Human Body Systems:

Chapters 37, 38, 40

Chapter 37: Circulatory SystemBill Nye: Circulation

Or: Bill Nye Circulation

Questions:Page 950: 1-5Page 955: 1-5

Our circulatory system is made up of:

a) Heart b) Blood vesselsc) BloodNeeded to transport nutrients and wastes, but especially oxygen through our bodies.

Unicellular organisms don’t need it:

The Heart:Center of chestAbout size of your fistAlmost entirely muscle; called myocardium

The Heart:Septum: separates right and left sides to keep oxygen- poor blood from mixing with oxygen-rich blood.

Each side has two chambers: atrium (receives blood) ventricle (pumps blood)

Valves: flaps of tissue that open and close to keep blood flowing in one direction.

Blood Vessels:Arteries: Carry blood away from heart to body (aorta is largest and first)Veins: Return oxygen-poor blood to heart/lungs from the bodyCapillaries: Small branches connecting arteries and veins

Blood:Plasma: 55% of blood, mostly water, but also nutrients, gases, salts, hormones, enzymes etc Other 45% of blood is:a) Red blood cells: Carry oxygenb) White blood cells: Part of immune system; attack/eat up foreign substances

Page 950: 1-5

Page 955: 1-5

1. Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation.

2. What are varicose veins?3. What is systolic and diastolic pressure?4. What are two ways that your body can

regulate your blood pressure? 5. a) What is atherosclerosis?

b) What are the consequences?6. Describe the process of blood clotting.

Circulation Bingo:MyocardiumArtherosclerosisPlasmaRed blood cellsWhite blood cellsBlood vesselsArteriesPlasmaVeinsCapillaries

Heart attackAnemiaLeukemiaSeptumAtriumVentricleValvesPacemakerAorta

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

High blood pressure

HemoglobinLymphocytesPlateletsLymph

A) Cellular respiration: -Release of energy due to the break down of food in your cells.

-Takes place in mitochondria

B) Organism level respiration: -“Process of gas exchange”

-Release of CO2 and the uptake of

O2, between lungs and environment.

Parts of the Respiratory System:Nose: hairs filter dirt/dust from air.Nasal cavity: mucus traps particles; cilia push mucus back toward nostrils.Pharynx: passageway for air and food.Larynx: vocal cords(at top of trachea).Trachea: windpipe (no food should enter).Bronchi: passageways that lead to lungs.Lungs: air sacs called alveoli exchange O2 and CO2. This process is called diffusion.

1. Why do we need cilia for respiration?2. Why do we need mucus for respiration?3. Why do we need alveoli for respiration?4. How does your diaphragm work?5. We breathe automatically; we can’t decide to start/stop breathing because our body won’t let us. Explain.6. What is emphysema?

1. Cilia sweep the trapped particles and mucusaway from the lungs towards the pharynx.2. Mucus is needed to moisten the air and trap Particles such as dust/smoke etc.3. The alveoli are the tiny air sacs that exchange the oxygen and carbon dioxide involved in respiration.4. Diagram pg 959: Your diaphragm is needed to draw air/oxygen into your lungs and also to Exhale air/carbon dioxide out. Your diaphragm lowers when you breathe in (sucks in air) and rises/contracts when you exhale, pushing air

out.

5. Your nervous system will cause breathing to “kick in”. The medulla oblongata (brain area) detects carbon dioxide levels in the blood and if they are too high, then you breathe (yawn etc). Your body does not recognize when oxygen levels are too low!

6. Emphysema is a loss of elasticity in the lung tissue caused by smoking etc. It makes breathing difficult and makes it hard to get enough oxygen etc.

Bill Nye Respiratory System Questions: 1.What do we do with the oxygen that we breathe into our bodies from the air?

2.What are alveoli? 3.Describe and explain how your right lung is

different from your left lung. 4. What causes the burning sensation in your

muscles when you are exercising vigorously? 5.What is the chemical ATP used for? 6.What does mucus do for us?

1.We combine it with molecules in the food we eat to give us energy.2. Tiny air sacs in your lungs for gas exchange.3. It’s bigger and divided into three parts, while your left lung is divided into two parts. The size difference is due to your heart taking up space.4. The accumulation of carbon dioxide.5. Storing and releasing energy (made when oxygen is combined with food).6. It traps dust and smoke particles to keep

them from getting in our lungs.

Chapter 38: DigestionDigestion:Breaking down food into forms that your body can use.

We need: water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals.

Digestion begins in the mouth with saliva,where enzymes such as amylase help break down food into simpler molecules for absorption by cells.

Saliva, stomach acid, bile etc =Chemical digestionChewing + grinding with teeth =Mechanical digestion

Parts of the digestive system:1) Mouth: 4 kinds of teeth (mechanical breakdown) and Saliva(chemical breakdown)

2) Pharynx:-Passageway for both air and food

3) Esophagus: -Long muscular tube -Connects mouth to stomach. -Contractions of its muscles forces the food downward; called peristalsis.

4) Stomach: -Mechanical + chemical digestion happen here.-Muscles twist, churn up food.-During these movements, gastric juices (mucus, pepsin, hydrochloric acid) Help with chemicalbreak down also, producing chyme.

5) Small intestine:-Narrow, coiled tube. -Location of majority of chemical breakdown + absorption.-Digestive juices made by pancreas + liver are added here. -Once changed into usable forms, food is ready to be absorbed into the bloodstream.

6) Large intestine: -Undigested material enters here.-Water + minerals are absorbed into blood.-Solid waste material moves into the lower part, called the rectum. 

Ulcer:Stomach acids digest away the lining of the stomach or the small intestine and a sore or hole is made.

The Excretory System:Organs that remove waste products.Includes lungs, skin, kidneys etc.Kidneys: remove excess water, salts and urea from blood using filtering structures called nephrons. (Diagram, page 986)Kidneys also maintain blood pH, regulate water content and volume of blood etc.*Homeostasis?

Urination:Urine leaves each kidney through a tube called the ureter.Each ureter carries urine to the urinary bladder for storage.The urethra is the tube that carries urine outside the body.

Excretory problems:Kidney stones: Buildup of calcium, usually passed through urethra.Treatments: a) Medication to dissolve or break upb) Surgically removedc) Sound waves to break them up

Excretion through skin:Sweat glands release waste products through perspiration.

Perspiration is a liquid waste including water, salts and some urea.

Each sweat gland has a small tube leading to an opening on the surface of the skin called a pore.

Frog Dissection:Begin with the pre-lab questions on your

handout, use the Heath Biology texts to find information and labeled diagrams.

Handouts (write-ups) are due on Wednesday or before.

Chapters 37/38 review assign:Page 967: 1-10Page 969: 1-10Page 993: 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10Page 995: 1-6

32 points total, due tomorrow-will help you prepare for the test.

After the test:Frog dissection handout due tomorrow (Pg 540 in Heath text)

Start reading chapter 40 In your book

(Immune System)

The Immune System and Disease: Disease: Disrupts normal body functions (not due to injury).

Pathogens: Things that cause disease.

Germ theory: Idea that diseases are caused by microorganisms. (Pasteur, Koch etc.) Vectors: Animals that carry pathogens from host to host.  Antibiotics: Compounds that kill bacteria without harming the host cells.  

1) Person to person (ex: influenza)

2) Contaminated food or water (ex: hepatitis)

3) Infected animals (ex: rabies)

How diseases are spread:

Over the counter drugs only Treat symptoms; not actual cause.

Best treatment for most Infections: rest, good diet, and plenty of fluids. Two categories of immune System defense:

A) Non-specific defenses B) Specific defenses 

A) Non-specific defenses: (First line of defense)1) Physical and chemical

barriers (skin, mucus, sweat, tears etc.)

-Chemicals in these are natural disinfectants.

 

Non-specific defenses continued:

2) Inflammatory response -WBC’s (mostly phagocytes) engulf and “eat” the bacterial cells causing the infection. -Accompanied by fever which slows down/kills the bacteria and pumps blood (WBC’s) to the area of infection quicker.

B) Specific Defenses:(Second line of defense)If pathogen gets past first line, it is attacked by immune system, this attack is called the “immune response”.Immune response: A specific form of defense against infection(s) in your body, triggered by antigens.

 Antigen: Substance that triggers immune response.  Antibodies: Proteins that recognize and bind To antigens. (attack pathogens) Vaccination: Injection of a weakened/dead form of a pathogen to produce antibodies/immunity.

Page 1031-1034: 1. A) What are at least 3 causes of disease? B) Give an example of a disease caused by each. Page 1042-1043: 2. A)What is the difference between passive and active immunity?B) Give an example to explain each type.Page 1043-1044: 3. A) What are histamines? B) What are antihistamines?Page 1044: 4. What is asthma and how does it cause disease? 5. What is an autoimmune disease? (Use examples)

Page 1045-1047: 6. A) How is HIV transmitted from one person to another? B) How does HIV cause disease and spread itself within the body?Page 1052-1053: 7. A) What are some causes of cancer?B) Explain how each factor actually causes the disease.