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Human Factors
Aeronautical Decision Making
• A systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances
Aeronautical Decision Making
• D etect a change
• E stimate what is needed
• C hoose a successful outcome
• I dentify actions required
• D o the necessary
• E valuate
CRM
• Crew resource management is the effective use of all available resources, human resources, hardware and information
LOFT
• Line-Oriented Flight Training is a developing training technology synthesizing high-fidelity aircraft simulation and high-fidelity line-operations simulation to provide realistic, dynamic pilot training in a simulated line environment.
PIC Responsibilities
• Understand roles– PF Pilot Flying
– PNF Pilot Not Flying
• Communication– Sender
– Medium
– Receiver
Resource Use
• Other Pilot/passengers
• Navigation equipment
• Flight Service Station
• Instrument charts
• Sectional and WAC charts
• Pilot operating handbook
Workload Management
• What are the periods of high workload?
• Takeoff and departure
• Arrival
• Approach and landing
Workload management
• What are the periods of low workload?
• Preflight and taxi
• Enroute
• Taxi to the ramp
Workload management
• Things to be accomplished ahead of time– Organizing charts
– Setting Radio frequencies
– Writing down expected altitudes and route clearances
• Prepare for what is to come next
Situational Awareness
• Know where you are
• Know your own fitness
• Know the condition of your plane
• Know weather trends
• Know ATC instructions
Situational Awareness
• Lack of situational awareness often leads to CFIT - Controlled Flight into Terrain
• Poor interpretation of charts
• Misunderstanding or misleading ATC clearances
• Aids to CFIT
• GPWS - Ground proximity warning systems
• EGPWS - Enhanced ground proximity warning system
Common Sense
• 5 P’s– Prior
– Planning
– Prevents
– Poor
– Performance
Hazardous attitudes
• Anti-authority– rules and procedures are unnecessary
• Macho– best pilot
• Impulsivity– first action that comes to mind
Hazardous Attitudes
• Invulnerability– bulletproof
• Resignation– What’s the use?
Aviation Physiology
Disorientation
• Kinesthetic sense is the term used to describe an awareness of position obtained from the nerves in your skin, joints and muscles.
Spatial Disorientation
• Conflict between the signals relayed by your central vision and information provided by your central vision
• Movement of snow or rain out the window
• Airplane next to you begins to taxi
Vestibular Disorientation
• Coriolis illusion(in turn move head)• Graveyard spiral• Leans• Somatogravic illusion (acceleration =
climb)• Inversion illusion (climb to S&L=
backwards)
Disorientation
• To prevent disorientation, one must rely on instruments, not body signals.
Motion Sickness
• Symptoms– Nausea
– Sweating
– Dizziness
– Vomiting
Hypoxia
• Hypoxic– high altitudes
• Hypemic– CO, anemia, smoking
• Stagnant– high G’s
• Histotoxic– alcohol, drugs
Time of Useful Consciousness
Altitude Time
45,000 9 to 15 Seconds
40,000 15 to 20 Seconds
30,000 1 to 2 Minutes
25,000 3 to 5 Minutes
Supplemental Oxygen
• Requirement for Part 91 differ from Part 135.
• Part 91
• Crew 12,500 for over 30 minutes
• Crew 14,000 for the duration of flight
• All 15,000 for the duration of flight
Decompression sickness
• 12 hrs to 8000’ msl no decompression
• 24 hrs if higher or with decompression
Hyperventilation
• Drowsiness
• Dizziness
• Shortness of breath
• Feelings of suffocation
IM SAFE
• Illness
• Medication
• Stress
• Alcohol
• Fatigue
• Emotion or Eat