Human development • Growth and development : both refer to changes over a period of time. • Growth: quantitative and value neutral. The change may be either Positive or negative. i.e. showing an increase or decrease. • Development: a qualitative change which is always value positive. This means that an Increase or increment in the existing condition. • For e.g. If pop. of a city grows from 1lakh to 2lakh over a period of time, we say the city has grown. However, if facilities like housing, provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same, then this growth has not been accompanied by development.
Transcript
Human development • Growth and development: both refer to changes over a
period of time.• Growth: quantitative and value neutral. The change may
be either Positive or negative. i.e. showing an increase or decrease.
• Development: a qualitative change which is always value positive. This means that an Increase or increment in the existing condition.
• For e.g. If pop. of a city grows from 1lakh to 2lakh over a period of time, we say the city has grown. However, if facilities like housing, provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same, then this growth has not been accompanied by development.
Concept of human development:• Pakistani economist Dr.Mahbub-ul-Haq introduced the
concept and created human development in 1990. He described human development as development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives.
• The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live meaning lives.
• A meaningful life means a life with a purpose. This means that people must be healthy, Be able to develop their talents, participate in society & be free to achieve their goals.
The four pillars of human development:• Equity:• Equity refers to making equal access to
opportunities available to everybody. • The opportunities available to people must be
equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste.
• In India, a large no: of women & persons belonging to socially & economically backward groups drop Out of school, showing that their choices get limited because of no access to knowledge.
• Sustainability:• Continuity in the availability of opportunities.
All environmental, financial & human resources must be used keeping in mind the future.
• Misuse of resources will lead to fewer opportunities for future generations.
• For e.g. if a community does not stress on the importance of sending its girls to school, many opportunities will be lost to these young women when they grow up.
• Productivity:• Productivity in terms of human work. • Productivity must be constantly enriched
by building capabilities in people. • Efforts to increase their knowledge or to
provide better health facilities ultimately lead to better work efficiency.
• Empowerment:• To have the power to make choices. • Good governance and people- oriented
policies are required to empower people.
Indicators of human development:
• 1. Life expectancy at birth to assess health.• 2. Gross enrolment and adult literacy rate
represent access to knowledge.• 3. Purchasing power (in u.s.dollars).
The test of our progress isnot whether we add more to the
abundance of those whohave much; it is whether we
provide enough for thoseWho have too little.”
US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, second inaugural address, 1937 1
• The human development index (HDI) is a summary measure of human resource development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development viz. healthy life, knowledge and standard of living. These three qualitative measures are supported by quantitative parameters such as life expectancy at birth ,literacy/education and per capita GDP respectively
Approaches to human development1.Income Approach - Oldest approach
- Human development linked to income-higher the level of income ,higher the level of Development
2. Welfare Approach -Main beneficiaries-human beings.-approach argues for higher govt. expenditure on edu, Health, amenities.-People are not participants but only passive recipients.
3. Basic needs Approach -emphasis on provision of basic needs.-initially proposed by I.L.O.- 6 basic needs identified- health, education; food, water supply, sanitation and housing
4.capability Approach -building human capabilities in the areas of health, education and access to resources.
LEVEL OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
SCORE IN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
NUMBER OF COUNTRIES
VERY HIGH ABOVE 0.793 47
HIGH BETWEEN 0.698 TO 0.793 47
MEDIUM BETWEEN 0.522 UPTO 0.698 47
LOW BELOW 0.522 46
Human development: categories, criteria and countries ( 2011)
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
1 Norway 0.9432 Australia 0.9293 Netherlands 0.9104 United states 0.9105 New zealand 0.9086 Canada 0.9087 Ireland 0.9088 Liechtenstein 0.9059 Germany 0.905
10 Sweden 0.90411 Switzerland 0.90312 Japan 0.90113 Hong Kong,China 0.898
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
14 Iceland 0.89815 Republic of Korea 0.89716 Denmark 0.89517 Israel 0.88818 Belgium 0.88619 Austria 0.88520 France 0.88421 Slovenia 0.88422 Finland 0.88223 Spain 0.87824 Italy 0.87425 Luxembourg 0.86726 Singapore 0.866
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
27 Czech Republic 0.86528 United Kingdom 0.86329 Greece 0.86130 United Arab Emirates 0.84631 Cyprus 0.84032 Andorra 0.83833 Brunei Darussalam 0.83834 Estonia 0.83535 Slovakia 0.83436 Malta 0.83237 Qatar 0.83138 Hungary 0.81639 Poland 0.813
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
40 Lithuania 0.81041 Portugal 0.80942 Bahrain 0.80643 Latvia 0.80544 Chile 0.80545 Argentina 0.79746 Croatia 0.79647 Barbados 0.793
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
48 Uruguay 0.78349 Palau 0.78250 Romania 0.78151 Cuba 0.77652 Seychelles 0.77353 Bahamas 0.77154 Montenegro 0.77155 Bulgaria 0.77156 Saudi Arabia 0.77057 Mexico 0.77058 Panama 0.76859 Serbia 0.76660 Antigua and Barbuda 0.764
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
61 Malaysia 0.76162 Trinidad and Tobago 0.76063 Kuwait 0.76064 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.76065 Belarus 0.75666 Russian Federation 0.75567 Grenada 0.74868 Kazakhstan 0.74569 Costa Rica 0.74470 Albania 0.73971 Lebanon 0.73972 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.73573 Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela 0.735
Human Development Index Ranking (2011) HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.73375 Georgia 0.73376 Ukraine 0.72977 Mauritius 0.72878 The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 0.72879 Jamaica 0.72780 Peru 0.72581 Dominica 0.72482 St. Lucia 0.72383 Equador 0.72084 Brazil 0.71885 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 0.71786 Armenia 0.716
Human Development Index Ranking (2011) HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
87 Columbia 0.71088 Islamic Republic of Iran 0.70789 Oman 0.70590 Tonga 0.70491 Azerbaijan 0.70092 Turkey 0.69993 Belize 0.69994 Tunisia 0.698
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
95 Jordan 0.69896 Algeria 0.69897 Sri lanka 0.69198 Dominican Republic 0.68999 Samoa 0.688
100 Fiji 0.688101 China 0.687102 Turkmenistan 0.686103 Thailand 0.682104 Surinam 0.680105 El Salvador 0.674106 Gabon 0.674107 Paraguay 0.665
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
108 Plurinational State of Bolivia 0.663109 Maldives 0.661110 Mongolia 0.653111 Republic of Moldova 0.649112 Phillipines 0.644113 Egypt 0.644114 Occupied Palestinian Territory 0.641115 Uzbekistan 0.641116 Micronesia( federated States of ) 0.636117 Guyana 0.633118 Botswana 0.633119 Syrian Arab Republic 0.632120 Namibia 0.625
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
121 Honduras 0.625122 Kiribati 0.624123 South Africa 0.619124 Indonesia 0.617125 Vanuatu 0.617126 Kyrgyzstan 0.615127 Tajikistan 0.607128 Vietnam 0.593129 Nicaragua 0.589130 Morrocco 0.582131 Guatemala 0.574132 Iraq 0.573133 Cape Verde 0.568
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
142 Soloman Island 0.510143 Kenya 0.509144 Sao Tome and Principe 0.509145 Pakistan 0.504146 Bangladesh 0.500147 Timor Leste 0.495148 Angola 0.486149 Myanmar 0.483150 Cameroon 0.482151 Madagascar 0.480152 United Republic of Tanzania 0.466153 Papua New Guinea 0.466154 Yemen 0.462
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
168 Gambia 0.420169 Sudan 0.408170 Cote d Ivoire 0.400171 Malawi 0.400172 Afghanistan 0.398173 Zimbabwe 0.376174 Ethiopia 0.363175 Mali 0.359176 Guinea Bissau 0.353177 Eritrea 0.349178 Guinea 0.344179 Central African Republic 0.343180 Sierra Leone 0.336
Human Development Index Ranking (2011)LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
HDI RANK
COUNTRY HDI VALUE
181 Burkina Faso 0.331182 Liberia 0.329183 Chad 0.328184 Mozambique 0.322185 Burundi 0.316186 Niger 0.295187 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.286
Assignment Level 1
• 1. Name the scholar who introduced the concept of human development.
• 2. Name the country with highest HDI in the world.• 3. What are the three indicators of human development?
Level 2• What are the four main components of human development?• What do you understand by the term human development?• Differentiate between growth and development.
Level 3 • How are the countries classified on the basis of human development
index?• what are the reasons of high and low HDI levels among the
countries of the world/• What do equity and sustainability refers to with in the concept of
human development?
Project
• Make a list of ten most corrupt and ten least corrupt countries of the world. Compare their scores on HDI. What conclusions do you draw?
Home work• What do you mean by a meaningful life?• Define human development as given by mahbub ul
haq?• Explain the approaches of human development.
