•HA HA -normal cell•HS HS - sickle cell•HA HS- half/half
HA HA
Person Lives out normal life
HS HS
•Sickle cells get stuck in capillaries
•Body parts die from lack of _____
HA HS
• Survive with _______ problems• Have some _______ to Malaria
-equatorial regions
-Survive better
Sickle Cell Anemia
Is it Good or Bad?
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Non-disjunction Disorders
•Turner syndrome•_________ syndrome•Down syndrome
Turner syndrome•Female ________•Sex organs never develop (Sterile)
•Abbrev. ___ or 45XO
Klinefelter syndrome•______ in appearance•Sterile•Abbr. _____
Down Syndrome•Mentally disabled•______ 21
–Extra 21st Chromosome–Stocky, smaller organs
Die early
Down Syndrome
No baby has been born without at least one _ chromosome
No baby has been born without at least one _ chromosome
If there is a Y chromosome present the appearance of the
child is MaleEx. 48XXXY
__________
Sex-Linked Disorders
Genes carried on X or Y chromosome
•Color Blindness•___________•Muscular Dystrophy
Color Blindness
8% of males, 1% of females
Allele is carried on X
Hemophilia•Males-1 in 10,000•Females-_____________•Blood doesn’t clot
• A high incidence of hemophilia has plagued the ____ families of Europe
QueenVictoria
Albert
Alice Louis
Alexandra CzarNicholas IIof Russia
Alexis
Muscular ________• Skeletal muscle wastes away.• Dystrophin protein is
defective• Usually die by adulthood
Sex-______ Traits•Baldness
–Normal hair B–Bald b–Females only get thin hair
Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders
Before Birth
•Microscope matchup•___________
–Uses fluid from around baby
•Chorionic villus biopsy
Before Birth
•Amniocentesis–Uses _____ from around baby
•Chorionic villus biopsy–Uses cells from the ______ around the baby
• Karyotyping and biochemical tests of fetal cells and molecules can help people make reproductive decisions– Fetal cells can be obtained through amniocentesis
Connection: Fetal testing can spot many inherited disorders early in pregnancy
Amnioticfluid
Fetus(14-20weeks)
Placenta
Amnioticfluidwithdrawn
Centrifugation
Fetalcells
Fluid
Uterus Cervix Cell culture
Severalweeks later Karyotyping
Biochemicaltests
• Chorionic villus sampling is another procedure that obtains fetal cells for karyotyping
Fetus(10-12weeks)
Placenta
Chorionic villi
Suction
Several hourslater
Fetal cells(from chorionic villi)
Karyotyping
Some biochemical
tests
Ethical Issues
Should genetic counseling be a cause for abortion?
• Family pedigrees are used to determine patterns of inheritance and individual genotypes