Human-induced climate change
Brisbane Mining Club, 21st October 2010Brisbane Mining Club, 21st October 2010
Human-induced climate change
Why I am sceptical
Professor of Geology, University of Adelaide
Emeritus Professor of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne
Professor of Geology, University of Adelaide
Emeritus Professor of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne
Ian PlimerIan Plimer
Known CyclesVariable tectonic, PDO
Constant cyclical climate changeConstant cyclical climate change
143 million year galactic
100,000 years orbital
41,000 years orbital
23,000 years orbital
1,500 years solar
210 years solar210 years solar
87 years solar
22 years solar
18.7 years lunar
11 years solar
The next climate change: The
future is written in the past
The next climate change: The
future is written in the past
Pleistocene ice age 110,000 to 14,700 years ago
Bölling 14,700 to 13,900 years ago
Older Dryas 13,900 to 13,600 years ago
Allerød 13,600 to 12,900 years agoAllerød 13,600 to 12,900 years ago
Younger Dryas 12,900 to 11,600 years ago
Holocene warming 11,600 to 8,500 years ago
Egyptian cooling 8,500 to 8,000 years ago
Holocene Warming 8,000 to 5,600 years ago
Akkadian cooling 5,600 to 3,500 years ago
Minoan Warming 3,500 to 3,200 years ago
Bronze Age Cooling 3,200 to 2,500 years ago
Roman Warming 500 BC to 535 AD
Dark Ages 535 AD to 900 AD
Medieval Warming 900 AD to 1300 AD
Little Ice Age 1300 AD to 1850 AD
Modern Warming 1850 AD to ….
Climate change over timeClimate change over time
Is the speed and degree of modern climate change
unprecedented?
Is the speed and degree of modern climate change
unprecedented?
C)
C)
66
44
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)Tem
pera
ture
(°C
) 44
22
00
-2-2
-4-4
-6-6
Today
400400 300300 200200 100100 00
Time – Thousands of Years Before PresentTime – Thousands of Years Before Present
Tem
pera
ture
(Tem
pera
ture
(
-8-8
-10-10
-12-12
Oxygen isotope analysis: ocean proxyfor climate change and global sea-level
Marine isotope Stages 1-11
Thousands of yearsThousands of yearsThousands of yearsThousands of years
16O18O
16O18O
Is the 20th Century temperature outside natural variability? Is the 20th Century temperature outside natural variability?
2020
C p
er
100 Y
ears
C p
er
100 Y
ears
2020
1515
1010
55
00
-5-5
Years BC and ADYears BC and AD
°C p
er
100 Y
ears
°C p
er
100 Y
ears
-5-5
-10-10
Cold snaps, rates of climate changeCold snaps, rates of climate change
Rates of change and CO2Rates of change and CO2
No correlation
i.e. no causation
No correlation
i.e. no causationi.e. no causationi.e. no causation
Cooling with increasing CO2
Cooling with increasing CO2
Post-glacial global (eustatic) sea level:continental margin verification
(Toscana and Macintyre 2003)
Rate of rise^20 cm/century
Rate of rise^200 cm/century
Balding Bay, Great Barrier Reef Balding Bay, Great Barrier Reef Balding Bay, Great Barrier Reef Balding Bay, Great Barrier Reef
coastcoastcoastcoast
Holocenehighstand
oysterbeds
Holocene highstand coral microatolls
Microatolls on dead reef flatOrpheus Island, central GBR
Great Barrier Reef margin
Summary of Holocene
local relative sea-level indicatorslevel indicators
Late Pleistocene (glacial) lowstand shoreline sediments
Lowstand
Highstand
Lowstand
Holocene glacio-isostatic rebound
Uplift rateUplift rateUplift rateUplift rate
4444----20 m/ky20 m/ky20 m/ky20 m/ky4444----20 m/ky20 m/ky20 m/ky20 m/ky
Raised (+30 m) gravel beach ridgesRaised (+30 m) gravel beach ridgesRaised (+30 m) gravel beach ridgesRaised (+30 m) gravel beach ridges
Bannenjar’ga, Porsanger Fjord, NorwayBannenjar’ga, Porsanger Fjord, NorwayBannenjar’ga, Porsanger Fjord, NorwayBannenjar’ga, Porsanger Fjord, Norway
(“Tapes Transgression”, 6,000(“Tapes Transgression”, 6,000(“Tapes Transgression”, 6,000(“Tapes Transgression”, 6,000----7,000 ybp)7,000 ybp)7,000 ybp)7,000 ybp)
Plastic substratePlastic substrate
Crust sinks when loaded
with water, ice, sediment,
Crust sinks when loaded
with water, ice, sediment,
MELTMELTMELTMELT
(solid)(solid)(solid)(solid)
LITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERE
00000000 1000100010001000 2000200020002000
Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature °CCCC
SOLIDSOLIDSOLIDSOLID
with water, ice, sediment,
mountains
Crust rises when unloaded
Local crustal sinking (e.g. Holland;
Lydia, Turkey) and crustal rising
with water, ice, sediment,
mountains
Crust rises when unloaded
Local crustal sinking (e.g. Holland;
Lydia, Turkey) and crustal rising
Partial Partial Partial Partial
meltingmeltingmeltingmelting
Fully Fully Fully Fully
moltenmoltenmoltenmolten
(solid)(solid)(solid)(solid)
ROCKY MANTLEROCKY MANTLEROCKY MANTLEROCKY MANTLE
(solid)(solid)(solid)(solid)
LITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERE
(plastic)(plastic)(plastic)(plastic)
ASTHENOSPHEREASTHENOSPHEREASTHENOSPHEREASTHENOSPHERE
200200200200
100100100100
Zone of Zone of Zone of Zone of
partial partial partial partial
meltingmeltingmeltingmelting
(Scandinavia, Scotland;
Efeses, Turkey)
Global and local sea levels
(Scandinavia, Scotland;
Efeses, Turkey)
Global and local sea levels
km depthkm depthkm depthkm depth
400400400400
300300300300
Regional isostasy & local relative sea-level since 6 ka
Clark, J.A. & Lingle, C.S. 1979 Predicted relative seaClark, J.A. & Lingle, C.S. 1979 Predicted relative seaClark, J.A. & Lingle, C.S. 1979 Predicted relative seaClark, J.A. & Lingle, C.S. 1979 Predicted relative sea----level changes (18,000 Years B.P. to present) caused bylevel changes (18,000 Years B.P. to present) caused bylevel changes (18,000 Years B.P. to present) caused bylevel changes (18,000 Years B.P. to present) caused by
latelatelatelate----glacial retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet. Quaternary Research 11, 279glacial retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet. Quaternary Research 11, 279glacial retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet. Quaternary Research 11, 279glacial retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet. Quaternary Research 11, 279----298. 298. 298. 298.
“Australia and New Zealand surely have a moral responsibility to accept refugees from Pacific Islands inundated by rising sea levels.”
Environmental and climate change refugees by Dr Bryan Furnass. Environmental and climate change refugees by Dr Bryan Furnass. Environmental and climate change refugees by Dr Bryan Furnass. Environmental and climate change refugees by Dr Bryan Furnass. Presented at the Manning Clark House,1 April 2007.
Trend +5.3 mm/yr
Trend +0.9 mm/yr
Sea level changeSea level change
1992-95Global average rise
= 4.6 mm/yr
1992-95Global average rise
= 4.6 mm/yr
1992-98Global average rise= 1.4 to 1 mm/yr
1992-98Global average rise= 1.4 to 1 mm/yr
TOPEX/Poseidon measurements, September 1992 – August 1995(patterns dominated by international ocean variability, e.g. ENSO)TOPEX/Poseidon measurements, September 1992 – August 1995(patterns dominated by international ocean variability, e.g. ENSO)
-60-60 -30-30 00 3030 60 mm/yr60 mm/yr
Holocene scatter of shoreline measurements
TECTONIC UPLIFT RATE
10m/ky
LOCAL RELATIVESEA-LEVEL CURVE
Today’shighstand
LastGlacial
lowstand
Approximate eustatic sea-level curve
We’ll all be roonedWe’ll all be rooned
20002000
Measurement of historic sea levelsMeasurement of historic sea levels
Port Pirie -0.3mm/yr
Sea L
evel (m
m)
Sea L
evel (m
m)
20002000
15001500
10001000
Port Pirie -0.3mm/yr
Port Adelaide Outer Harbour2.4mm/yr
Fort Denison 1.0mm/yr
Sea L
evel (m
m)
Sea L
evel (m
m)
00
500500
18801880 19001900 2000200019201920 19401940 19601960 19801980
Global average of tide gauges for 20th Century sea level rise is 1-2mm/yr (IPCC, 2001)Global average of tide gauges for 20th Century sea level rise is 1-2mm/yr (IPCC, 2001)
Fremantle1.4mm/yr
Southern Oscillation Index
Hansen, 2006Hansen, 2006Hansen, 2006Hansen, 2006
(+6 m in 2100)(+6 m in 2100)(+6 m in 2100)(+6 m in 2100)RSNZ, 2010RSNZ, 2010RSNZ, 2010RSNZ, 2010
Byron BayByron BayByron BayByron Bay
150150150150
140140140140
cmcmcmcmGlobal Mean Sea-level Projections to 2100
to 600to 600to 600to 600
IPCC 2001 range
Byron BayByron BayByron BayByron Bay
CouncilCouncilCouncilCouncil
NSW govt.NSW govt.NSW govt.NSW govt.
Vic. Govt.Vic. Govt.Vic. Govt.Vic. Govt.
Measured Measured Measured Measured
riseriseriserise20202020
90909090
80808080
60606060
Graph after Bob Dedekind
Measurement projectionMeasurement projectionMeasurement projectionMeasurement projection
20202020
STORMS & BEACH EROSION HAPPEN
Get used to it
"Once the weather-related insured losses are normalised, they exhibit no obvious trend over time that might be attributed to other factors, including human-induced climate change.“
Crompton, R. P., and McAneney, K. J.: Normalised Australian insured losses from meteorological hazards: 1967-2006, Environ. Sci. Policy 11: 371-378, 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2008.01.005
TemperatureTemperature
Location, location, location…..Location, location, location…..
Urban heat island effectUrban heat island effect
23.523.5
22.022.0
20.020.0
Annual M
ean
Tem
pera
ture
(°F
)A
nnual M
ean
Tem
pera
ture
(°F
) Tucson U of Arizona (32.2N, 111.0W)Tucson U of Arizona (32.2N, 111.0W)
18801880 19001900 19201920 19401940 2000200019601960 19801980 20202020
20.020.0
18.518.5
Annual M
ean
Tem
pera
ture
(A
nnual M
ean
Tem
pera
ture
(
Marysville
(Ca., USA)
Marysville
(Ca., USA)(Ca., USA)(Ca., USA)
Baltimore
(USA)
Baltimore
(USA)(USA)(USA)
Titusville
(Fl., USA)
Titusville
(Fl., USA)(Fl., USA)(Fl., USA)
Sewage works
Winter photograph and IR photograph
Sewage works
Winter photograph and IR photograph
Sydney Observatory 1874 (60,000
people) and 2009 (4.5 M people)
Sydney Observatory 1874 (60,000
people) and 2009 (4.5 M people)
Svalbard
(Norway)
Svalbard
(Norway)(Norway)(Norway)
Rome
(Italy)
Rome
(Italy)
What is really measured?What is really measured?Tem
pera
ture
Tre
nd p
er
Decade
Tem
pera
ture
Tre
nd p
er
Decade 0.80.8
0.70.7
0.60.6
Tem
pera
ture
Tre
nd p
er
Decade
1940 -
1996 (°C
)Tem
pera
ture
Tre
nd p
er
Decade
1940 -
1996 (°C
) 0.60.6
0.40.4
0.30.3
0.20.2
0.50.5
Tem
pera
ture
Tre
nd p
er
Decade
1940
Tem
pera
ture
Tre
nd p
er
Decade
1940
0.20.2
0.10.1
00
-0.1-0.110,00010,000 100,000100,000 1,000,0001,000,000 10,000,00010,000,000
Population of CountryPopulation of Country
Data due diligenceData due diligence
Corrected for urban heat island effect
Lack of primary uncorrected data
Corrected for urban heat island effect
Lack of primary uncorrected data
In USA, 89% land thermometers administered by NOAA fail to meet siting requirements. Abandoned site records used in historical records
In 1980s, >6,000 thermometers
In USA, 89% land thermometers administered by NOAA fail to meet siting requirements. Abandoned site records used in historical records
In 1980s, >6,000 thermometers
Global network of 1,079 official terrestrial thermometers, 54% of which are at airports, >80% in urban areas and greater proportion at lower altitudes and equatorial
Many resited
Global network of 1,079 official terrestrial thermometers, 54% of which are at airports, >80% in urban areas and greater proportion at lower altitudes and equatorial
Many resited
Reliability of surface measurementsReliability of surface measurements
The 28 years of high quality satellite dataThe 28 years of high quality satellite data
Tem
pera
ture
Vari
ati
on (°C
)Tem
pera
ture
Vari
ati
on (°C
) 1.01.0
0.50.5GlobalGlobal
Tem
pera
ture
Vari
ati
on (
Tem
pera
ture
Vari
ati
on (
1.01.0
0.50.5
00
-0.5-0.5
00
-0.5-0.5
1.01.0 Southern HemisphereSouthern Hemisphere
Northern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the same temperature it was 28 years ago,The Northern Hemisphere has warmed slightly
The Southern Hemisphere is the same temperature it was 28 years ago,The Northern Hemisphere has warmed slightly
Tem
pera
ture
Vari
ati
on (
Tem
pera
ture
Vari
ati
on (
19801980 19851985 19901990 20002000 2005200519951995
0.50.5
00
-0.5-0.5
Southern HemisphereSouthern Hemisphere
Models for atmospheric temperatureModels for atmospheric temperature
1010
5050
GFDLGFDL1010
5050
NASA/NSIPPNASA/NSIPP
-7-7 -6-6 -5-5 -4-4 -3-3 -2-2 -1-1 00 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
5050
100100
200200
300300
500500700700950950
60°S60°S 30°S30°S EQEQ 30°N30°N 60°N60°N
5050
100100
200200
300300
500500700700950950
60°S60°S 30°S30°S EQEQ 30°N30°N 60°N60°N
1010
NASA/GEOS5NASA/GEOS51010
SNUSNU
Zonally-averaged distributions of predicted temperature change in °K at CO2 doubling (2xCO2-control),as a function of latitude and pressure level, for four general-circulation models (Lee et al., 2007)
Zonally-averaged distributions of predicted temperature change in °K at CO2 doubling (2xCO2-control),as a function of latitude and pressure level, for four general-circulation models (Lee et al., 2007)
5050
100100
200200
300300
500500700700950950
60°S60°S 30°S30°S EQEQ 30°N30°N 60°N60°N
5050
100100
200200
300300
500500700700950950
60°S60°S 30°S30°S EQEQ 30°N30°N 60°N60°N
Radiosonde measurementsRadiosonde measurements
2525
hPahPa
No “greenhouse warming” signature is observed in realityNo “greenhouse warming” signature is observed in reality
2424
KmKm
2525
5050
100100
200200
300300
2424
2020
1616
1212
75°N75°N 75°S75°S45°N45°N 30°N30°N 15°N15°N EQEQ 45°S45°S30°S30°S15°S15°S
300300
500500
700700
10001000
88
44
Source: HadAT2 radiosonde observations, from CCSP (2006), p116, fig. 5.7ESource: HadAT2 radiosonde observations, from CCSP (2006), p116, fig. 5.7E
Derived atmospheric temperaturesDerived atmospheric temperatures
Derived from what?Derived from what?
Wind shear α temperature
Why not just use existing
temperature measurements
Warming?
Wind shear α temperature
Why not just use existing
temperature measurements
Warming?
Colour code: red = no change,
blue = cooler
Colour code: red = no change,
blue = cooler
Argo buoysArgo buoys
CO2 MeasurementsCO2 Measurements
ChemicalChemical(Beck 2007)(Beck 2007)
IsotopicIsotopic(Ice core, Antarctica Schneider et al., 2006)(Ice core, Antarctica Schneider et al., 2006)
Infra red, Muana LoaInfra red, Muana Loa(NDIR)(NDIR)
Tem
pera
ture
Anom
aly
(°C
)Tem
pera
ture
Anom
aly
(°C
)
0.20.2
00
CO
2(p
pm
)C
O2
(ppm
)
(Beck 2007)(Beck 2007)(Ice core, Antarctica Schneider et al., 2006)(Ice core, Antarctica Schneider et al., 2006) (NDIR)(NDIR)
450450
410410
370370
450450
Tem
pera
ture
Anom
aly
(Tem
pera
ture
Anom
aly
(
-0.2-0.2
-0.4-0.4
18001800 18501850 19001900 19501950 20002000
YearYear
(ppm
)(p
pm
)
370370
330330
290290
Water: Main greenhouse gas &
driver of CO2
Water: Main greenhouse gas &
driver of CO2
100%100%0.001%0.001%
Man madeMan made80%80%
60%60%
40%40%
0.001%0.001%Man madeMan made
NaturalNatural
20%20%
0%0%WaterVapourWaterVapour
CO2CO2 MethaneMethane N2ON2O MiscGasesMisc
Gases
0.117%0.117% 0.066%0.066% 0.047%0.047% 0.047%0.047%
Doubling CO2 at 385ppm
has no effect
Doubling CO2 at 385ppm
has no effect
1.61.6
The warming effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide The warming effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
1.61.6
1.41.4
1.21.2
1.01.0
0.80.8
0.60.6
Atmospheric carbon dioxide in ppmAtmospheric carbon dioxide in ppm
Tem
pera
ture
(Tem
pera
ture
(
0.60.6
0.40.4
0.20.2
002020 4040 6060 8080 100100120120140140160160180180200200220220240240260260280280300300320320340340360360380380400400420420
Submarine volcanicitySubmarine volcanicity
Terrestrial volcanoes change weather (e.g. Tambora 1815)
Submarine supervolcanoes add heat and CO2 to oceans
64,000 km mid ocean ridges: 10,000
Terrestrial volcanoes change weather (e.g. Tambora 1815)
Submarine supervolcanoes add heat and CO2 to oceans
64,000 km mid ocean ridges: 10,000 45°3
0’N
45°3
0’N
64,000 km mid ocean ridges: 10,000 km3/a of cooling water
Oceans 99% Earth’s volcanoes (>3.4 million seamounts, off axis and axis basaltic volcanoes)
64,000 km mid ocean ridges: 10,000 km3/a of cooling water
Oceans 99% Earth’s volcanoes (>3.4 million seamounts, off axis and axis basaltic volcanoes)
45
45
45°0
0’N
45°0
0’N
Megaplume 2
Recent
Eruptions
Recent
Eruptions
Seafloor SpreadingSeafloor Spreading130°30’W130°30’W 130°00’W130°00’W
45
45
44°3
0’N
44°3
0’N
Megaplume 1
Greenland ice sheetGreenland ice sheet
-30°-30°-32°-32°-34-34
d180 Site15 GISP2, Boltzman Strobel 1994d180 Site15 GISP2, Boltzman Strobel 1994
10per. Mov. Avg (d180 Site15 GISP2, Boltzman Strobel 1994)10per. Mov. Avg (d180 Site15 GISP2, Boltzman Strobel 1994)
Greenland ice sheet change in cm/yrGreenland ice sheet change in cm/yr
80°N80°N
5.4cm/yr
increase*
5.4cm/yr
increase*
YearYear19401940 19551955 19601960 198519851950195019451945 19651965 19601960 19751975 19801980
-40°-40°
-34°-34°-36°-36°-38°-38°
-42°-42°
-29.5-29.5
75°N75°N
70°N70°N
20°W20°W
80°W80°W
30°W30°W
3030 -30-3010102020 -20-2000 -10-101515 -15-1555 -5-5Time – Years Before PresentTime – Years Before Present
10001000 400400 200200 100100600600800800
-29.5-29.5
-32-32
-30-30
-30.5-30.5
-31-31
-31.5-31.5
-32.5-32.5
65°N65°N
60°N60°N
70°W70°W 60°W60°W40°W40°W50°W50°W
*Derived from 11 years of ERS-1/ERS-2 satellite altimeter data, 1992-2003*Derived from 11 years of ERS-1/ERS-2 satellite altimeter data, 1992-2003
Is global warming melting the ice caps and reducing sea ice?
NO!
Is global warming melting the ice caps and reducing sea ice?
NO!
Antarctic Sea Ice TrendsAntarctic Sea Ice Trends1.01.0
0.50.5
00
…. going up!…. going up!
30°W30°W 30°E30°E0°0°
AntarcticPeninsula
AntarcticPeninsula
60°E60°E60°W60°W
00
-0.5-0.5
-1.0-1.0
-1.5-1.5
YearYear
Source: National Snow and Ice data CentreSource: National Snow and Ice data Centre
19781978 19901990 20002000 20062006
150°W150°W
180°180° 150°E150°E
AmundsenSea
AmundsenSea
90°W90°W
120°W120°W
2000 Km2000 Km
120°E120°E
Source: Vaughn, D.G., 2005. Science, 3008, 1877-1878.Source: Vaughn, D.G., 2005. Science, 3008, 1877-1878.
KambIce Stream
KambIce Stream
Antarctic Land Ice TrendsAntarctic Land Ice Trends…. going up over most
of the continent!…. going up over most
of the continent!
Temperature proxy Temperature proxy
H2O(vap) buffer to maximum and minimum temperatureH2O(vap) buffer to maximum and minimum temperature
°C)
°C) 44
22
Tem
pera
ture
(°
Tem
pera
ture
(°
00
22
-2-2
-4-4
-6-6
-8-8
CO
2(p
pm
v)
CO
2(p
pm
v)
280280
240240
260260
220220
Thousands of Years AgoThousands of Years Ago40040000 1001005050 300300250250200200150150 350350
1.5
0
0.5
1.0
Dust
(ppm
)(p
pm
v)
(ppm
v)
200200
220220
Temperature proxyTemperature proxy
Cosmogenic isotopes (C14; also Be10, Al26, Cl36, Ca41, Ti44, I129)Cosmogenic isotopes (C14; also Be10, Al26, Cl36, Ca41, Ti44, I129)
100100
8080
6060
4040
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)Tem
pera
ture
(°C
) -30-30
-20-20
-10-10
10,000BC10,000BC 4,000BC4,000BC 1AD1AD6,000BC6,000BC8,000BC8,000BC 2,000BC2,000BC 2000AD2000AD
4040
2020
00
ModernMaximumModern
MaximumMedievalMaximumMedievalMaximum
DaltonMinimumDalton
Minimum
Calendar Years Before PresentCalendar Years Before Present
Tem
pera
ture
(Tem
pera
ture
(
-10-10
00
1010
202000 300300 500500 700700 11001100200200100100 400400 900900600600 10001000800800
MaunderMinimumMaunderMinimum
SpörerMinimumSpörer
MinimumOort
MinimumOort
Minimum
WolfMinimum
WolfMinimum
MinimumMinimum
Historical timeHistorical time
Populations thrived
in warm times
Populations thrived
in warm timesin warm times
People died in
cold times
300 years of warming
in warm times
People died in
cold times
300 years of warming
It’s easy to stop climate change -
All we have to do is:
It’s easy to stop climate change -
All we have to do is:
STOP bacteria doing what bacteria do
STOP ocean currents changing
STOP bacteria doing what bacteria do
STOP ocean currents changing
STOP plate tectonics and continent movement
STOP orbital changes to Earth
STOP variations in energy released from Sun
STOP orbit of Solar System in Galaxy
STOP plate tectonics and continent movement
STOP orbital changes to Earth
STOP variations in energy released from Sun
STOP orbit of Solar System in Galaxy
STOP supernoval eruptionsSTOP supernoval eruptions
When we’ve stopped these natural processes,
if human-induced then:
PERSUADE China, India and the Third World to stay poor
When we’ve stopped these natural processes,
if human-induced then:
PERSUADE China, India and the Third World to stay poor
A few little problemsA few little problems
Warmings in industrial age (1860-1880, 1910-1940, 1975-1998; CO2
rise only correlates with 1975-1998 warming)
Industrial age coolings when CO increasing (1880-1910, 1940-1975,
Warmings in industrial age (1860-1880, 1910-1940, 1975-1998; CO2
rise only correlates with 1975-1998 warming)
Industrial age coolings when CO increasing (1880-1910, 1940-1975, Industrial age coolings when CO2 increasing (1880-1910, 1940-1975, 1998-present)
Peak of Little Ice Age coolings (Dalton, Maunder, Spörer, Wolf) when few sunspots; 20th Century solar maximum and no sunspots
Pre-industrial Minoan, Roman and Medieval Warmings (with no sea level changes); SL rise of 130m 12,000-6,000 years ago, SL fall of
Industrial age coolings when CO2 increasing (1880-1910, 1940-1975, 1998-present)
Peak of Little Ice Age coolings (Dalton, Maunder, Spörer, Wolf) when few sunspots; 20th Century solar maximum and no sunspots
Pre-industrial Minoan, Roman and Medieval Warmings (with no sea level changes); SL rise of 130m 12,000-6,000 years ago, SL fall of level changes); SL rise of 130m 12,000-6,000 years ago, SL fall of 2m over last 6,000 years
Greater past variability and changes
Six of six great ice ages when atmospheric CO2 up to 1000 times higher than now
level changes); SL rise of 130m 12,000-6,000 years ago, SL fall of 2m over last 6,000 years
Greater past variability and changes
Six of six great ice ages when atmospheric CO2 up to 1000 times higher than now
So what…….So what…….
If the planet warms by 0.2°, 2° or 5°C, so what ! (We humans live at sea level, in deserts, the tropics and at altitude. Humans have adapted).
If the planet warms by 0.2°, 2° or 5°C, so what ! (We humans live at sea level, in deserts, the tropics and at altitude. Humans have adapted).
How can a carbon tax in Australia change global climate ?
Why not teach that planet Earth is dynamic ?
Why lead ?
How can a carbon tax in Australia change global climate ?
Why not teach that planet Earth is dynamic ?
Why lead ?
Why not strengthen infrastructure for Australia’s wealth-generating industries ?
Why not strengthen infrastructure for Australia’s wealth-generating industries ?