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Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

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Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center
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Page 1: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Human Genetics

Sagi Josefsberg, MD

Clinical Genetics Institue

Kaplan Medical Center

Page 2: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Techniques

• Cytogenetics• Molecular

biology• Biochemical

analysis

Page 3: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Old and new cytogenetics

CytogenticsMolecular cytogenetics FISH

M-FISH/SKYCGHArray CGH

Page 4: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Preparation of a karyotype.

Page 5: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

G-banded metaphase spread

Page 6: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

normal male karyotype

Page 7: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

FISH

Page 8: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.
Page 9: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

From chromosomes to DNA

Page 10: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

A DNA probe finding its target “in place”

Page 11: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Unique Sequence Probes

Metaphase & interphaseRefined region specific detectionChromosome enumeration

Page 12: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

DiGeorge/VCFS

Clinical: cardiac, facial and immune anomalies

Cytogenetics: 46, XX del(22q11.2)

Frequency: 1/4,000

Page 13: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Whole chromosome paints

Metaphase studiesChromosome identificationMarker analysis

Page 14: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Chromosome painting showing two normal number 17 chromosomes and a small ring 17 chromosome (arrowed)

CMA comparative microarray analysis

Page 15: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

DNA Arrays

CMA Comparative Microarray Analysis

CGH Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Genetic ChipaCGH Array CGH

Page 16: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

CGH ratio profiles for the CGH analysis shown. The vertical lines adjacent to each chromosome show fluorescence ratios of 0.5 to 1.5 between test and control DNA .

Page 17: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Conventional CGH

Label patient DNA with Cy3

Label control DNA with Cy5

Mix

Label patient DNA with Cy5

Label control DNA with Cy3

Mix

Hybridize DNA to genomic clone microarray

Analyze Cy3/ Cy5 fluorescence ratio of patient to control

Cy3/ Cy5 ratio >1 Duplication

Cy3/ Cy5 ratio <1 Deletion

Cy3/ Cy5 ratio >1 Deletion

Cy3/ Cy5 ratio <1 Duplication

Label patient DNA with Cy3

Label control DNA with Cy5

Mix

Cy3/ Cy5 ratio >1 Duplication

Cy3/ Cy5 ratio <1 Deletion

Array CGH ( aCGH )

CMA Methodology

Page 18: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Array CGH

Page 19: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

CMA Technology

Page 20: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.
Page 21: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.
Page 22: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.
Page 23: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

aCGH examples

Page 24: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

Karyotype X

20

2221

GainLoss

Page 25: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

DIGEORGE SYNDROME/VCFS

Page 26: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

GainLoss

FISH

Deletion chromosome 1p (short arm)

Page 27: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Normal chromosome 6

Partial duplication of chromosome 6

Page 28: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

About resolutionChromosome G banding 5

– 10MbArray CGH 1kb – 1Mb*

*The resolution of the array is limited only by the size of the cloned DNA target and the distance between these sequences located on the chromosome

Page 29: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.
Page 30: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

הכרומוזומים

זוגות+זוג כ.המין )46XY ) 22לזכר • ( " " " " )46XXלנקבה •

החומר הגנטי DNA –RNA—PROTEIN ( חלבון )•

.החלבון = התוצר הסופי המתפקד•

Page 31: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

DNA

RNA

PROTEIN

Page 32: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

מהילודים סובלים ממחלה 2%-3%•בה יש משמעות חשובה שלמרכיב הגנטי

)Genetic Factor Play an Important role.(

מתמותת 50%מחלות גנטיות אחראיות ל- •)).Childhood Deathsילדים

30%מחלות גנטיות אחראיות לעד •מהאשפוזים בילדות.

מהאוכלוסייה סובלת 5% 25עד גיל •ממחלה שלמרכיב הגנטי בה משמעות

.חשובה

Page 33: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

20,000-25,000בגנום ההומני קיימים בין •.גנים

כרומוזומים ועל כל אחד 46לאדם הבריא •מהכרומוזומים הללו יושבים אלפי גנים.

במידה ויש בעיה במספר הכרומוזומים •או במבנה הכרומוזומים או במבנה הגן

. למחלההתקין, הדבר גורם

Page 34: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Chromosomal abnormalities

Page 35: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Down Syndrome

47,XY,+21

Page 36: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Down - Trisomy 21

Page 37: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

תסמונת דאון

Page 38: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Common findings in Down syndrome

• Newborn period Hypotonia, sleepy, excess nuchal skin• Craniofacial Brachycephaly, epicanthic folds, protruding tongue,

small ears, upward sloping palpebral fissures• Limbs Single palmar crease, small middle phalanx of fifth finger,

wide gap between first and second toes• Cardiac Atrial and ventricular septal defect, common

atrioventricular canal, patent ductus arteriosus• Other Anal atresia, duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung disease, short

stature, strabismus

• IQ 25-75• Happy and affectionate• Short stature• Alzheimer disease

• 1/600-700

Page 39: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

13,18טריזומיה

Page 40: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

18טריזומיה

מבנה כף היד

Clenched

כף יד =.קפוצה

Page 42: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

• גפיים תחתונות בתינוק עם

13טריזומיה

Page 43: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Sex Chromosomal abnormalities

Page 44: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Turner Syndrome

45,X0

Page 45: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

נערה עם טרנר ואחותה

Page 46: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Turner 45X0

Page 47: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Turner Syndrome

Page 48: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Clinical Findings in Turner Syndrome and Their Incidence

Finding Approximate Incidence(%)Short stature 100Short neck 40Scoliosis 35Characteristic facial features 35Webbed neck 25Low posterior hairline 42Edema of hands/feet 22Ovarian failure 95Infertility 99Moles 25Heart abnormalities 55Kidney abnormalities 39Thyroid disease 35

Page 49: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Turner growth chart

Page 50: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Klinefelter Syndrome

• 47,XXY• 1 in 1000 male live births• Slightly taller• Gynecomastia • Infertile• Clumsiness• Delayed speech• Mild learning difficulties

Page 51: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.
Page 52: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Klinefelter Syndrome

• Treatment with testosterone

Page 53: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

המשך – שינויים במבנה הכרומוזומים

Cri du Chat של כרומוזום – דוג' חסר חלקי•Sy 5 ( 5 חסר חלקי של כרומוזוםp.( -

•Wolf-Hirschhorn Sy חסר חלקי של כרומוזום 4 ) 4p .( -

Cat Eye מהכרומוזום – דוג' הכפלה של חלק•Sy 22 ( 22 הכפלה של מקטע מכרומוזוםq11

Duplication(

Page 54: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

חסרים או הכפלות של חלקי כרומוזום קטנים ( תת

מיקרוסקופי ) הדבר מחייב טכניקה מיוחדת שלא נעשית •באופן רוטיני בבדיקת סיסי שליה או מי

שפיר.. FISHבדיקת •

הנובעת מחסר VCF SY לדוג' תסמונת .22q11.2 Delחלקי תת-מיקרוסקופי של

Page 55: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

חסר חלקי תת

מיקרוסקופי של כרומוזום

22,q;11.2

Page 56: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

VCF-Velo-Cardio-Facial-Syndrome – DiGeorge Syndrome, 22q11.2 del

מומים בחייך, אף בולט בולבוסי•)Conu-Truncalמומי לב (בעיקר •מבנה פנים אופיני•מבנה אצבעות מאורך וצר•הפרעות בשמיעה• hypoparathyrodismהיפוקלצמיה מולדת - ••Hypothyroidism•Thymus Hypoplasiaחסר חיסוני - ADHDהיפוטוניה, אחור התפתחותי, הפרעות בדיבור, •

).15%הפרעות התנהגותיות עד סכיזופרניה (

1:6000-2000שכיחות •

Page 57: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

תינוק עם חסר

חלקי של

כרומוזום 22

Page 58: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

חסר חלקי של

22כרומוזום בילד

Page 59: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

כפות ידיים

בנערה

עם חסר חלקי של

22כרומוזום

Page 60: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

FISH

Page 61: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Inheritance patterns

Page 62: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Mendelian Inheritance

Page 63: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Autosomal recessive

Page 64: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Family tree of an autosomal recessive trait.

Page 65: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Autosomal recessive

• many inherited errors of metabolism• enzyme deficiencies manifest only in

homozygotes• heterozygotes have sufficient enzyme

levels • Consanguinity• Recurrence risk for the parents 25%

Page 66: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Autosomal recessive disorders

• Tay Sachs

• cystic fibrosis

• Gaucher

• Canavan

• Bloom

• Fanconi

• Thalassemia a & b

• Familial

dysautonomia

• FMF

• Niemann-Pick

• phenylketonuria

(PKU)

Page 67: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

בדיקות סקר גנטיותבדיקות סקר גנטי הן בדיקות דם שמטרתן לאתר

נשאות סמויה של מחלה גנטית באנשים בריאים

שאין במשפחתם חולים במחלה גנטית זו.

Page 68: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

המשךבדיקות סקר גנטיות - איגוד הגנטיקאים הגדיר את הסיבות להכללת

בדיקה גנטית כבדיקת סקר באוכלוסיה:

המחלה מוכרת היטב והבסיס הגנטי שלה ידוע באוכלוסיה הנבדקת

שיעור הנשאים של המחלה באוכלוסייה הוא 1:60לפחות

קיימת נגישות גבוהה של האוכלוסייה לביצוע הבדיקה ולייעוץ גנטי

מנשאי 90%הבדיקה מאפשרת גילוי של לפחות המחלה.

Page 69: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

המשךבדיקות סקר גנטיות - בדיקות הסקר חולקו על ידי איגוד הגנטיקאים

לארבע קטגוריות:

בדיקות מומלצות - לכלל האוכלוסייה או לאוכלוסיות בסיכון.

בדיקות שניתן לבצע - מדובר בבדיקות סקר למחלות גנטיות חמורות, ששכיחותן נמוכה מ-

. בקטגוריה זו יש בדיקות סקר גנטיות, 1:60שאין חובה להציע אותן למי שנמנים עם

האוכלוסיות המתאימות, אך יש חובה לידע על קיומן.

בדיקות לא מומלצות.

בדיקות שהכללתן בסקר שנויה עדיין במחלוקת.

Page 70: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

המשךבדיקות סקר גנטיות - בדיקה מוצעות לבני הזוג לפי מוצאם

בדיקות המוצעות לבני רוב העדות: השביר, Xקבוצה זו כוללת את המחלות: תסמונת ה-

SMAציסטיק פיברוזיס ו-

בדיקות המוצעות לבני הזוג ממוצא אשכנזי:טיי-זקס, דיסאוטונומיה משפחתית, מחלת קנוואן.

, מחלת 4 , מוקוליפידוזיס A, מחלת בלום, מחלת נימן פיקCאנמיה ע"ש פנקוני מסוג Usher מחלת1 , מחלת אגירת גליקוגן מסוג ,MSUD , nemaline myopathy

,.MGA 3ליהודים ממוצא עירקי: מחלת קוסטףליהודים ממוצא צפון אפריקאי (במיוחד מרוקו וטוניס): אטקסיה טלנגיאקטזיה, מחלת אגירת

A, מחלת פנקוני 3גליקוגן מסוג ליהודים יוצא בלקן: דיסאוטונומיה משפחתית

.Iומחלת אגירת גליקוגן מסוג ליהודים ממוצא תימני: מחלת פניל קטונוריה

)PKU ומטכרומטיק לאוקודיסטרופי (MLDליהודים ממוצא לובי: מחלת ניוון שרירים מסוג

2B מחלת ,MLC1.

Page 71: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Autosomal Dominant

Page 72: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Family tree of an autosomal dominant trait

Page 73: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Autosomal DominantHeterozygotes are affectedA heterozygote has:

50% affected heterozygote offspring50% unaffected offspring

Some disease manifest:Variable penetranceVariable expression

New mutation vs. affected parent

Page 74: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Autosomal Dominant disorders

Neurofibromatosis

Marfan

Achondroplasia

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Ehlers-Danlos

Crouzon

Page 75: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is characterized by:

multiple cafeי au lait spots (6),axillary and inguinal freckling,multiple discrete dermal neurofibromas,iris Lisch nodules.Learning disabilities are present in at least 50% of individuals

with NF1. Scoliosis, vertebral dysplasia, pseudarthrosis, and overgrowth

are the most serious bony complications of NF1.Optic gliomaMalignancy

1 of 2500-3300 live births

Page 77: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Marfan Syndrome• connective-tissue disorder • Caused by mutations in FBN1 gene located on

chromosome 15q21.1 • Skeletal findings:

– Pectus excavatum that requires surgery or pectus carinatum– Positive wrist and thumb signs – Reduced upper-to-lower body segment ratio or arm span–to-

height ratio greater than 1.05 • Aortic root dilatation caused by mutations in FBN1 gene

located on chromosome 15q21.1 • Ectopia lentis•

Page 78: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

X-linked Disorders

Page 79: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

X-linked disordersNo male to male transmission

Male phenotype different / more pronounce then in female

Carrier female - 50% of her boys affected

50% of her girls are carriers

Page 80: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

X-linked disorders• Duchenne muscular dystrophy• X-Linked Mental Retardation• X-linked hydrocephaly• Hemophilia• Color blindness• G6PD deficiency• OTC – Ornithine transcarbamylase

deficiency

Page 81: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

X-linked “recessive” disorders

• X-linked hydrocephaly• Mutation L1CAM• Aqueduct stenosis• Agenesis corpus callosum• Mental retardation• Adducted thumbs

Page 82: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy; note the enlarged calves and wasting of the thigh muscles.

Page 83: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Family tree of Duchenne muscular dystrophy with the disorder being transmitted by carrier females and affecting males who do not survive to transmit the disorder.

Page 84: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

non-Mendelian Inheritance

Page 85: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Multifactorial

• Polygenic – additive effect of several genes is cumulative

• Common diseases• Interaction genes and environment

Page 86: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Multifactorial Inheritance

GeneticThreshold

Page 87: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Multifactorial Inheritance

Factors Increasing Risks to Relatives• close relationship to proband

• high heritability of the disorder

• proband of more rarely affected sex

• severe or early onset disease in proband

• multiple family members affected

Page 88: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Multifactorial Inheritance

• Asthma• Autism• Diabetes mellitus• Epilepsy• Manic depression• Hypertension• Ischemic heart disease

Cleft lip and palatePyloric stenosis

Page 89: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

(A) Severe and (B) mild forms of cleft lip/palate.

Page 90: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Mitochondrial Inheritance

Page 91: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Mitochondrial Genome

• Circular DNA molecule • Contains 16,569 bp• Encodes 13 polypeptides of OXPHOS• Uses a slightly different genetic code• Inherited exclusively from the mother

through oocyte which contains ~ 105 mtDNA molecules

• Mutations affect muscle and nerve more commonly

Page 92: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Mitochondrial Disease

• Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)• Kearns-Sayre chronic progressive external

ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) • Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers

(MERRF), • Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic

acidosis with stroke-like episodes (MELAS)

Page 93: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Family tree consistent with mitochondrial inheritance.

Page 94: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

The progressive effects of heteroplasmy on the clinical severity of disease due to mutations in the mitochondrial genome. Low proportions of mutant mitochondria are tolerated well, but as the proportion increases different thresholds for cellular, and hence tissue, dysfunction are breached (gray circle represents the cell nucleus).

Page 95: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Trinucleotide Expansion

n=80

n=120n=120

n=160 n=250 n=300

Page 96: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Trinucleotide Expansion

CGG CGG..... CGG CGG

UTR

NORMAL < 50

CGG CGG CGG CGG CGG ..... CGG CGG

UTR

50 < PREMUTATION < 230

CGG CGG CGG CGG CGG CGG CGG CGG CGG CGG....... CGG CGG

UTR

FULL MUTATION > 230

Page 97: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Example

Fragile X

• X-linked Mental Retardation

• FMR1 gene on Xq28

• 1:1250 males, 1:2500 females

• Most common inherited MR

Page 98: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Genomic Imprinting

• Most genes are expressed equally from both maternal and paternal copy

• Some regions have differential expression of genes depending on whether inherited from mother or father

• The inexpression results from Parent-of- Origin dependent inactivation

Page 99: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Genomic Imprinting

• Inactivation = imprinting = methylation• X inactivation in females is a form of

inactivation by methylation, by XIST gene• Some diseases manifest Parent-of-Origin

inheritance

Page 100: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Genomic Imprinting - Maternal

Page 101: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Genomic Imprinting - Paternal

Page 102: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Genomic Imprinting

Prader-Willi syndrome• Infantile hypotonia• Initial FTT • Hypogonadism • Obesity• Mental Retardation• Short stature• SNRPN gene

Page 103: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Prader Willi Sy.

Page 104: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

• Prader-Willi Sy• בחלק מהמקרים

נובע מחסר חלקי תת- מיקרוסקופי של כרומוזום 15q11 . חסר זה

ניתן לבדיקה FISH-ב

Page 105: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Genomic Imprinting

Prader Willi Syndrome• ~ 70% of PWS 15q11 microdeletion on

paternally-derived chromosome • Maternal copy is imprinted• Deletion in manifested only when

inherited from the father• A deleted copy inherited from the

mother is not expressed anyway

Page 106: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Female child with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Page 107: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Genomic Imprinting

Angelman syndrome• Eepilepsy• Severe learning difficulties• Ataxic gait • Happy affect

• UBE3A gene• Microdeletion on maternally-derived

chromosome • Paternal copy is imprinted

Page 108: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Germline Mosaicism

Page 109: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Germline Mosaicism• Adults have 1012 cells• Mutations occur ~1: 106 cell divisions• At some loci 1: 5x 104

• Thus we are all mosaic !!• Somatic mutations in the embryo may

lead to 2 different cell-line in the gonads

Page 110: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Germline Mosaicism

normal gamete

mutant gamete

Page 111: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

examples

Germline Mosaicism

• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (15%)

• Osteogenesis imperfecta (7%)

• Achondroplasia

Page 112: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Uniparental Disomy (UPD)• Both copies of a chromosome are

inherited from the same parent• Usually results from “corrected trisomy”

Maternal nondisjunction

Trisomy 15 UPD 15

Page 113: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

example

Uniparental Disomy (UPD)

Prader Willi Syndrome• ~ 30% of PWS have Maternal UPD• “Confined placental mosaicism” for #15

required molecular studies to r/o UPD15

Page 114: Human Genetics Sagi Josefsberg, MD Clinical Genetics Institue Kaplan Medical Center.

Prader Willi - Deletion Type

Maternal #15deletion

Paternal #15deletion

M

M

M

M

Prader WilliNormal carrier


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