Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Human Factors and Vehicle Automation!

The good, the bad and the ugly!

Tyron Louw !!

National Road Safety Conference !25-26th November, 2014 !The Grand, Brighton, UK

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The!race!is!on!!

The!race!is!ON!!

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Automated?!Driverless?!Self:driving?!

Automated Road Transport Systems Level 4

Platooning Level 2 & 3

Highly automated/dual mode vehicles Level 2 & 3

Connected Vehicles

Military!driverless!vehicles!Level!4!!

Self*driving-autonomous!trucks!Level!2!&!3!

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Automated?!Driverless?!Self:driving?! Definitions are Important! Autonomous •  “not subject to control from outside; independent” 1

•  “undertaken or carried on without outside control” 2 Automated •  “automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process

or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human labour” 1

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Sources:! !1!hFp://dicIonary.reference.com!!!2!hFp://www.merriam:webster.com/dicIonary!

HUMANS-STILL-NEEDED!-

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Levels!of!AutomaIon!

Level-4- !Full!Self:Driving!AutomaIon!

Level-3- !Limited!Self:Driving!AutomaIon!

Level-2- !Combined!FuncIon!AutomaIon!

Level-1-FuncIon:specific!AutomaIon!

Level-0- !No:AutomaIon!

NaIonal!Highway!Traffic!Safety!AdministraIon!(NHTSA)!

2014*17-

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Focus-of-this-talk-is-on-the-human-factors-of-Level-2-and-Level-3-vehicle-automaHon-

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The!GOOD!–!The!claims!

Science-Digest,!April!1958!

NOT A NEW IDEA!!

•  Without!driver!error,!fewer!vehicle!crashes,!fewer-deaths-

•  Increased-mobility-of!the!young,!the!elderly,!and!the!disabled!!

•  More!efficient!traffic-flow,!decreased!congesHon!!

•  Engage-in-other-acHviHes,!lower!costs!of!travel!Ime!

•  Increase!fuel-efficiency-

•  No!need!for!parking!spaces!Source:!Rand!CorporaIon!(2014)!

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The!BAD!

NHTSA!(2013)!

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Lessons!from!aviaIon!

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The!BAD!

Fact:-Human!error!accounts!for!90%-of-road-accidents-

!Claim:-Vehicle!automaIon!will!remove!the!human!and!therefore!eliminate-90%-of-road-

accidents-!

TRUE-or-FALSE?-!

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The!BAD!

My-answer?-FALSE-!

Why?-AutomaIon!does!not!remove!the!

human!from!the!driving!task!It!simply!changes!its!role!within!it!

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What’s!the!State!of!the!Art!?!

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What!we!DO!know

•  Drivers are able to return to the loop within 5 to 7 seconds (Louw, Merat & Jamson, submitted; Gold & Bengler, 2014)

•  When required to resume control drivers take ±30-45 seconds to stabilise behaviour (Merat et al., 2014)

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What!we!DO!know

•  The higher the automation, the more drivers look elsewhere and engage in other tasks (Merat et al., 2012, Carsten et al., 2012).

•  Situation awareness is lower than in manual and increases with increasing automation, especially if drivers engaged in another task (Merat et al., 2012)

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The!UGLY!–!What!we!don’t!know!

•  What is the effect of long durations under automation on ability to resume control?

•  How will impaired/older drivers handle automation?

•  What are effective hand-over strategies/user interfaces for automation?

•  From driving simulator studies to the real world

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The!UGLY!–!What!we!don’t!know!

•  How will drivers handle complex scenarios after automation?

Source:!lionspire.com!

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The!UGLY!–!What!we!don’t!know!

•  How do we manage trust/complacency in automated vehicles?

•  Will drivers misuse automation and should we monitor this?

•  What are the needs and interactions of other road users?!

What-does-all-of-this-mean-for-vehicle-automaHon?-

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What!does!it!mean!for!vehicle!automaIon?!

Design of automated driving systems needs to be human-centred and robust

Source:!automoIve.electronicspecifier.com!

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What!does!it!mean!for!vehicle!automaIon?!

Possible driver training for automated vehicles?

Source:!automoIve.electronicspecifier.com!

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What-does-all-of-this-mean-for-road-safety?-

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What!does!it!mean!for!road!safety?!

•  Without!driver!error,!fewer!vehicle!crashes,!fewer-deaths-

IniIally!fewer!minor!crashes,!eventually!fewer!deaths!

Not!unIl!full:automaIon!•  Engage-in-other-acHviHes,!lower!costs!of!travel!Ime!

How-do-the-claims-weigh-up?- True-or-False?-

Possibly!for!automated!public!transport!but!not!unIl!full:automaIon!in!personal!vehicles!

•  Increased-mobility-of!the!young,!the!elderly,!and!the!disabled!!

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What!does!it!mean!for!road!safety?!

DON’T HAVE AUTOMATION FOR THE SAKE OF AUTOMATION

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ONLY WORTH REPLACING THE HUMAN IF THE ALTERNATIVE IS BETTER

Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Thank you for your attention!

Tyron Louw !Institute for Transport Studies !

University of Leeds!t.l.louw@leeds.ac.uk!

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Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT

Carsten,!O.,!Lai,!F.!C.!H.,!Barnard,!Y.,!Jamson,!A.!H.!&!Merat,!N.!(2012).!Control!task!subsItuIon!in!semi:automated!driving:!Does!it!maFer!what!aspects!are!automated?!Human-Factors,!54,!747–761.!!Gold,!C.!&!Bengler,!K.!(2014).!Taking!Over!Control!from!Highly!Automated!Vehicles.!Proceedings-of-the-5th-Interna<onal-Conference-on-Applied-Human-Factors-and-Ergonomics-AHFE-2014,!Kraków,!Poland!19:23!July.!!Louw,!T.,!Merat,!N.!&!Jamson,!H.!(submiFed).!Engaging!With!AutomaIon:!To!be!Or!Not!To!Be!In!The!Loop.!Driving-Assessment-2015:-8th-Interna<onal-Driving-Symposium-on-Human-Factors-in-Driver-Assessment,-Training,-and-Vehicle-Design.---Merat,!N.,!Jamson,!A.!H.,!Lai,!F.!F.!C.!H.,!Daly,!M.!&!Carsten,!O.!M.!J.!(2014).!TransiIon!to!manual:!Driver!behaviour!when!resuming!control!from!a!highly!automated!vehicle.!Transporta<on-Research-Part-F:-Traffic-Psychology-and-Behaviour,!26,!1–9.!!!Merat,!N.,!Jamson,!H.,!Lai,!F.,!&!Carsten,!O.!(2012).!Highly!automated!driving,!secondary!task!performance!and!driver!state.!Human-Factors,!54,!762–771.!!