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Chapter 11:

Urbanization

and the Global

Urban System

Chapter 11 Lecture

Katie Pratt

Macalester College

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Figure: Chapter 11 Opener - Downtown Singapore.

Key Concepts

• Urbanization

• Urban expansion

• Gateway and shock cities

• Central place theory

• Primacy and centrality

• Overurbanization

• Megacities

• Deindustrialization

• Cities and climate change

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Urbanization

• Concerned with the similarities and differences amongand within urban places

• Urbanization

• Urban system

• Urban form

• Urban ecology

• Urbanism

Figure 11.1 The Spanish urban system.

Figure 11.2 Earth at night, Asia.

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Urbanization (cont’d)

• Agglomeration index

• Doubling time

• Function of urban settlements:

– Mobilizing function

– Decision-making

capacity

– Generative functions

– Transformative

capacity Figure 11.3 Goths in Bolkow, Poland.

Apply your knowledge: Provide examples of how the transformative capacity of urban settlements can be liberating for some people.

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The Prosperity of Cities

• Conditions:

– Infrastructure and amenities

– Social services

– Environmental quality

– Equity and social inclusion

– Income and employment that afford adequate living

standards

Figure 11.A Prosperity index.

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Foundations of the Global Urban System

Figure 11.4 The most important cities in 1000 c.E.

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Cities and Economic Development

• “Buzz” of cities: economic development occurs

because of clustering of a large number of people in

a small area

Figure 11.C Morning commuters in a Tokyo subway.

Figure 11.D Connectivity.

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Foundations (cont’d)

• European urban

expansion

• Feudalism

• Colonialism

• Gateway cities

Figure 11.5 Towns and cities of Europe, ca. 1350.

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Foundations

Figure 11.6 Gateway cities in the evolving world-system periphery.

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Foundations (cont’d)

Apply your knowledge: Use the Internet to check on the early histories of gateway cities in North America, noting their principal imports and exports. Compare your knowledge of the big cities along the East Coast against the peaks and fall of certain types of transportation, agricultural products, and industries like cotton, steel, and shipmaking.

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Foundations (cont’d)

• Industrialization and urbanization

– Shock city

– Manchester

• Colonial cities

Figure 11.7 Manchester in the nineteenth-century world economy.

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The Urbanization Process

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The Urbanization Process (cont’d)

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The Urbanization Process (cont’d)

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Foundations (cont’d)

• Transportation networks

Figure 11.8 Canal systems.

Figure 11.9 New Orleans riverboats.

Figure 11.10 Railroad yards, Chicago.

Apply your knowledge: How have the transportation technologies affected the history of the town or city in which you live?

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Primacy and Centrality

• Central place / Central place theory

• Functional differences

• Rank-size rule

• Primacy

– Primate cities

• Centrality

• Global cities

Figure 11.11 The rank-size distribution of cities, 1950–2005.

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Figure 11.12 Examples of urban centrality.

Primacy and Centrality (cont’d)

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World Urbanization Today

Figure 11.13 Percentage of population living in urban settlements, 2009.

• World cities

• Megacities

• Meta-cities

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World Urbanization Today (cont’d)

Figure 11.14 Rates of growth in urbanization, 2000−2010.

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World Urbanization Today (cont’d)

• World Cities

– Agglomeration effects

– Diverse rolls

– Functional characteristics

Figure 11.15 London’s pivotal role in global finance has changed the city’s skyline.

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The World City Network

Figure 11.16 Top 25 cities in the global cities index 2010.

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World Urbanization Today (cont’d)

• Mega cities

– In peripheral regions

demographic growth has

preceded economic

development

– Overurbanization

– “Uncontrolled

urbanization”

Figure 11.17 The urbanization process in the world’s peripheral regions.

Figure 11.18 Jakarta.

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World Urbanization Today (cont’d)

Figure 11.19 Sao Paulo.

Apply your knowledge: Think of two megacities. List two ways a megacity differs from a world city. Is either (or both) of your megacities a former colonial city? How might that history have contributed to the current status of being a megacity?

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Mature Metropolises

• Deindustrialization

• Agglomeration diseconomics

• Decentralization of jobs and people

• Counterurbanization

• Reurbanization

• Migration

• Regeneration– Brownfield sites

– Public–private partnershipFigure 11.20 London Olympic Park.

Apply your knowledge: Identify a town or city that has experienced counterurbanization or reurbanization, and the factors that contributed to this change.

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The Pearl River Delta

Figure 11.E An extended metropolitan region.Figure 11.G Guangzhou, China.

Figure 11.F City of Hong Kong.

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Cities and Climate Change

Figure 11.21 World urban population and recorded natural and technological disasters, 1950–2007. Table 11.1 Greenhouse gas emissions

per ton of CO2 equivalent.

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Cities and Climate Change (cont’d)

Figure 11.22 The global urban system in relation to current climate-related hazards.

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Cities and Climate Change (cont’d)

• Gender and vulnerability

Figure 11.23 Sea-level rise and storm surge.

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Cities and Climate Change (cont’d)

• Green cities

Figure 11.24 Copenhagen, Denmark. Figure 11.25 Curitiba, Brazil.

Apply your knowledge: What are some of the “green” strategies devised in different cities around the world to combat the effects of climate change?

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Future Geographies

Apply your knowledge: Look at one peripheral or semiperipheral country that is rapidly urbanizing. What industries have prompted some of the rural to urban migration? Are they local businesses, multinational corporations, or a combination?

Figure 11.26 Megacity growth.