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Human Dimension
Mangroves
MARINE BOTANYClass 19
FALL 2011
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Main ecosystemsConnections andEcotones
http://techluver.com/2007/12/08/moore-foundation-funds-ambitious-project-to-barcode-an-entire-ecosystem/moorea-mountain/http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-home/Gleason/Student2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-home/Gleason/Trop_Mar_Biol/TMB_Home_Page.html&h=399&w=600&sz=26&hl=en&start=46&um=1&tbnid=fPlcvUI_YPMDiM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmarine%2Btropical%2Becosystems%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS254CA255%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://static.flickr.com/33/94155255_d77822ebe0_o.jpg&imgrefurl=http://girlscientist.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_archive.html&h=450&w=660&sz=83&hl=en&start=21&um=1&tbnid=Bmglnyh6TTtHtM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=138&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmarine%2Btropical%2Becosystems%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS254CA255%26sa%3DNhttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/3/32/Nwhi_-_French_Frigate_Shoals_reef_-_many_fish.jpg8/3/2019 Human Dimension Mangroves-Class 19
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CORAL
REEF
SEAGRASS
BED
MANGROVESWAMP
ATENUATION OF WAVES AND CURRENTS
EXPORT OF PRODUCTS OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION
NURSERY
FIXING OF
SEDIMENTS
MIGRATION
MIGRACIN
BUFFERING OF TERRESTRIAL INFLUENCE, STORAGE OFNUTRIENTS OF TERRESTRIAL ORIGIN
PRODUCTION OF CALCAREOUS SEDIMENTS
INTERACTIONS
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Healthy mangroves:
Good water fluxInterconnection with oceanand inland water sources
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Mangroves cover around 150,000 square kilometers and are found in 123countries worldwide. The biggest concentration (21 percent) of the world'smangroves is in Indonesia, with Brazil home to around nine percent and Australia,
seven percent. UNEP 2010 Mangrove Atlas
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They cover of the worldstropical coastline
181,000 km2 worldwide(Spalding et al.1997)
Indonesia, Australia, Braziland Nigeria have ~ 43% ofthe worlds mangroves
Global coverage
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C sink
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Importance of mangroves
Ecological services:- Shoreline stabilization(note: mangroves do not build coastlines aspreviously believed)
- Coastal buffer (mediates impacts from marine and upland influences)Example: reduced effects of tsunami on mangrove fishing villagesreduced pollutants entering marine ecosystems
biogeochemical alterations of nutrients entering nearshore areas
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The value of intact mangroves in Malaysia for stormprotection and flood control alone has been estimated as
US$ 300,000 per kilometer - the cost of replacing them with
rock walls (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 2000).
Importance of mangroves
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Importance of mangroves
Economic services:Primary importance Food (fish, shrimp, crabs, etc.)
Construction material (timber, rattan, roof thatch [from Nypa fronds])(Note: wood from some mangrove species are used for docks/jetties because they are
not as susceptible to rotting in seawater as other species)
Charcoal (primarily in South East Asia)
Fishermen collecting fish alongside
otters in the Sundarbans.
Mature fronds of thepalm Nypa fruiticansareused as roof thatch.
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Organic Production
50% of productivity exported as detritus
May supply as much as 52% of the fixedcarbon available for secondary productivity
Detritus primary food source toinvertebrates and forage fish
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Mangroves are a source of wood and non-wood
forest products, including timber, fuelwood,charcoal, tannins & resins, animal feed, thatch,
honey & medicines
Extraction practices
Oceans.greenpeace.org
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1/3
rd
of all mangroves have beenlost in the last 50 years
Net loss of 3.8 x 1014 g C storedas mangrove biomass (Cebrian2002)
Rate of deforestation has slowedfrom 1.7 % per yr from 1980 to 1990 1.0 % per yr from 1990 to 2000.
(FAO 2003)
> 1,000 km2 annually
Mangrove Loss
Spalding et al. 1997
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Deforestation isgreatest threat
Often associated
with aquaculture
overexploitation offisheries
Threats to Mangroves
Alongi 2002
Tourism
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Commercial Aquaculture
Shrimp Culture in Thailand
Conversion of coastal habitats into shrimpfarms
55 % mangrove loss in Thailand
It is estimated that 447 g of wild fish &shrimp are lost from nearshorecatches for every 1 kg of shrimpfarmed (Naylor et al. 2001)
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A semi-intensive farm needs an area ofmangroves 35190 times larger than farmto provide Food Clean water Nursery areas for shrimp
For each joule of shrimp protein produced,295 J of ecosystem work is required
2030% of Colombias entire mangroves isneeded to supply industrys needs for post-larval shrimp coastal aquaculture
Aquaculture is one of the most resource-intensive industries (Larsson et al. 1994).
Not a sustainable practice
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Disturbed mangrove forests
CanalizationLost water fluxLost open communication withboth fresh water and ocean sources
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Viveros de manglar en Navachiste, Bahia de Altata,
Mazatln (Sinaloa), Altamira (Tamaulipas) y Campeche
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Mangroves in Florida
i. 240,000 km2 worldwide
ii. 2,700 km2 in Florida
Map of Mangrove Forest Height
Simard, Marc et al, 2006. "Mapping Height and Biomass of Mangrove Forests inEverglades National Park with SRTM Elevation Data" PhotogrammetricEngineering & Remote Sensing. Vol.72, No.3, pp299-311.
http://fce.lternet.edu/data/GIS/maps/Mangrove_height_map.jpghttp://fce.lternet.edu/data/GIS/maps/Mangrove_height_map.jpg8/3/2019 Human Dimension Mangroves-Class 19
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Florida Mangroves and ourEnvironment
Coastal erosion Habitat value Hurricane buffer Sequestration ofcarbon
dioxide Water quality
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Coastal Erosion Mangroves colonize sediment buildup Protect against coastal erosion Stabilize shoreline
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Habitat Value
Nursery Rookery
Shelter Food
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Extreme Storm Events
Reduce Wind Action Reduce Wave Energy Hurricane Andrew
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Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 3.7 lbs/acre/day of carbon (1336 lbs/acre/yr)
May be most effective carbon sinks of anynatural ecosystem, but look at salt marshes
Map of Mangrove Forest Biomass
Simard, Marc et al, 2006. "Mapping Height andBiomass of Mangrove Forests in EvergladesNational Park with SRTM Elevation Data"Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
Sensing. Vol.72, No.3, pp299-311.
http://fce.lternet.edu/data/GIS/maps/Mangrove_biomass_map.jpghttp://fce.lternet.edu/data/GIS/maps/Mangrove_biomass_map.jpg8/3/2019 Human Dimension Mangroves-Class 19
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Absorption of nitrates and phosphates
Protection of associated
marine systems
Water Quality
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Mangrove Threats
Development Invasive species Trash
Improperpruning
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uses Fucntions Attributes
ForestryAgriculture
Salt production
Food, drugs, beverages
Fuel wood, charcoal
Fishing/aquaculture
materials
Household items
Textile and leather
production
Agriculture
Construction materials
Water supply
Wildlife protection
Recreation/tourism
Research site
Education site
Transport routes
Flood mitigationPrevention of intrusion of
saline
waters
Storm protection
Sediment trapping
Toxicant removal
Groundwater recharge
Erosion control
Nutrient export
Wildlife habitat
Fish/shellfish habitats
Protection of offshore
habitats
(coral reefs, sea-grass
beds)
Biological diversity valueSocio-economic values
Cultural Value
Historic value
Aesthetic value
Wilderness value
Educational value
Research value
Summary of the uses, functions and
attributes of mangroves
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The undervaluation of products and services generated by mangroveecosystems is a major driving force behind to conversion into alternative uses.
If mangrove uses are to be sustainable, they must operate on the basis of
economics
Monetary value of some mangroves services: Mangrove-related fish fisheries = US$475 to 5330 ha/yr Penaeid shrimp fishery (catch) = US$91 to 5292 ha/yr Timber = US$ 60800 ha/yr
Coastal erosion protection US$1800 ha/yr Wastewater treatment US$6700 ha/yr
Worlds mangrove forests are worth US$ 18 trillion/y US$475 to 5330 ha/yr ear
(Costanza et al. 1998, Roonback 1999)
Ecological economics
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1. Changes in sea level 2. Extreme high-water events
3. Storms
4. Precipitation 5. Temperature
6. Atmospheric CO2 concentration
7. Ocean circulation patterns
8. Health of linked ecosystems
9. Human responses to climate change
Global climate change
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CAPITAL NATURAL