sight from outer conditions.

.– Don’t spend too much time in front a screen, and don’t sit too close to it.

.– Read or do your homework in a place plenty of light.

.– Be careful with sunlight.

.– When something (sand…) gets into your eye, wash your eye with water.

.– If you can’t see properly, go to the doctor.

INTERACTIVE ACTIVITIES

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PARTS OF THE EAR:

1.– OUTER EAR:

.– Pinna: gather vibrations.

.– Ear canal: is a tube.

2.– MIDDLE EAR: .– Eardrum: is a membrane to

transmit vibrations.

.– Chain of ossicles: transmit the

vibrations. They are three:

.– Malleus.

.– Incus.

.– Stapes

.– Eustachean tube: connected

with the throat.

.– INNER EAR:

.– Cochlea: with receptor cells

inside for hearing.

.– Semicircular canals: with

receptor cells for movement.

.-Auditory nerve: to send sig-

Process of hearing: vibrations go through the pinna, ear canal to the eardrum. The

eardrum transmit the vibrations to the ossicles and to the receptor cells in the cochlea

that change them into signals. These signals are sent through the auditory nerve to the

brain .

Balance: in the semicircular Canals, there are receptor cells that detect position and

movement that change into signals and send them to the brain.

3.2.– EARS AND HEARING.

Ears are the sense organs of hearing. Ears detect sound vibrations around us, chan-

ge them into movements (ossicles and coche-

la) and finally into signals that send them to

the brain.

Ears assist with balance too.

Pinna

Protect your hearing:

Remember: you must protect your ear from outer conditions.

.– Don’t listen music too loud, or don’t use headphone for a long period of time.

.– Avoid very loud noise.

.– Don’t put objects into your ears.

.– If you can’t hear properly, or your ear hurts go to the doctor. USEFUL WORDS:

OUTER EAR:

.– pinna

.– ear canal

MIDDLE EAR:

.– eardrum

.– chain of ossicles: .- malleus

.– incus

.– stapes

.– eustachean tube

INNER EAR:

.– cochlea

.– semicircular canals

.-auditory nerve

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COMPONENTS OF SKIN:

TWO LAYERS:

.– Epidermis: the outer layer.

.– Dermis: the inner layer under epi-

dermis.

OTHER COMPONENTS: .– Sensory nerves: to detect pressu-

re, pain and temperatura.

.– Capillaries.

.– Sebaceous glands: produce a type

of oil to protect the skin.

.– Sweat glands: that produce sweat.

.– Hair.

Process of touching: in the sking there are million of receptor cells that detect

pressure, pain and temperature. They send these signals through the nerves to

the brain.

3.3.– SKIN AND TOUCH.

Skin is the sense organ of touch. Skin is the largest organ

in our body

Protect your skin:

Remember: you must protect your skin from outer conditions.

.– Wash your hands frequently and have a shower every day.

.– Protect your skin from the sun with a sunscreen.

.– Don’t stay under the sun for a long period of time. Danger of Skin Cancer.

SKIN NOSE

.– pressure .– pain .– temperature .– nasal cavity

.– epidermis .– dermis .– sensory nerves .– olfactory epithelium

.– capillaries .– sebaceous gland .– olfactory nerve

.– sunscreen .- sweat glands

.– skin cancer

Skin is a layer that covers and protects our bo-

dy. It has got receptor cells that detect pressu-

re, pain and temperature, and send these sig-

nals to the brain.

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3.4.– NOSE AND SMELL.

Nose is sense organ of smell. Nose detects different molecules in the air. Nose has got receptor cells

(in the olfactory epithelium), and they change information into signals

that go to the brain through the olfactory nerve.

INNER COMPONENTS OF NOSE:

.– Nasal cavity: is the space insde the nose.

.– Olfactory epithelium: is the surface inside the nose with

nerve endings with the receptor cells.

.– Olfactory nerve: send olfactory information to the brain.

Olfactory nerve

Process of smell: the receptors in epithelim detect

different molecules in the air. This information is

changed into signals that the olfactory nerve send

to the brain.

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Protect your nose:

.– Clean your nose. If you have a cold you can use salted

water.

.– Don’t insert objects into your nose.

.– Don’t smell dangerous substances. 20

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The tongue has got four types of taste buds so it can detect four

different flavours:

.– Bitter like coffe. .– Sour like lemon.

.– Salty like salt. .– Sweet like honey.

3.5.– TONGUE AND TASTE.

Tongue has got taste buds. Taste buds are the sense or-

gans of taste.

TASTE: NERVOUS SYSTEM:

.– tongue .– taste buds .- central nervous system

.– bitter .– sour .– peripheral nervous system

.– salty .-sweet .– neurons: .– cell body

.– axón

.– dendrites

SOUR

Tongue has got thousands of taste buds. They

have got receptor cells that detect the substan-

ces in the mouth, change this information into

signals and send them to the brain.

SALTY

SWEET

BITTER

SOUR

SALTY

Taste buds

Protect your taste:

.– Clean your teeth three times a day. (And your nose. Smell and taste

work together).

.– Be careful with very hot and very cold food (you can burn your ton-

gue)

.– Go to the dentist.

Process of tasting: in the tongue there are taste buds with receptor cells.

Taste buds detect molecules from food, change this information into signals

and send them through the gustatory nerve to the brain.

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4.– NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Nervous system receives impulses from sti-

muli from outside and inside the body, analy-

ses this information, and gives responses to it.

It controls voluntary actions (walking , running…) and involuntary actions and systems (breathing, heart

pumping, digestive system…).

Nervous system has two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral

nervous system. The nervous system consists of specialised cells called neurons.

The nervous system is a net of specialized cells

called neurons that receives information, coordi-

nates actions and transmits signals between differ-

ent parts of the body.

4.1.- NEURONS.

Parts of neurons:

.- Cell body with a nucleus.

.- Axon: It’s the longest part of the neuron. It sends

chemical and electric impulses to other neurons. A

neuron has only one axon.

.- Dendrites: they are like branches connected with

other neurons. They receive chemical and electric

impulses from axons from other neurons.

Neurons are the specialized cells in the nervous system.

They have a cell body, one axon and many dendrites.

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4.2.– CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A.– THE BRAIN is formed by cerebrum, cere-

bellum and brain stem. It’s protected by the

skull.

A1.– Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It

gets information from the sense organs and controls: senses,

intelligence, thinking, language, memory and takes decisions...

The central nervous system is composed by the brain

and the spinal cord.

The brain is composed by cerebrum, cerebellum and

brain stem.

A.2.– Cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements, balan-

ce...for walking, etc.

A.3.– Brain stem connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord,

and controls automatic movements (heart, breathing, digestive

system, blood pressure…)

B.– SPINAL CORD connects the brain and the peripheral ner-

vous system, and transport information between them. It’s pro-

tected by the spinal column. I

t is the responsible for the involuntary responses or reflexes,

that permit us to react very quick without thinking.

For example when we cut or burn a finger, we remove it very

fast.

4.3.– PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

It is formed by the nerves. They are like cables that link

the central nervous system with the rest of the body

(organs, sense organs, muscles…).

There are two types of nerves:

.– Sensory nerves send information from sense organs

to the brain.

.– Motor nerves send information from the brain to the

Peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves, and

links the central nervous system with the rest of the body.

There are two types of nerves: sensory nerves and motor

nerves.

Nervous system.

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Protect your nervous system:

.– Avoid substances like alcohol and other drugs.

.– Protect your body against accident (wear a helmet when

you ride a bike)...

USEFUL WORDS:

.– Central nervous system: .– Peripheral nervous system:

.– brain .– sensory nerves

.– cerebrum .– motor nerves

.– cerebellum

.– brain stem

.– spinal cord

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The locomotor system is formed by skeleton and muscles. 5.– LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM:

5.1.– SKELETON:

Skeleton is a structure formed by bones and joints.

A.– BONES:

Bones are hard pieces that form the skeleton. They

are hard because hey contain lots of minerals, and

light because of their spongy structure.

Types of bones: .– Long bones like femur, humerus

.– Short bones bones from the wrist.

.– Flat bones like bones from skull.

Functions of skeleton:

.– Skeleton supports the body.

.– Skeleton protects our most important organs.

.– Skeleton makes possible the movement of the body.

B.– JOINTS:

Joint is the place where two bones link one to

another.

In joints there are ligaments (that join bone to

bone), tendons (that join muscles to bones), and

cartilages (to protect bones from friction).

Types of joints: .– Mobile joints: with a big capacity

of movement (shoulder).

.– Semi-mobile joints: with a redu-

ced mobility (joint between two ver-

tebrae).

.– Immovable joints: with no mobi-

lity (bones of the skull).

long bone (femur)

short bone (wrist)

Flat bone (skull)

mandible

clavicle

sternum

scapula

ribs

spine

pelvis

coccyx

HEAD:

ARM:

TRUNK:

LEG:

mandible

skull

clavicle

scapula

sternum

ribs

Spine: vertebrae

pelvis

coccyx

femur

patella

fibula

tarsals

tibia

metatarsals

phalanges

humerus

radius

ulna

carpals

metacarpals

phalanges

C.- LESIONS OF BONES AND ARTICULATIONS

Most frequent injuries are:

.- Bone fracture.

.- Sprain: it is an excessive stretching, tear or fracture of a

ligament

.- Luxation: it is when bones are not in their habitual place.

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USEFUL WORDS:

.– bone .– joint .– long bones .– short bones

.– flat bones .– ligament .– tendon .– cartilage

.– mobile joint .– semi-mobile joint

.– immovable joint .– bone fracture

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5.2.– MUSCULAR SYSTEM:

Our muscular system is formed by muscles

and tendons. Muscles are connected to the

skeleton by tendons, so when a muscle

contracts, it moves a bone and produce a

movement.

USEFUL WORDS:

.– muscle cells (or fibers) .– tendons

.– to contract .– to relax

.– smooth muscles .– cardiac muscles

.– skeletal muscles .– antagonist muscles

Muscles are formed by muscle cells. These cells can

contract (they become shorter) when they receive nerve

signals from the brain. When the signals stop, these cells

relax, and return to their original length (the muscle re-

laxes and elongate).

Muscles use a lot of energy supplied by blood (oxygen, glucose and other nutrients). and blood also re-

move waste products from them.

Tendon Group of fibers

Bone

Muscle fiber

Blood vessel

Structure of a skeletal muscle.

Our muscular system is formed by muscles, and tendons.

Muscles move the skeleton. They are formed by muscle cells

that can contract and relax

A.– TYPES OF MUSCLES:

1.- Smooth muscles: we can’t control them, (their

movements are involuntary). They are in our di-

gestive system, blood vessels…

2.- Cardiac muscles: they form our heart. Their

movement are very strong.

3.- Skeletal Muscles: they form our muscular sys-

tem. They are joint to our bones and their move-

ments are voluntary (we can control them). Their

fibers are very long, and our brain can give orders

to them.

There are always two opposite muscles

(antagonist muscles) for example biceps

to bend and triceps to stretch the arm.

B.– HOW OUR MUSCLES WORK:

If a muscle contracts, moves a tendon held

to a bone and produces a movement.

There are three types of muscles:

Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles.

C.– PROTECT YOUR LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM:

.– Sit down or stand with your back straight, it will be good for your spine.

.– Keep your back straight and bend your knees when you want to lift heavy objects.

.– Do some physical activity regularly, but don’t forget to warm up before to do it.

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sternocleidomastoid

masseter

pectorals

biceps

Abdominal muscles

Intercostal muscles

quadriceps

deltoid

trapezius

triceps

Gluteal muscles

bíceps femoris

calves

Achilles tendon

HEAD & NECK: .– masseter .– orbicularis oculi .– sternocleidomastoid

TRUNK: .– pectorals .– abdominal muscles. .- Intercostal muscles. .– trapezius .– latissimus dorsi

ARM: .– deltoid .– bíceps .– triceps

LEG: .– gluteal muscles .– bíceps femoris .– quadriceps .– sartorius .– calves .– Achilles tendon

sartorius

Orbicularis oculi

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Latissimus dorsi