1

Human Development Indicators and Spatial Development and Planning: Opportunities

and Challenges

Maida Fetahagić

Maida Fetahagić is Deputy Director in the Development Planning Institute of the Sarajevo Canton,

Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a Ph.D. candidate in the University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science,

Department of Spatial/Regional Planning

Abstract

Connections and relations between human development concept and spatial

development and planning are explored and application of human development indicators in

creating spatial plans are considered in this paper.

Universal use of human development indicators implies their application in preparing

and creating spatial plans as well. Beside the standard human development indicators that

have been used so far, Spatial Development Index is presented for the needs of spatial

planning. Contribution of this paper is reflected in the methodology of spatial development

index that can be applied at the level of municipalities, cantons, regions or any other territorial

spatial units for preparation of spatial development plans.

Experiences of Bosnia and Herzegovina in national human development reports are a

special part of this paper. The need for spatial planning at the level of the BiH state was

underlined, as an instrument for arrangement of unique space of the state of BiH.

Consideration of the EU context of spatial planning imposes a new role of spatial planning in

BiH: this is also an instrument for successful integration into international and interregional

trends.

Key words: human development indicators, spatial development and planning, disparities in

development, Spatial Development Index, accessibility, European Union, Bosnia and

Herzegovina.

Introduction remarks

In the first decade of this century, in the period of financial and economic crisis, social

issues and poverty and significant climate changes, the International Community continuously

appeals for measuring the progress of well-being and quality of life at global level.1

By introducing human development concept, the UN has also developed measuring

indicators of human development. Human Development Index (HDI) is the fundamental

indicator, combining indicators of health and education with GDP in a special way. This is a

contribution to quantification of the entire socio-economic aspect of the progress, Human

development indicators have provided the possibility of innovative thinking about the

progress in society, by introducing a simple, but powerful idea that development is much

1 OECD organized several world’s forums on statistics, knowledge and policies (Palermo 2004, Istanbul 2007

and Bussan 2009). European Commission, along with other partners, organized the conference entitled ―Beyond

GDP‖ in 2007, as well as in 2009, entitled ―GDP and beyond: Measuring progress in a changing world‖. Within

the global project ―Measuring progress of society‖, a special commission was established. According to its

report, the time has come for significance of measuring economic performances to be replaced by measuring

human well-being. Commission consisting of Joseph Stiglitz (The President) Amartya Sen (advisor) and Jean

Paul Fitoussi. Report is available at http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/en/index.htm

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more than economic growth. Using human development indicators is a step towards

measuring the overall socio-economic progress.

Human development has significantly changed the way the world sees development

nowadays, while conception of human development has become a developmental paradigm of

the 21st century.

1. Measuring Human Development

1.1. Notion of human development

In the first published Human Development Report 1990, the UN introduced the

concept of human development, with holistic vision of development that puts people in the

focus of all developmental processes: all aspects of life – economic, social, political, cultural

and environmental are viewed from the perspective of expansion of the freedom of choice and

possibilities and improvement of human lives.

The notion of human development originates from the visions of Mahbub ul-Hag2,

Pakistani economist who wanted the world’s economic and social progress to be evaluated in

a way that is different than usual analyses of incomes and economic growth. The approach to

human development has been deeply inspired by Amartya Sen’s3 pioneer works on welfare

economics, social choice, poverty and famines, as well as developmental economy. Sen’s

―capability approach‖ and conception of ―development as freedom‖ has provided a basis for

new paradigm in economy and social sciences in general.

The first HDR 1990 affirms human development as a process of expansion of human

choices and levels of the achieved well-being. This is a core of the idea of human

development. In general, these choices are not final and they change over time. Regardless of

the level of a country’s development, people find the three essential choices the most

important: to achieve a long and healthy life, to acquire education and to have access to

resources necessary for a decent living standard. Unless these choices are available, many

other possibilities remain inaccessible.

After over 20 years of practice and academic papers on human development and

capability-based approach, the latest HDR 2010 redefines human development: ―Human

development is the expansion of people’s freedoms to live long, healthy and creative lives; to

advance other goals they have reason to value; and to engage actively in shaping development

equitably and sustainably on a shared planet.4 People are both the beneficiaries and the drivers

of human development, as individuals and in groups.‖

Human development reports are published annually and all reports tend to articulate

the perspective of human development in one set of issues5. Besides the annual global report,

some 100 countries make their own state and regional human development reports nowadays.

Over 650 national regional reports have been published so far. The goal of these reports is to

evaluate quality of the life of populations and to be a tool for its improvement.

1.2. Human development indicators

2 Mahbub ul Hag (1937-1998) 3 Amartya Sen got the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1998, for his contribution to welfare

economics. 4 HDR 2010 p. 2 5 Human development reports, beside the concept and measurement of human development, deal with the issues

of financing human development, global dimension of human development, people’s security and participation,

relation between economic growth and human development, poverty in the context of human development,

globalization, consumption, millennium development goals, democracy, fight against climate changes,

international cooperation, etc.

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Broad definition of human development concept, in general, imposes the issue of the

possibility of its measurement, quantification, planning, management and control. The

concept itself is much broader than the ways of its measurement.

The most important human development indicator is Human Development Index –

HDI. Other indicators are either derived from or obtained by analysis of this indicator.

Gender-Related Development index – GDI, Gender Empowerment Index – GEM, Human

Poverty Index – HPI were thus developed. Besides these indices, the possibilities for

calculation of other indices were studied, such as Human Freedom Index – HFI, Technology

Achievement Index – TAI, etc.

UNDP evaluates and improves the methodologies for calculation of the index, as well

as other human development indicators, on an annual basis.

The latest Human Development Report6 marks 20 years of human development

concept and promotes new indicators, introducing new aspects of inequality adjustments (The

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index), gender inequality (Gender Inequality Index)

and multidimensional measurement of poverty (The Multidimensional Poverty Index)..

Report involves 169 countries, classification of which was carried out according to human

development index achieved, using new methodology.

Human Development Index

Human Development Index is a result of looking for a common measure for economic

and social development, referring to achievements of a country in fundamental human

development dimensions.

Human Development Index (HDI) includes three fundamental human development

dimensions, which refer to the capabilities that people expect to achieve. Those are the

following:

- life expectancy is achieved by the capability to live a long and healthy life,

- the achieved education is realized by the capability to acquire knowledge.

- the achieved living standard is realized by the capability to provide decent incomes for

life.

For calculation of HDI, as well as other human development indicators, it is necessary

to calculate the index for each dimension. Each dimension is measured by one or more

variables, combined into the index on the basis of the determined minimum and maximum

value of the given variable.

Use of the index of variables enables their combined application in a single indicator,

which would be usually impossible, since the variables are expressed in different units of

measurement (years, percentages, dollars). It is calculated by simple geometric mean of the

index of fundamental dimensions.

Changes introduced in HDR 2010 refer to the choice of dimension indicators,

transformation in the calculation of dimension index, as well as aggregation method; GNI/pc

is used instead of GDP/pc.

6 UNDP (2010): Human Development Report 2010, The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development,

Palgrive Macmillan, New York

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Table 1. Summary review of human development reforms, according to HDR 2010

Dimension

Until 2010 From 2010

Indicator Maximum Minimum

Indicator

Observed

maximum Minimum

Transformation Transformation

Long and

healthy life

Life

expectancy 85 25 Life expectancy

83,2 (Japan, 2010)

20

Knoledge

Adult

literacy rate 100 0

Expected years

of schooling 20,6

(Australia, 2002) 0

Combined

gross enrolment

ratio

100 0 Mean years of

schooling 13,2

(USA, 2000) 0

A decent

standard of

living

GDP/pc

(PPP US$) 40.000 100

GNP/pc

(PPP US$) 108.211

(UAE, 1980)

163 (Zimbabwe,

2008)

Aggregation

methods Aritmetic mean Geometric mean

Source: adapted from HDR 2010

2. Use of human development indicators

2.1. As an indicator of development

Human development indicators provide simple methods for users to analyze

development, refer to the condition of development, trends, gaps, etc. These indicators

provide a basis for development planners and development policy and strategy creators to set

priorities and define human development policy. At global level, the indicators are a basis of

comparison between the countries and regions of the world. ―The Index rests on a robust

conceptual framework - the capabilities approach of Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen—and is

based on a road-tested international tool that is the global gold standard for measuring human

well-being‖ (Burd-Sharps,S. and Lewis, K. 2011, p.5.).

The values of indicators – indices obtained can vary from 0 to 1 in theory and value

based countries classification is done at low, medium, high and very high development levels.

Human Development Report 2010, taking into account the changes in methodology,

classifies the countries by the value of the index obtained through quarterly distribution of all

countries (presented in Table 2).

Table 2. Classification of countries in relation to Human Development Index Countries in the context of

human development

HDI value Average HDI achieved in

2010 until 2010 since 2010

Very high development ≥ 0.900 ≥ 0.785 0.878

High development 0.800 – 0.899 0.675 – 0.784 0.717

Medium development 0.500 – 0.799 0.475 – 0.674 0.592

Low development < 0.500 < 0.475 0.393

Source: The Author, adapted from HDR 2010 and HDR 2009

According to HDR 2010, Norway is the most developed country and takes the 1st

position, with the achieved HDI in the value of 0.938. Considering HDI, Norway is 1.5 times

as developed as the world’s average and 6.7 times as Zimbabwe, which takes the last HDI

position, with HDI of 0.140.

Bosnia and Herzegovina takes the 68th

position, with the achieved HDI of 0.710, and

belongs to the group of countries with high human development.

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2.2. Disaggregation indicators

HDI disaggregation into components is one of important possibilities for the use of

HDI. HDI can be disaggregated in relation to regions, as well as given structure of population.

Depending on the purpose and goals of the study, as well as availability of data, it is possible

to carry out a number of disaggregation of the index dimensions. (See Table 3.)

HDI is, therefore, a valuable tool, not only for the international comparison, but also

for analysis of the levels of developmental capabilities in different regions within a country

with various socio-economic conditions. Value of the index at national level indicates the

position of a country in terms of human development, in relation to other countries in the

world. Disaggregated HDI, i.e. its value at the level of given parts of the country, or at the

level of given social groups, can suggest which position (and why) different administrative

units or groups within a country take in relation to others, as well as advantages and

disadvantages and, therefore, what priorities should be set at the level of central and local

authorities.

Table 3. Dimensions of Disaggregation

Spatial dimensions

National

Regional

Provincial

District level

Urban/rural

Urban slum/non-slum

Individual characteristics Gender

Physical/mental ability

Ethnic group

Children

The elderly

Migrant/non-migrant

Income Wealth quintile

Poverty line (above poverty line/below poverty

line)

Education Attainment (primary school, secondary school,

university)

Literacy

Employment Sector (agriculture, industry, services)

Status (formal, informal))

Other possible dimensions Other minority groups

Conflict-prone areas

Other economic classes requiring special policy

guidance

Source: Human Development Journey, Course, available at

http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/learnmore/title,20584,en.html

The use of disaggregated indices at national and sub-national levels contributes to

clarification of significant disparities and gaps between the regions, genders, between urban

and rural areas, etc. Analyses contribute to policy-making and taking actions directed towards

the gaps and inequalities. For example, it can contribute to restructuration of public

expenditures in the region or group of population with low HDI.

―A Portrait of California‖ is an illustrative example, created within the American Human

Development Project - Measure of America Series. The Portrait presents American Human

Development Index scores for different regions, metropolitan areas, and over two hundred

neighborhood clusters. Scores are also available for women and men as well as for racial and

ethnic groups. Perhaps the most innovative and exciting aspect of the report is sorting of

different parts of the state into the ―Five California’s‖, each with its own distinct profile. The

gaps in well-being within California that this report lays bare are startling. The analysis

reveals that some Californians are enjoying the highest levels of well-being and access to

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opportunity in the nation today, while others are experiencing levels of well-being that

characterized the nation decades ago.7 (Burd-Sharps,S. and Lewis, K.,2011, p.7).

Disaggregated HDI have been used for analyses in many countries, including Brazil,

China, Colombia, Egypt, Greece, Germany, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Turkey, Ukraine, USA,

South Africa, Peru, Bulgaria, etc.

2.3. Specific human development indicators

In order to address specific priorities and issues of the areas and in order to better

respond to development level of the areas, basic HDI components expressed at global level of

human development can be modified or replaced by other significant components specific for

the research area. Each country should choose the HDI components that refer to their

priorities.

Many national reports, starting from specific context of the country, developed new

indices, such as the Human Government Index (HDR South Asia 1999), Health Index (HDR

China 2002), Expanded Human Development Index (Argentina 2002), Service Deprivation

Index (HDR South Africa 2003), Cantonal Security Index, Insecurity Perception Index and

Individual Freedom Index (HDR Costa Rica, 2005) etc.

Extensive research was performed for the needs of creating the Peru Human

Development Report 2009 ―A State Density that Serves the People‖.

The two volumes of the Report explore a vision of the Peru from two angles. The first

volume analyses the concept of the State as basic service provider in the entirety of the

Peruvian territory. To achieve this, the expert team developed a State Density Index (SDI –

IDE in Spanish) composed by the following variables: identity cards/birth certificates,

physicians per habitants, secondary school assistance rate, households with potable water and

sanitation installations, and access to electricity in the housing.

The second volume explores the concept of the State based on the geographical

criterion defined by the natural territory and determined by available resources and their

relation to human development. In this way, the analysis addresses specific problems and

existing and latent vulnerabilities in the perspective of climate change and food insecurity.

From this perspective, the report draws a particular attention to the theme of the country’s

hydrological resources, which constitute the natural framework to facilitate communication

and sustainable development.8

Taking into account the specific situation in BiH, the EU context of social exclusion

and the concept and measurement of human development in ―Human Development Report

2007 – Social Inclusion in Bosnia and Herzegovina‖, the methodology for calculation of

social exclusion index was developed for the first time. The General Social Exclusion Index

(HSEI), The Extreme Social Exclusion Index (HSEI-1) and The Long-term Social Exclusion

Index (HSEI-2) were evaluated.

HSEI suggests that 50.32% of BiH population is socially excluded BiH; HSEI-1

signifies that 21,85% of BiH's population is extremely socially excluded from the most basic

7 • Asian American women in California can expect to live up to 88.6 years, over eighteen years longer than

African American men.

• A stunning $58,000 gap in median personal earnings separate the top earners in the Santa Clara–Cupertino,

Saratoga, Los Gatos area (about $73,000) from the lowest earners in the LA–East Adams–Exposition Park area

(about $15,000)—a gap double the median personal earnings for the country as a whole. • While only about seven in one hundred white adults in California never completed high school, this figure

rises to forty-five in one hundred Latino adults in the Los Angeles metro area. (Ibid, at p.7) 8 The Report is available on:

http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/latinamericathecaribbean/peru/name,20206,en.html

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processes and needs; and HSEI-2 shows that 47% of the BiH population is at risk of long-

term exclusion.

This Report on B&H got two eminent world’s awards: UNDP award for excellence in

measuring human development, New York, 2009 and the award for innovations in

measurement, at the OECD World Forum ―Statistics, Knowledge and Policy‖, Bussan, Korea,

October 2009.9 Besides, NHDR B&H 2007 was referred to in HDR 2010, as an example of a

broader multidimensional concept of social exclusion at the national level. (HDR 2010 p. 86)

Therefore, the benefits and universal use of human development indicators, as an

analytic developmental took at national and sub-national levels, will be improved if the

country chooses the components that determine their priorities and problems and that are

sensitive to the level of their development, rather than strictly using three components that

HDI consists of at the global level.

Human development indicators will remain open for any further research on

improvement, which certainly depends on availability of data on various dimensions of

human development and poverty.

3. Experiences of B&H – National Human Development Reports

Eight human development reports have been published in Bosnia and Herzegovina,

and Regional Human Development Report made in 2002/2003 was not published. Calculation

of HDI was first officially made in the Report of 2002 by local experts.

Table 4: Overview of Human Development Reports for Bosnia and Herzegovina

Year Subject

Calculation of indicators -level

B&H Entities Regional/

municipal

1998 Human Development Report BiH ... ... ...

2000 Youth ... ... ..

2002 Measuring human development HDI ..

2003 Millennium Development Goals HDI, GDI, GEM, HPI

MRC Indicators HDI, GDI, GEM,HPI ..

2003 Regional Human Development

Report (unpublished) HDI, HPI .. HDI, HPI

2005 Better local governance in B&H HDI, GDI, GEM, HPI HDI, GDI,GEM,HPI ..

2007 Social inclusion in B&H

HDI, GDI, GEM, HPI

Social exclusion

indices (urban / rural)

Laeken indicators

HDI,GDI, GEM, HPI

Social exclusion

indices (urban / rural) ..

2009 Social capital HDI .. ..

Source: The Author, based on B&H’s Human Development Reports

Of course, the calculation of human development indicators crucially depends on the

quality of data that are required for calculation. In the absence of population census (for

nearly two decades), data sources - domestic and international ones - are often

methodologically and quantitatively different. Possibility of obtaining the indicators diverse

by gender, entities, etc., is provided to a large extent by numerous statistical surveys10

. These

9 The Report was created by a group of local experts: Zarko Papic, team leader, and the authors (alphabetical

order): Maida Fetahagic, Boris Hrabac, Fahrudin Memic, Ranka Ninkovic, Adila Pasalic-Kreso, Lejla Somun-

Krupalija and Miodrag Zivanovic. The Report is available on the webpage: www.undp.ba. 10 These are: Living Standard Measurement Survey in B&H, 2001; Survey - Living in B&H – series of panel

surveys in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004; Households Expenditures Survey in 2004 and 2007, Labor Force Survey -

8

surveys are the basis for numerous studies and analyses of various aspects of life and work in

B&H.

Results of the regional Human Development Report BiH

Human development index was calculated for the selected regions and municipalities

separately in this Report, on the basis of the data collected from municipalities.11

Summary of

the indicators obtained is presented in the Table 5. and they refer to significant disparity both

between the regions and the municipalities.

Table 5. Ranking the regions according to HDP, GDP/pc and HPI, 2001

Reg

ion

Municipalities HDI HDI

rank

GDP/pc

PPP $

GDP/pc

rank

HPI

%

HPI

rank

1 Sanksi Most, Ključ 0.672 6 1,960 3 23.9 2

2 Bosanski Novi, Prijedor 0.692 5 1,783 5 22.4 3

3 Travnik, Vitez 0.730 1 2,733 2 21.9 4

4 Zenica, Tešanj 0.709 3 1,910 4 19.1 6

5 Široki Brijeg, Ljubuški,

Posušje 0.721 2 2,803 1 28.6 1

6 Trebinje, Gacko 0.697 4 1,667 6 20.2 5

Source: The Author, based on BiH NHDR 2002: Regional Human Development Report

Ranking the regions according to human development is different than ranking

according to the basic indicator of economic development GDP/pc. Region 5 (Siroki Brijeg,

Ljubuski, Posusje) takes the first position according to GDP/pc; it is also the poorest region,

where about 28.6% of the population is poor in terms of human development. This suggests

that high economic growth, measured by GDP/pc, was not accompanied by human

development and the development model in this region is unsustainable.

4. Opportunities and challenges of the use of human development indicators in spatial

planning

Understanding the human development concept and human development indicators in the

context of spatial development and planning leads to possible directions of consideration:

- The first direction refers to theoretical contribution to understanding of spatial aspect

as dimension of human development;

- The second direction refers to the use of human development indicators in preparing

and creating spatial plans;

- The third direction is a special challenge: introducing a new indicator: spatial planning

index.

4.1. Spatial planning in the context of human development

2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, carried out by the Agency for Statistics of B&H, Federal Office of Statistics and

Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics. 11 The areas that determined the following regions were set for the research: Region 1 – Sanski Most and Kljuc

municipalities; Region 2 – Bosanski Novi and Prijedor municipalities; Region 3 – Travnik and Vitez

municipalities; Region 4 – Zenica and Tesanj municipalities; Region 5 – Siroki Brijeg, Posusje and Ljubuski

municipalities; Region 6 – Trebinje and Gacko municipalities.

9

Spatial planning is a very complex process; it goes into all aspects of life and work and

requires a multidisciplinary approach, as well as a team developing a spatial plan. Spatial

planning serves for determination of the best ways for the use of economic potentials and

arrangement of functional spatial structures. Spatial plan recognizes and determines the areas

with special potentials or limitations and inequalities in development of areas. Without

specific spatial-economic policy, developmental gap between favorable and unfavorable

settlements will become deeper, which is unfavorable for the overall economic, social and

spatial development.

On the basis of spatial plans, public investments are allocated in certain areas, to

contribute to development or to remove stagnations in development. Spatial plans supported

by economic studies are used as a basis for decisions, made by developmental policy-makers,

on the areas that the country especially needs to support and to certain extent. Therefore,

spatial plan, which includes a strategic economic plan as well, is not only an instrument for

structuring spatial development of certain area, but also an instrument for acquiring the funds

and setting directions for investment flows.

Contemporary approaches to spatial planning suggest that the ultimate objective of

spatial plan is to ―creation of richness in diversity of spatial offer, for a contemporary

individual to realize as many opportunities, i.e. freedoms of choices, as possible‖ (Neidhart,

V. 1997, p 14). Holistic approach to spatial planning is a process of creative intervention in

entirety of the living environment. On the other hand, ―The objective of human development

is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives‖

(Hag, Ul M. 2004, p. 17).

The main orientation of spatial planning and development is to rely on the concept of

human development, which puts people into focus, along with all their capabilities. In this

sense, spatial plan should support the constant process of expansion of the choices and

capabilities for people to achieve certain level of wellbeing.

Space is understood as a dimension of human development – people are a part of the

space and all activities happen in the space: people need all possibilities available, in the

function of development of their capabilities. Space should not be an obstacle to development

of basic dimensions of human development.

Spatial planning in the context of human development is interpreted as a possibility to

approach to the access place where three essential choices are realized: income, education and

health. These are also the fundamental human rights: to work, to education and healthcare.

4.2. Application of human development indicators in preparing and creating spatial

plans

Understanding the relation between spatial planning and human development leads to

the application of human development indicators, as a valuable tool for preparing and creating

spatial plans and spatial development. Presenting the human development indicators on the

maps is a good step towards spatial expression of the data obtained, especially presenting the

data in GIS (Geographic Information System) format. GIS data are very practical because of

the possibility to continuously use and edit the data in the future as well.

Maps with the human development indices marked at the level of municipalities refer

to spatial disparities in development in the country and to one of the fundamental objectives

of spatial development: reducing the disparities and gaps in development of certain areas.

Indicators presented on the maps thus became the fundamental input for the needs of

preparing and creating spatial plans. (see Map 1. and Map 2.)

10

Source: NHDR Bulgaria 2002, p. 27. Source: NHDR Serbia 2008, p.211.

Spatial dimension of human development indicators was especially studied in the

paper ―The Spatial Dimension of Human Development Index in Indonesia―12

. This paper

explained the spatial pattern on HDI achievement at sub-national level in Indonesia, and

estimated the determinants of HDI using spatial econometrics method.

Spatial Development Index

Spatial Development Index - SDI implies basic dimensions of human development

from spatial aspect: access of the place13

where income is earned, place where health care is

provided and the place where education is acquired. Spatial development in the context of

human development can thus be interpreted as accessibility of workplace, education and

healthcare as well, which implies, among others, the traffic and social infrastructure

developed.

The issue of accessibility of workplace, education and health care also implies the

possibility to realize the fundamental human rights: the right to work, to education and health

care.

The issue of the right to work is not explicitly determined by the laws in BiH, but BiH

Constitution foresees that BiH should provide the highest level of internationally recognized

rights and fundamental freedoms. The issue of the right to work is referred to in the Article 1

of the European Social Charter.

The issue of accessibility of workplace depends on a number of factors: functional-

organizational spatial structure, location requirements of economic structure of the area,

spatial capacities of locations, development of infrastructure, etc.

12 Rinaldi, R. and Nurwita,E. (2010): The Spatial Dimension of Human Development Index in Indonesia,

Center for Economics and Development Studies, Department of Economics, Padjadjaran University Jalan

Cimandiri no. 6, Bandung, Indonesia. 13 Place in the context of spatial planning means: location, point.

Map 1. Level of HDI by districts and municipalities

in Bulgaria

Map 2. HDI by districts in Serbia

11

In terms of the access to workplace in the context of understanding SDI, it is crucial

for people to have a choice and possibilities to choose a job that is the most adequate to their

qualifications and capabilities. People often choose a less paid job if the work place is nearby

– looking for less expenditures and less time, which have a significant influence on the quality

of life (not only in economic sense). However, if they do not have a choice, they accept a job

at a more distant place, so we cannot talk about human development in this case.

The existing legal regulations in BiH foresee the equality of approach and equal

possibilities when it comes to health care and education as well. The Article 10 of FBiH Law

on Health Care reads that ―Health care is provided to the citizens in accordance with the

principles of universality, continuity, accessibility and totality of the approach to primary, as

well as specialized approach to specialist consultative and hospital health care‖. The Article 4

of the Framework Law on Primary and Secondary Education in BiH reads that ―Every child

has equal right to the approach and equal possibilities to participate in adequate education,

without discrimination on any basis. Equal approach and equal possibilities imply providing

equal conditions and opportunities for everyone, for the beginning and continuation of further

education‖.

Methodology of SDI calculations

Possible steps in SDI calculations with selected variables of spatial dimensions are

presented in the Figure 1.

Selecting the measurement of accessibility

It is clear that accessibility can be expressed and measured in several ways: in physical

units (km or m), time, expenditures caused by movement, type of transport means – public or

private transport, etc. In SDI calculations, accessibility and distance of spatial dimensions,

given the features of spatial plan, are measured in meters (physical distance) and the time

needed to pass certain distance (time distance14

).

General approach to calculation of spatial dimension sub-index and accessibility index

To calculate SDI, as well as other human development indicators, it is necessary to

calculate the index for each dimension. Dimensions are combined into the index on the basis

of the minimum and maximum value determined for a given variable. Features of each

dimension are determined as 0 to 1 values, applying the following formula:

Id = ( Xi – Xmin ) / ( Xmax – Xmin )

where: Id is dimension index

Xi is real value of the variable

Xmin and Xmax are threshold limits set for the variable, with Xmin ≤Xi≤ Xmax

In the process of calculation of sub-index, formula (1) is applied on each variable.

14 Time distance does not involve the way, a transport mean (by foot, bicycle, car or public transport) to arrive to

certain destination.

12

Figure 1. Scheme of the structure of Spatial Development Index (variables, sub-indices and indices)

Human

development

dimensions

Living standard Health Education

Spatial

dimensions Workplace

Place where health care is

provided

Place where education is

acquired

Variables

Distance between the place

of residence and workplace

Distance between the place of

residence and place of primary

and tertiary healthcare

Distance between the place

of residence and place of

primary and secondary

education

Physical

distance

Time

distance

Physical

distance

Time

distance

Physical

distance

Time

distance

Spatial

dimension sub-

index

Distance sub-

index

Time sub-

index

Distance sub-

index

Time sub-

index

Distance

sub-index

Time sub-

index

Accessability

index

Workplace Accessability

Index

Healthcare Accessability

Index

Education Accessability

Index

Spatial Development Index

Setting the minimum and maximum values of variables (goalposts for SDI)

Selection of the minimum and maximum values of the indicator is a result of

experience in preparing and creating spatial plans, as well as the value assumptions for

application of the simulation model of calculation.15

Spatial standards in methodology of creating spatial plans are mostly normative,

referring to the number of employed persons per ha covered by the economic facilities

constructed, number of health workers in relation to the size of population, number of schools

in relation to the size of population, school capacity by the number of students, etc.

Certain standards of urban planning are recommended, which are expressed in

―service radius‖ in health care, social care and education (Tosković, D. 2006, p 187). This

mostly implies the extent to which the population and space are covered by certain services.

For example, the Spatial Plan of The Sarajevo Canton 2003 – 2023, in projections of spatial

development and spatial systems, foresees the following for primary education: ―Network of

elementary schools will equally cover the entire territory of the Canton, in order to meet the

needs of the population and equalize the size of the gravitational area of schools by the

number of inhabitants and territorial coverage.... for the planned number of students,

249,146km2 of useful space should be provided, with the improved standard of 5.5m

2 per a

student…‖ (Spatial Plan of The Sarajevo Canton 2003-2023, p 30).

Some spatial plans include internal simple principles in accessability of certain places.

Such as example, ―Spatial Planning in Denmark‖ reads: „Large office workplace exceeding

15 The planned research at the level of FBiH, i.e. cantons within the Federation, will provide new inputs for

setting the goalposts of spatial variables.

13

1500 m2 of floor space will generally have to be located within 600 meters by foot from the

closest station―16

.

Table 6. Minimum and maximum values for availability variables

N

o.

Spatial dimensions

Physical dimension in

meters

Time dimension in

minutes

min. max. min. max.

1.

Distance between the place of residence and

workplace 100 30,000 5 60

2.

Distance between

the place residence and place of

healthcare

Primary care17

(ambulance, family doctor) 100 10,000 5 30

Tertiary care18

(hospitals, clinical center) 100 60,000 5 120

3.

Distance between

the place of

residence and place

of education

Primary education

(elementary school) 100 10,000 5 30

Secondary education

(secondary school) 100 20,000 5 60

So, neither the spatial standards nor the laws in the fields of health care and education

explicitly determine physical accessibility of basic dimensions of human development.

Therefore, the SDI calculation is also an attempt of standardization of availability of certain

services, to certain extent, in order to improve the people’s living and working conditions.

Steps in SDI calculations

I Calculation of spatial dimension index and sub-index

The following determinants were provided for the calculation:

- In combination of physical dimension and time dimension, physical availability is

more significant;

- In combination of sub-index of primary and sub-index of tertiary health care, primary

health care is more significant;

- In combination of sub-index of primary and sub-index of secondary education,

primary education is more significant.

1. Calculation of Workplace Accessibility Index (Iaw)

Iaw = 2/3 Iwf + 1/3 Iwt (1) where:

sub-index of physical distance from work is Iwf = ( Xiwf – Xminwf) / (Xmaxwf – Xminwf)

Iwf = ( Xiwf – 100) / (30,000– 100)

sub-index of time distance from work is Iwt = ( Xiwt – Xminwt) / (Xmaxwt – Xminwt) Iwf = ( Xiwt – 5) / (60– 5),

and Xirwf is the real physical distance value, Xiwt the real time distance value.

16 Danish Ministry of the Environment (2007): Spatial Planning in Denmark, p.15 17 Primary health care involves: services of family doctor of medicine (hereinafter referred to as: family doctor),

general medical services, school medicine, sanitary-epidemiological protection, dentist care, urgent medical care,

labor medicine, health protection of workers, protection of women and children, diagnostic and pharmaceutical

services. 18 Tertiary health care implies hospital health services that involve a number of measures, activities and

procedures undertaken with the purpose of diagnostic, treatment and medical rehabilitation of patients in

adequate stationary health institutes.

14

2. Calculation of Healthcare Accessibility Index ( Iah)

Iah = 2/3 Iph + 1/3 Ith (2) where: Iph sub-index of primary healthcare

Ith sub-index of tertiary healthcare

2.1 Calculation of Sub-index of Primary Healthcare (Iph)

Iph= 2/3 Iphf + 1/3 Ipht (2.1.) where:

sub-index of physical distance of primary healthcare Iphf Iphf = ( Xphf – Xminphf) / (Xmaxphf – Xminphf)

= (Xphf – 100) / (10,000 – 100)

sub-index of time distance of primary healthcare Ipzt

Ipht = ( Xipht – Xminpht / (Xmaxpht – Xminpht) = (Xipht – 5) / (30 – 5),

and Xiphf is the real physical distance value, Xipht the real time distance value.

2.2. Calculation of Sub-index of Tertiary Healthcare Itz

Ith= 2/3 Ithf + 1/3 Itht (2.2.) where:

sub-index of physical distance of tertiary healthcare Itzf Itzf = ( Xitzf – Xmintzf) / (Xmaxtzf – Xmintzf)

= (Xtzf – 100) / (60,000 – 100)

sub-index of time distance of tertiary healthcare Itzt

Itht = ( Xitht – Xmintht / (Xmaxtht – Xmintht) = (Xitht – 5) / (120 – 5),

and Xithf is the real physical distance value, Xitht the real time distance value.

3. Calculation of Education Accessibility Index Iae

Iae = 2/3 Ipe+ 1/3 Ise (3) where:

Ipe Sub-index of primary education Ise Sub-index of secondary education

3.1 Calculation of Sub-index of Primary Education Ipe

Ipe= 2/3 Ipef + 1/3 Ipet (3.1.) where:

Sub-index of physical distance of primary education Ipef

Ipef = ( Xipef – Xminpef) / (Xmaxpef – Xminpef) = (Xipef – 100) / (10,000 – 100)

Sub-index of time distance of primary education Ipet

Ipet = ( Xipet – Xminpet / (Xmaxpet – Xminpet)

= (Xipet – 5) / (30 – 5), and Xipef is the real physical distance value, Xipet the real time distance value.

3.2. Calculation of Sub-index of Secondary Education (Ise)

Ise= 2/3 Isef + 1/3 Iset (3.2.) where:

15

Sub-index of physical distance of secondary education Isef

Isef = ( Xisef – Xminsef) / (Xmaxsef – Xminsef)

= (Xisef – 100) / (20.000 – 100) Sub-index of time distance of secondary education Iset

Iset = ( Xiset – Xminset / (Xmaxset – Xminset)

= (Xiset – 5) / (60 – 5), a Xisef is the real physical distance value, Xiset the real time distance value.

II Calculation of Spatial Development Index (SDI)

At the end, SDI is a simple arithmetic mean of: Workplace Accessibility Index, Healthcare

Accessibility Index and Education Accessibility Index

SDI =( Iaw + Iah + Iae)/3 (4)

The steps in calculating SDI schematically shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Scheme of the Calculation of Spatial Development Index

SDI values obtained vary from 0 to 1, based on which typology of the area can be determined:

Table 7. Typology of the area according to SDI values

SDI value Typology of the area by spatial development

1 0.000 – 0.199 Highly developed space

2 2.000 – 0.399 Developed space

3 4.000 – 5.999 Moderately developed space

4 6.000 – 7.999 Insufficiently developed space

5 8.000 – 1.000 Space of ultimate underdevelopment

In further work on methodology, empirical study to be performed at the level of

Federation represents a special challenge; SDI will be calculated and typology of the area

16

within the territory observed (cantons within FBiH) will be determined19

. Results will be a

basis for consideration of disparities in development of FBiH and one of determinants for

consideration of conception of the overall and spatial development of FBiH.

Of course, methodology for SDI calculations remains open for all suggestions in terms

of the approach to selection of variables, goalposts of variables, methods of calculation, etc.

Results of the planned study will certainly provide some feedback information towards

direction and improvement of the overall methodology.

Example: simulation of SDI calculation model on the values assumed for five regions

Assume that the distance variable values for 5 regions were obtained as it follows in

Table 8.

Table 8. Hypothetical variables values for SDI calculations

Reg

ion

Distance

between the

place of

residence and

workplace

Distance between the place residence and

place of healthcare

Distance between the place of residence

and place of education

Primary Tertiary Primary Secondary

Xiwf

u m

Xiwt

u min

Xiphf

u m

Xipht

u min

Xithf

u m

Xitht

u min

Xipef

u m

Xipet

u min

Xisef

u m

Xiset

u min

A 5,000 30 900 15 20,000 45 1,000 15 5,000 20

B 6,000 45 2,500 30 10,000 30 1,500 25 800 20

C 1,500 50 1,000 15 30,000 70 5,000 30 9,000 15

D 1,000 10 200 5 10,000 20 800 15 3,000 15

E 29,000 50 8,000 25 10,000 20 7,000 25 12,000 50

Applying the SDI calculation model, the following sub-index and index values were obtained

and presented in the Table 9.

Table 9. Sub-indices and indices values

Region Iaw Iph Ith Iah Ipe Ise Iae SDI

A 0,261 0,187 0,337 0,237 0,194 0,255 0,214 0,237

B 0,374 0,495 0,182 0,391 0,361 0,114 0,279 0,348

C 0,605 0,194 0,521 0,303 0,663 0,359 0,562 0,490

D 0,050 0,007 0,154 0,056 0,180 0,158 0,173 0,093

E 0,917 0,799 0,154 0,584 0,731 0,671 0,711 0,737

Therefore, on the basis of SDI values, the regions can be classified as it presented in Table 10.

Table 10. Typology of the region by SDI values

Region SDI value Typology of the region by spatial development

A 0,237 Developed region

B 0,348 Developed region

C 0,490 Moderately developed region

D 0,093 Highly developed region

E 0,737 Insufficiently developed region

19 FBiH Ministry for education and science has allocated a part of the funds, which is not enough for completion

of the entire project; additional funds are necessary and will be requested from other sources.

17

On the basis of the results obtained, the following can be concluded:

a) Region E is assessed as an insufficiently spatially developed region in the context of

human development. SDI structure of the region E refers to

- undeveloped traffic infrastructure, lack of connection between the work and residence

zones, dysfunctional organizational structure of the residential and business zones, and

alike (high Iaw);

- undeveloped network of primary health care (high Iph);

- very poor network of educational infrastructure – primary and secondary education,

which is not necessary a lack of traffic infrastructure;

- low Ith suggests that this is a region where a clinical or medical center as a hospital is

located, but there is no family doctor or ambulance accessible.

b) Region A and Region B are assessed as spatially developed regions in the context of

human development, however, the difference in Iph (higher in B region) implies that

the network of primary health care is poorer in the region B, meaning that inhabitants

need more time to get to the ambulance or family doctor.

Therefore, the population in these five regions has very different possibilities of the

approach and accessibility to workplace, health care service and education. Population of the

region A has a higher quality of life, since accessibility of the fundamental dimensions of

human development is closer and faster.

These assessments provide clear inputs for spatial plan guidelines and for directing the

future public investments, always with complex and multidisciplinary approach to spatial

planning.

5. Spatial planning in Bosnia and Herzegovina

5.1. EU context of spatial planning and challenges

Spatial planning is not among the original competencies of the EU, but implies the

policies that directly affect spatial development, thus highlighting the importance of the role

of spatial planning, i.e. space in achieving its institutional objectives.

In order to organize cooperation of the European states in the field of spatial and

regional planning, the Council of Europe established the European Conference of Ministers

responsible for Regional Planning – CEMAT, back in 1970.

Documents adopted by the EU are the roof documents and represent a strategic

framework for coordination of policies in other fields, the most important of which are:

- European Regional/ Spatial Planning Charter ('Torremolinos Charter'), 1983.

- European Strategy of Regional/Spatial Planning, 1988.

- European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP): Towards Balanced and

Sustainable Development of the Territory of the European Union, 1999

- The Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of European Continent

2000, 2003.

- Territorial Agenda of the European Union, Towards a more competitive and

sustainable Europe of diverse regions,2007

- Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities, 2007.

- Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion: Turning territorial diversity into strength,2008

- Spatial Planning – Key Instruments for Development and Effective Governance with

Special References to Countries in Transition, EC UN for Europe, New York and

Geneva, 2008.

18

European Spatial Planning Observation Network – ESPON was established as well; it

provides the data, knowledge, trends, territorial structures and perspectives that enable

comparing of the regions and cities and understanding of European territorial diversity.20

The

ESPON projects have produced a great number of indicators (core, key and routing

indicators) covering their specific thematic aspect.21

Of course, besides a number of documents related to spatial arrangement and territorial

cohesion, the EU has adopted a number of strategic developmental documents as well, such as

the Lisbon Strategy, which set the objectives for the EU development based on knowledge, or

Europe 2020 – smart, inclusive and sustainable growth.

European Charter on Regional/Spatial Planning defines spatial planning as a

geographic expression of economic, social, cultural and ecological policies in society. At the

same time, this represents a scientific discipline, administrative technique and policy

developed as an interdisciplinary and understandable approach, directed towards equal

regional development and physical organization of space, in accordance with the overall

strategy.

The document ―Key Instruments for Development and Effective Governance with

Special References to Countries in Transition‖ underlines that ―Spatial planning is a key

instrument for establishing long-term, sustainable frameworks for social, territorial and

economic development both within and between countries. Its primary role is to enhance the

integration between sectors such as housing, transport, energy and industry, and to improve

national and local systems of urban and rural development, also taking into account

environmental considerations.‖22

ESDP approaches to spatial development as a whole; sustainable spatial development

involves economic, social and environmental aspects. ―The European Spatial Development

Perspective is based on the EU aim of achieving a balanced and sustainable development, in

particular by strengthening economic and social cohesion8.‖23

(See figure 3) The fundamental

goal is reflected in the triangle of objectives that connect the three objectives of spatial

development: economic and social cohesion; conservation of natural resources and cultural

heritage; and more balanced competitiveness of the European territory.

Figure 3 Triangle of Objectives: a Balanced and Sustainable Spatial Development

20 ESPON has promoted a number of programs and reports, including: ESPON 2013 Program that supports the developmental policy in relation to cohesion policy of the EU, Synthesis Report 2010: New facts on smart,

sustainable and inclusive territories, as well as the first ESPON scientific report: Scientific dialogue on cities,

rural areas and the increasing energy prices. 21

See the details on: http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_ESPON2006Projects/Menu_ScientificBriefingNetworking/indi

cators.html 22 Spatial Planning – Key Instruments for Development and Effective Governance with Special References to

Countries in Transition, EC UN for Europe, New York and Geneva, 2008, p. vii 23 ESDP, 1999 p. 9

Sustainable

Spatial

Development

Society

Environment Economy

Source: ESDP, 1999 p. 10

19

ESDP also sets the following objectives: development of a balanced and polycentric

urban system and a new urban-rural relationship; securing parity of access to infrastructure

and knowledge; and sustainable development, prudent management and protection of nature

and cultural heritage (ESDP 1999, p.10).

Documents adopted later on, for example EU Territorial Agenda, rely on the ESDP

objectives and upgrades them towards: enhancement of polycentric development and

innovations through connecting the cities-regions and cities; new forms of partnership and

territorial management between rural and urban areas; promotion of regional clusters for

innovation competition in Europe; support to enhancement and expansion of trans-European

networks; promotion of trans-European risk management, including the effects of climate

changes, demands of enhancement of ecological structures and cultural resources, as

additional value of development.

The concept of territorial cohesion is an overarching objective of EU territorial

development. Territorial cohesion is generally considered as complementary to the objectives

of economic and social cohesion and aims at promoting a harmonious and homogeneous

development of the entire territory. A wide agreement prevails on the fact that territorial

cohesion is a multi-dimensional concept with at least three main components:

Three main components of territorial cohesion:

• Territorial quality: the quality of the living and working environment; comparable living

standards across territories; similar access to services of general interest and to knowledge;

• Territorial efficiency: resource-efficiency with respect to energy, land and natural resources;

competitiveness of the economic fabric and attractiveness of the local territory; internal and

external accessibility;

• Territorial identity: presence of ―social capital‖; capability of developing shared visions of

the future; local know-how and specificities, productive ―vocations‖ and competitive

advantage of each territory. (Camagni, R, 2005)

Understanding the territorial quality in this way, SDI can also refer to the achieved

quality of territory, i.e. a part of spatial quality – working and living environment, living

standards, access to social infrastructure (health, education, etc.) or what is described as space

capability, or space access capability: to provide all people working and living conditions.

For the countries in transition, objectives of spatial development and planning are

especially highlighted: enhancement of territorial cohesion through the balanced social and

economic development of regions and improvement of competitiveness; development

supported by urban functions and improvement of relations between the city and village;

promotion of higher balance of accessibility; development and access to information and

knowledge; reduction of damages to the environment, etc.

Spatial planning is especially important for the countries in transition, since it can

provide the way of management and management of development, which creates more

stability in the climate for development and investments.

In the time of a number of global changes, unpredictability of the world’s economy, economic

crises in the EU countries, etc., the following key challenges for the EU regions are crucially

important:

- Globalization, which triggers the scientific and technological progress (increasing

knowledge, mobility, competitiveness and innovations);

- Demographic changes, which reflect in transformation of the structure of population,

migration pressures;

- Influences of climate changes, which will burden the economic, social and ecological

systems, while the fight against climate changes is the most important for wellbeing of

the future generations;

20

- Safe, sustainable and competitive energy represents one of the main challenges for

society.

The challenges for the countries in transition especially refer to European integrations

and the reforms of market economy.

Therefore, the issues of globalization, sustainable development, European integrations,

market economy reform and demographic changes leave deep implications on the models of

development in all countries in the EU region, while spatial planning is one of the ways to

address these challenges.

5.2. Challenge or necessity of spatial planning in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina (area of 51,129 km2) is administratively divided into two

entities: Federation of BiH (FBiH), which covers about 51% of the territory, and Republika

Srpska (RS), which covers the surface of about 49% of the territory, and Brcko District (BD).

Federation of BiH consists of ten cantons and the capital city, Sarajevo, is in Sarajevo Canton.

BiH consists of a total of 142 main administrative-territorial units, 79 municipalities of which

are arranged into 10 cantons of the Federation of BiH, 62 municipalities in the territory of

Republika Srpska, and Brcko District of BiH. (See Map 1, Map 2 and Map 3.)

Map 3. Entities of FBiH and RS Map 4. Cantons in FBiH Map 5. Municipalities in FBiH and RS

Source: Ministry for Human Rights and Refugees, 2006: Residential and urban profile of BiH, Image of

destruction, recovery and developmental perspectives, Sarajevo, p. 2, available at: http://www.mhrr.gov.ba/PDF/?id=281

Spatial planning in BiH is in jurisdiction of the entities, cantons and municipalities.

Spatial Plan of Republika Srpska until 2015 was adopted in 2008, while Spatial Plan of

Federation of BiH 2008 – 2028 is in the process of preparation. The most of cantons and

municipalities have adopted their spatial plans.

Spatial plan determines long-term objectives and measures of spatial development, in

accordance with the overall planned economic, social and historical development, includes the

policy of land use and directs the development of functions and activities to the territory of

certain area.

At the level of BiH, the need and necessity of regulation of spatial planning (or spatial

arrangement) is significant at the state level, given at least four points.

The first, spatial plan is a possibility for smart approach to the analysis of development

disparities and to determine adequate policies and measures of the overall development on

this basis, especially using the disaggregated human development indicators. Disparities in the

area of BiH are especially significant, both in terms of demographic, economic and other

characteristics. The Table 11. presents only some of the indications, as an illustration of

disparities between municipalities.

21

Table 11: Extreme development disparities of BiH, according to some indications, 2008

Municipal features The lowest

values

Municipalities with the

lowest values

The highest

values

Municipalities with the

highest values

Area (km2)

(BiH 51.129 km2) ≤10

Novo Sarajevo, Doboj-

jug > 1.000

Konjic,Ravno

Glamoč,Banja Luka

Foča

Population (number)

(BiH 3.840.315) < 1.000

Dobretići, Istočni Drvar

Kupres, Petrovac, Istočni

Mostar

.> 100.000

Tuzla, Zenica, Mostar,

Novi Grad

Banja Luka, Bijeljina

Population Density

(inh/ km2)

(BiH 75,1 inh/ km2)

<5

Ravno, Prozor, Trnovo

Glamoč, Bosansko

Grahovo, Istočni Drvar,

Petrovac

> 1000

Novi Grad. Novo

Sarajevo, Centar

Sarajevo

GDP/pc (USD, 2007)

(BiH 3.965 USD/pc)

30% below average BiH

Bužim, Čelić, Kalesija, Sapna, Teočak, Osmaci

200% above average BiH

Centar Sarajevo, Novo Sarajevo, Novi Grad

Employment rate (%)

(BiH 21,9%)

30% below

average BiH

Ravno, Jezero, Kotor

Varoš, Kupres RS,

Vukosavlje

200% above

average BiH Lukavica, Istočni Drvar

Source: the author’s analysis based on: Edin Sabanovic et al. (2010): Regional Disparity Assessment, UNDP,

Sarajevo, pg. 33; GDP/pc: Federal Institute for Development Programming; Population density: The Author’s

calculation.

Source: Edin Sabanović et al. (2010): Regional Disparity Assessment, UNDP, Sarajevo, p. 10 and p. 24

Development disparities in BiH, between municipalities, regions and cantons and

enormous differences that BiH citizens face in terms of basic living and working conditions

impose one of the fundamental development strategies: reduction of differences in

development between municipalities and cantons, i.e. spatially more equal development of

BiH, with dynamic growth of the overall development of BiH.

The second, this strategic orientation is also in accordance with the fundamental ESDP

objective – achieving the equal and sustainable development through enhancement of

economic and social cohesion (ESDP, 1999).

Map 6. Regional development disparities in BiH Map 7. Geographical municipal pockets of

underdevelopment in BiH

22

The third, let us remind you BiH adopted two important strategic documents in 2010:

Strategy of Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Strategy of Social Inclusion.

Holistic approach to development, approach to human development brings up the issue of

observing the spatial dimension of development – through spatial planning. Spatial plan then

becomes an instrument of management and arrangement of unique economic, social and

infrastructural space of BiH.

The fourth, EU requirements towards the countries – candidates refer to the obligation

for the policy and objectives of spatial development, as well as the legislation on spatial

arrangement, to be adjusted to European objectives of spatial development.

In the context of European integrations, spatial planning takes over responsibility to

ensure spatial cohesion, i.e. enough homogenous living conditions in all areas, in which local

communities could have similar possibilities to develop their economic, social and cultural

objectives; as well as responsibility to maintain and develop specific characteristics of the

areas, differences and special features. Spatial planning thus becomes an instrument for

achievement of successful integration into international and interregional trends.

Final considerations and recommendations

Conception of human development, as holistic approach to development, puts people

in the focus of all aspects of developmental processes and becomes a developmental paradigm

of the 21st century.

Multiple uses of human development indicators open the possibilities for their

application in spatial planning and development. Human development indicators have become

a tool for spatial planning and monitoring of developmental processes. The map with human

development index and sub-indices by municipalities or regions within the state thoroughly

refers to development disparities. At the same time, it represents an instrument to set priorities

and direct public investments: provides the answers to which sectors (health, education…)

and where to invest.

Spatial presentation of HDI in relation to the regions in the European Union is an

answer to achieving the objectives of European perspectives of spatial development: social,

economic and territorial cohesion.

Understanding the relation between spatial planning and human development provides

a new theoretical and applicative contribution to both the concept of human development and

spatial development.

Human development is expanded to spatial dimension as well: everything happens in

space, people need physical access of the possibilities, in the function of development of their

capabilities and realization of the fundamental choices. Space should not be an obstacle to

development of the main human development dimensions. Spatial development relies on

conception of human development and supports the constant process of enlarging of the

choices and possibilities for people to achieve certain level of wellbeing.

Spatial development index involves the main human development dimensions from

spatial aspect: accessibility of the place where income is earned, place where health care is

provided and the place where education is acquired. Spatial development in the context of

human development can thus be interpreted as the space capability to provide all people

equal conditions and opportunities of accessibility for work, education and adequate health

care.

On the basis of SDI values for certain areas (municipalities, districts, regions, states),

it is possible to perform typology of the areas in accordance to spatial development in the

context of human development. Spatial Development Index can be applied at the level of

municipalities, cantons or any other territorial, spatial units for preparations of spatial

development plans.

23

Complexity of economic, social and the overall condition in BiH requires the

application of the concept of human development, in a much stronger and more consistent

way than so far, as well as the application of human development indicators in analyses of the

socio-economic situation.

Taking into account the concept of human development, as approach to development

that has marked the 21st century and extraordinary possibilities of human development

indicators, the following recommendations can be applied to BiH circumstances:

BiH needs to have the necessary statistical basis and monitoring of all human

development indicators, which can be achieve through introduction of special studies,

taking into account the special experiences in organization and results of statistic

surveys in BiH. It is especially important to monitor the indicators in accordance with

the HDI, IHDI, GII and MPI structure, as well as to continuously follow new findings

in contemporary methodology and human development indicators. In BiH conditions,

this once again refers to the need for census of population, significant expansion of

monitoring of the indicators that are specific for human development, as well as

unified expression of all indicators at the level of municipalities, cantons, entities,

District and the state. Such database is a basis for monitoring the MDG, which is

crucially important for global consideration of realization of MDG.

The institutions of government should establish a department for human development,

which would represent an institutional connection between the state and regional

human development bureaus in The South East Europe; it would also analyze and

monitor human development and human development indicators at the state level and

send signals to the existing and long-term developmental policy on this basis. The

department would analyze the causal relations between the policies, programs and

their influences on the level of human wellbeing and it would thus provide assistance

in informing, setting the objectives and priorities and optimum allocation of the funds.

Given the wide possibility of use and disaggregation of human development

indicators, this department would also monitor the relations between the entities,

cantons, as well as development gaps, gender aspects, national aspects, specific issues

related to rural development, etc.

In order to promote, inform and educate the people on the notion and concept of

human development and human development indicators, university curricula should

include human development as a special curriculum subject.

Besides the need to adjust the statistical studies to international methodologies and

standards, it is also necessary to adjust and perform them at all levels, from

municipalities, cantons and entities, to the state level.

It is necessary to introduce spatial planning at the state level in BiH, due to great

development disparities in municipalities, the lack of unique economic, social and

infrastructural space. Complexity of the socio-economic and political situation in BiH,

as well as the process of preparations for accession to the EU, imposes the necessity

and need for:

- establishment of an institution at the state level, in charge of spatial planning and

arrangement,

- new territorial and regional arrangement of the state,

- introduction of special studies for the needs of spatial planning,

- adjustment of indicators and performing statistical studies at all levels, from

municipalities, cantons and entities, to the state level,

- adjustment of statistical studies to international methodologies and standards, as well

as the introduction of international spatial data (for example ESPON indicators),

24

- harmonization of legal regulations in the field of spatial planning, in accordance with

the EU roof documents on spatial and regional development.

Spatial planning thus becomes an instrument for arrangement of unique space of the

state of BiH and, at the same time, a step towards successful integration in the EU.

Necessity of spatial planning in the process of European integrations also imposes the

need to suggest the UNDP in BiH to create a human development report in BiH

dedicated to spatial planning and development, where the space of BiH is seen as

unique territory. This would initiate a practical, public, political and expert debate on

the function of spatial planning at the state level, which is one of the objectives of

national human development reports.

Appendix

Table 13. The Position of Bosnia and Herzegovina in SEE and in the world according to HDI, 2010.

rank H

DI

Countries grouping,

country HDI

value

Life

expectan

cy at

birth

Mean

years of

schooling

Expected

years of

schooling

GNI/pc

(PPP 2008

$)

No income

HDI value

28 Czech Repubilc 0,841 76,9 12,3 15,2 22.678 0,886

29 Slovenia 0,828 78,8 9,0 16,7 25.857 0,853

31 Slovakia 0,818 75,1 11,6 14,9 21.658 0,854

36 Hungary 0,805 73,9 11,7 15,3 17.472 0,851

41 Poland 0,795 76,0 10,0 15,2 17.803 0,834

49 Montenegro 0,769 74,6 10,6 14,4 12.491 0,825

50 Romania 0,767 73,2 10,6 14,8 12.844 0,820

51 Croatia 0,767 76,7 9,0 13,8 16.389 0,798

58 Bulgaria 0,743 73,7 9,9 13,7 11.139 0,795

60 Serbia 0,735 74,4 9,5 13,5 10.449 0,788

64 Albania 0,719 76,9 10,4 11,3 7.976 0,787

68 Bosna and Herzegovina 0,710 75,5 8,7 13,0 8.222 0,771

71 Macedonia, TFYR 0,701 74,5 8,2 12,3 9.487 0,742

Very high human development 0,878 80,3 11,3 15,9 37.225 0,902

High human development 0,717 72,6 8,3 13,8 12.286 0,749

Medium human development 0,592 69,3 6,3 11,0 5.134 0,634

Low human development 0,393 56,0 4,1 8,2 1.490 0,445

1 Norway 0,938 81,0 12,6 17,3 58.810 0,954

169 Zimbabwe 0,140 47,0 7,2 9,2 176 0,472

World - average 0,624 69,3 7,4 12,3 10.631 0,663

Source: HDR 2010

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